劉凱,陳英,王好問(wèn),周曉莉,江帆,仝珊
60歲以上患者心肌橋與其近端橋前血管動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化狹窄的相關(guān)性分析
劉凱,陳英,王好問(wèn),周曉莉,江帆,仝珊
目的:探討60歲以上患者冠狀動(dòng)脈前降支心肌橋與近端橋前血管動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化狹窄的相關(guān)性,以確定前降支心肌橋能否成為近端橋前血管動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化狹窄的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
方法:通過(guò)256排螺旋計(jì)算機(jī)斷層攝影術(shù)(CT)檢查明確診斷冠心病的患者986例,其中左冠狀動(dòng)脈心肌橋患者389例,共發(fā)現(xiàn)心肌橋486根。采集患者年齡、性別、糖尿病、高血壓、血脂異常、吸煙等信息,應(yīng)用Logistic回歸模型分析發(fā)生于前降支心肌橋與近端橋前血管動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化狹窄的關(guān)系。
結(jié)果:389例心肌橋患者中,前降支近段48例(占所有心肌橋患者比例為:12.3%),前降支中段254例(65.3%),前降支遠(yuǎn)段51例(13.1%),第一對(duì)角支19例(4.9%),鈍緣支17例(4.4%)。多因素分析顯示:年齡[P<0.01,比值比(OR)1.07,95%可信區(qū)間(CI):0.02~0.09]、糖尿病(P<0.01,OR:4.48,95%CI:0.75~2.24)、前降支中段心肌橋(P<0.01,OR:4.98,95%CI:0.81~2.41)與前降支近端橋前血管動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化狹窄明顯相關(guān);年齡(P<0.01,OR:1.08,95%CI:0.04~0.12)、糖尿?。≒=0.01,OR:3.49,95%CI:0.30~2.19)與前降支中段橋前血管動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化狹窄相關(guān),前降支中段心肌橋與前降支中段及遠(yuǎn)段動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化無(wú)明顯相關(guān)(P>0.05)。
結(jié)論:前降支中段心肌橋的老年患者中,近端橋前血管粥樣硬化狹窄發(fā)生率較高,前降支中段心肌橋可作為老年近端橋前血管動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化狹窄的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。關(guān)鍵詞 動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化;心肌橋;老年人
Abstract
Objective:To explore the correlation of left descending anterior (LDA) myocardial bridge (MB) and atherosclerosis at proximal to a segment with MB in patients elderly than 60 years and to identify if LDAMB could become the independent risk factor of atherosclerotic stenosis at proximal to a segment with MB.
Methods:A total of 986 patients with multi-slice spiral CT diagnosed coronary artery disease (CAD) were studied and 389 patients with 486 MB in left heart were found. General information as the age,gender,diabetes,hypertension,dyslipidemia and smoking conditions were collected,relationship between LDAMB and atherosclerotic stenosis at proximal to a segment with MB was studied by Logistic regression analysis.
Results:There were 48/389 (12.3%) cases with MB at proximal segment of LDA,254 (65.3%) cases with MB at middle segment of LDA,51 (13.1%) cases with MB at distal segment of LDA,19 (4.9%) cases with MB at the first diagonal branch and 17 (4.4%) cases with MB at obtuse marginal branch respectively. Logistic regression analysis presented that age (OR=1.07,95% CI 0.02-0.09,P<0.01),diabetes (OR=4.48,95% CI 0.75-2.24,P<0.01) and MB at middle segment of LDA (OR=4.98,95% CI 0.81-2.41,P<0.01) were related to atherosclerotic stenosis at proximal to a segment with MB; age (OR=1.08,95% CI 0.04-0.12,P<0.01) anddiabetes (OR=3.49,95% CI 0.30-2.19,P=0.01) were related to the atherosclerosis at LAD middle segment; the MB at LAD middle segment was not related to atherosclerosis of middle and distal LAD segments,P>0.05.
Conclusion: MB at middle segment of LDA was with the higher occurrence rate of atherosclerotic stenosis at proximal to a segment with MB in elderly patients,which could be used as an independence risk factor for clinical diagnosis.
(Chinese Circulation Journal,2016,31:755.)
