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秦嶺丹江流域底棲動(dòng)物生態(tài)學(xué)初步研究

2016-09-19 02:35茍妮娜靳鐵治張建祿王開(kāi)鋒
關(guān)鍵詞:丹江樣點(diǎn)秦嶺

茍妮娜,邊 坤,靳鐵治,張建祿,王開(kāi)鋒

(陜西省秦嶺珍稀瀕危動(dòng)物保育重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,陜西省動(dòng)物研究所,陜西 西安710032)

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秦嶺丹江流域底棲動(dòng)物生態(tài)學(xué)初步研究

茍妮娜,邊坤,靳鐵治,張建祿,王開(kāi)鋒

(陜西省秦嶺珍稀瀕危動(dòng)物保育重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,陜西省動(dòng)物研究所,陜西 西安710032)

【目的】 了解秦嶺丹江流域底棲動(dòng)物的群落結(jié)構(gòu)特征和多樣性規(guī)律,為水域生態(tài)學(xué)研究提供基礎(chǔ)資料,也為南水北調(diào)中線工