正常情況下冠狀動(dòng)脈主干及其分支走行于心外膜下的脂肪組織中或者心外膜下,如果一段冠狀動(dòng)脈行走于心肌纖維中,在心肌內(nèi)行走,被心肌覆蓋的冠狀動(dòng)脈段稱(chēng)為壁冠狀動(dòng)脈,覆蓋在冠狀動(dòng)脈上的心肌稱(chēng)為心肌橋(MB)。以往認(rèn)為心肌橋是一種良性解剖變異,但隨著螺旋計(jì)算機(jī)斷層攝影術(shù)(CT)及冠狀動(dòng)脈造影技術(shù)的發(fā)展,目前越來(lái)越多的研究表明其可導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重心血管事件[1]。目前,隨著多排螺旋CT檢查技術(shù)的發(fā)展,能夠直觀(guān)的展現(xiàn)冠狀動(dòng)脈管腔及管壁的病變[2]。通過(guò)多排螺旋CT冠狀動(dòng)脈成像后,有報(bào)道指出,冠狀動(dòng)脈肌橋與肌橋近端血管粥樣硬化相關(guān),尤其是在前降支[3]。而在老年心肌橋患者中,關(guān)于心肌橋是否能作為老年前降支動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素尚少見(jiàn)報(bào)道。本研究的目的是通過(guò)256排螺旋CT冠狀動(dòng)脈成像(CTA),探討心肌橋能否作為老年冠狀動(dòng)脈近端橋前血管動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化狹窄的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
研究對(duì)象選擇:本研究回顧性分析2010-03至2014-03入住我院老年病科及心血管內(nèi)科的患者。入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):年齡均為60歲以上,且具備“胸痛、2個(gè)以上冠心病危險(xiǎn)因素、心電圖異常、經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(PCI)術(shù)后復(fù)查”任一項(xiàng)者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):心動(dòng)過(guò)速、心律失常、嚴(yán)重的冠狀動(dòng)脈鈣化,嚴(yán)重的三支血管病變的患者。入住患者中行冠狀動(dòng)脈CTA檢查明確診斷冠心病的患者986例(單純左冠狀動(dòng)脈病變),其中左冠狀動(dòng)脈心肌橋患者389例,共發(fā)現(xiàn)心肌橋486根。
心肌橋診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn) :當(dāng)顯示血管節(jié)段性被心肌完全包繞或環(huán)周1/2以上被心肌包繞,而其近、遠(yuǎn)段走行在心外膜脂肪組織中,該段冠狀動(dòng)脈判斷為壁冠狀動(dòng)脈。冠狀動(dòng)脈管腔狹窄程度用百分比表示,分為4度(正常:管腔無(wú)狹窄及斑塊;輕度:狹窄<50%;中度:狹窄50%~75%;重度:狹窄>75%)。
心血管病危險(xiǎn)因素:通過(guò)詢(xún)問(wèn)病史、體格檢查、血生化檢查,包括:采集年齡、性別、糖尿病、高血壓、血脂異常、吸煙等信息。血脂異常診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:甘油三酯(TG)>1.7 mmol/L或總膽固醇(TC)>5.2 mmol/L或低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)>3.12 mmol/L或高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)<1.04 mmol/L,體重指數(shù)(BMI)按照以下公式計(jì)算BMI=體重(kg)/身高(m)2。
心肌橋的位置及臨床特點(diǎn)(表1): 通過(guò)冠狀動(dòng)脈CTA結(jié)果顯示,986例患者中,心肌橋患者有389例,發(fā)病率約39.5%。心肌橋的位置:前降支近段48例(占所有心肌橋患者比例為:12.3%),前降支中段254例(65.3%),前降支遠(yuǎn)段51例(13.1%),第一對(duì)角支19例(4.9%),鈍緣支17例(4.4%)。
表1 心肌橋的位置及臨床特點(diǎn)(n=389,±s)
表1 心肌橋的位置及臨床特點(diǎn)(n=389,±s)
項(xiàng)目 前降支近段 前降支中段 前降支遠(yuǎn)段 第一對(duì)角支 鈍緣支病變血管發(fā)病率[例 (%)]48 (12.3) 254 (65.3) 51 (13.1) 19 (4.9) 17 (4.4)心肌橋平均長(zhǎng)度 (mm) 17.9±6.8 18.8±7.1 18.6±3.9 28.6±10.8 28.1±11.5壓迫心肌厚度 (mm) 1.8±0.7 1.9±0.8 1.1±0.3 2.0±0.8 2.4±1.3
冠狀動(dòng)脈前降支近段橋前血管狹窄50%多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示(表2):結(jié)果顯示,986例患者中年齡、糖尿病、前降支中段心肌橋與前降支近端橋前血管動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化狹窄明顯相關(guān)(P<0.01);性別、血脂異常、體重指數(shù)、前降支近段及遠(yuǎn)段心肌橋與前降支近端橋前血管動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化狹窄無(wú)明顯相關(guān)性(P均>0.05)。
表2 冠狀動(dòng)脈前降支近段橋前血管狹窄50%多因素Logistic回歸分析
冠狀動(dòng)脈前降支中段橋前血管狹窄50%多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示(表3):結(jié)果顯示,986例患者中年齡、糖尿病是前降支中段血管粥樣硬化狹窄50%的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P均<0.05);體重指數(shù)、前降支中段、近段、遠(yuǎn)段心肌橋與前降支中段血管粥樣硬化狹窄無(wú)明顯相關(guān)性。
表3 冠狀動(dòng)脈前降支中段橋前血管狹窄50%多因素Logistic回歸分析
本研究結(jié)果顯示心肌橋的發(fā)病率約為39.5%,與血管內(nèi)超聲(33%),螺旋CT造影(36%)[4],尸檢中約(37.5%)[5]報(bào)道的數(shù)據(jù)相近。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),前降支近段狹窄的患者中心肌橋比較常見(jiàn);多因素分析表明,心肌橋是冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,有可能是冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病的重要危險(xiǎn)因素。
長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)心肌橋被認(rèn)為是一種良性病變,而被人們忽略,然而隨著冠狀動(dòng)脈檢查手段的完善,發(fā)現(xiàn)心肌橋?qū)ρ艿膲浩炔煌耆l(fā)生在收縮期,并可持續(xù)至舒張期,導(dǎo)致冠狀動(dòng)脈血流儲(chǔ)備量的減少,導(dǎo)致心肌缺血,從而引起一系列癥狀。本文研究發(fā)現(xiàn),心肌橋近端血管狹窄發(fā)生率較遠(yuǎn)端及橋血管高,其原因可能與下列因素有關(guān):(1)由于心肌橋?qū)跔顒?dòng)脈的壓迫作用,橋段血管及遠(yuǎn)段血管收縮期血流處于低壓狀態(tài)而不易發(fā)生粥樣硬化,心肌橋前血管由于血管壓力大、剪切應(yīng)力低、血流儲(chǔ)備低等血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的改變,導(dǎo)致血管內(nèi)膜增厚,內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)與功能損傷,同時(shí)促發(fā)炎癥反應(yīng)及血管活性因子的參與,從而引發(fā)肌橋近端動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生率遠(yuǎn)高于橋段血管及遠(yuǎn)端血管[6];(2)另一方面可能也與心肌橋近端血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改變有關(guān),心肌橋近端冠狀動(dòng)脈長(zhǎng)期處于高壓狀態(tài),且存在湍流甚至逆向血流,易引起血管內(nèi)膜損傷而繼發(fā)動(dòng)脈硬化,近端冠狀動(dòng)脈與內(nèi)膜之間的剪切應(yīng)力下降,導(dǎo)致一些血管活性物質(zhì)增加,進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)動(dòng)脈硬化斑塊的形成[7];(3)同時(shí)病理研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[8],心肌橋近端冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞多呈扁平狀或多邊形,表面呈蟲(chóng)啄樣缺損,極易發(fā)生冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化。
也有研究報(bào)道,否認(rèn)心肌橋?qū)Ψ菢蜓芏蝿?dòng)脈粥樣硬化的影響[9],為什么與我們的研究有出入,其原因可能有以下幾個(gè)方面:第一,我們研究對(duì)象的年齡均比這些報(bào)道研究對(duì)象的年齡大,而心肌橋影響動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化也是一個(gè)漫長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程,而這過(guò)程中,其他危險(xiǎn)因素可能也發(fā)揮重要作用。第二,我們研究對(duì)象中糖尿病的發(fā)病率較高。第三,糖尿病在心肌橋血管近端動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的過(guò)程中也扮演著重要的角色。從我們的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn):年齡、糖尿病是前降支中段狹窄的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,而前降支中段心肌橋與前降支中段粥樣硬化狹窄無(wú)明顯相關(guān)。有研究認(rèn)為[10],可能是糖基化終末產(chǎn)物產(chǎn)生、多羥基化合物增多和蛋白激酶C活化作用等的結(jié)果,長(zhǎng)期處于高血糖水平時(shí),這些產(chǎn)物增加,一方面直接導(dǎo)致血管內(nèi)皮功能紊亂,加速泡沫細(xì)胞形成,另一方面導(dǎo)致氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)明顯增強(qiáng)。氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)增強(qiáng)不但參與糖尿病慢性并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生和發(fā)展,而且還是血脂異常、高血壓、吸煙等心血管病危險(xiǎn)因素導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮血管損傷的共同機(jī)制[11]。此外,糖尿病患者本身內(nèi)皮損傷修復(fù)較慢,導(dǎo)致造成的損害更為嚴(yán)重[12]。本研究顯示:451例前降支中段心肌橋患者中,有65.7%的患者出現(xiàn)了前降支近段橋前血管狹窄50%以上,而前降支近段及遠(yuǎn)段心肌橋分別有8.3%及17.6%的患者出現(xiàn)狹窄,遠(yuǎn)低于中段心肌橋患者。其原因可能與下列因素有關(guān):(1)胚胎學(xué)方面[13]:遷移學(xué)說(shuō)表明壁冠狀動(dòng)脈的結(jié)構(gòu)與大動(dòng)脈不同,結(jié)構(gòu)不同可能是冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化分布不同的一個(gè)原因。(2)形態(tài)學(xué)方面早在:2010年Jodocy 等[14]報(bào)道,橋血管段的管壁比其它冠狀動(dòng)脈薄。由于橋冠狀動(dòng)脈管壁薄,通過(guò)簡(jiǎn)單擴(kuò)散獲取營(yíng)養(yǎng),因而缺乏血管滋養(yǎng)管而血管滋養(yǎng)管對(duì)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化發(fā)展起重要作用。(3)生物力學(xué)方面: Verhagen等[15]通過(guò)掃描電鏡觀(guān)察血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞發(fā)現(xiàn),壁冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞呈現(xiàn)細(xì)長(zhǎng)的梭形,其形態(tài)指數(shù)顯著低于其近端和遠(yuǎn)端,說(shuō)明壁冠狀動(dòng)脈處血流剪切應(yīng)力要高于其他部位,這從超微結(jié)構(gòu)角度為壁冠狀動(dòng)脈不易發(fā)生動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的理論提供了有力證據(jù)。
心肌橋特點(diǎn)是在心臟收縮期是壓擠冠狀動(dòng)脈致使血管狹窄,類(lèi)似于“擠奶效應(yīng)”[16],由于檢查的局限性,盡管這種效應(yīng)能夠被診斷,但是普通人群尸檢時(shí)心肌橋發(fā)病率是15%~85%,冠狀動(dòng)脈造影時(shí)檢出率約為0.5%~2.5%[13]。 為什么冠狀動(dòng)脈心肌橋檢出率較低,可能是由于心肌橋較小,或壓縮血管不明顯,或者是認(rèn)為動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化導(dǎo)致心肌橋前血管的生理性狹窄。在老年患者中,如合并心肌橋,則需特別注意前降支近端橋前血管粥樣硬化狹窄的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高,我們通過(guò)這些危險(xiǎn)因素對(duì)心肌橋及橋前血管粥樣硬化的Logistic回歸模型進(jìn)行校正,使得統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果偏倚更小,結(jié)果更趨于真實(shí)情況。
綜上,本研究通過(guò)256排螺旋CTA對(duì)老年前降支中段心肌橋及近端橋前血管的粥樣硬化狹窄進(jìn)行研究,證實(shí)冠狀動(dòng)脈前降支中段心肌橋與前降支近段橋前血管動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化狹窄的發(fā)生存在著獨(dú)立關(guān)聯(lián)。而其他危險(xiǎn)因素如傳統(tǒng)冠心病危險(xiǎn)因素及患者對(duì)冠心病的易感性在心肌橋近端冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄性病變中可能起更重要的作用。
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Correlation Analysis of Myocardial Bridge and Atherosclerotic Stenosis at Proximal to a Segment With Myocardial Bridge in Patients Elderly Than 60 Years of Age
LIU Kai,CHEN Ying,WANG Hao-wen; ZHOU Xiao-li,JIANG Fan,TONG Shan.
Department of Geriatrics,Hainan Provincial Hospital,Haikou (570311),Hainan,China
Corresponding Author: LIU Kai,Email: hmliukai@163.com
Atherosclerosis; Myocardial bridge; Elderly
2015-08-28)
(編輯:梅平)
570311??谑?,海南省人民醫(yī)院老年病科(劉凱、王好問(wèn)、周曉莉、江帆、仝珊),檢驗(yàn)科(陳英)
劉凱主治醫(yī)師碩士研究生主要從事老年冠心病的研究Email: hmliukai@163.com通訊作者:劉凱
R541.4
A
1000-3614(2016)08-0755-04
10.3969/j.issn.1000-3614.2016.08.007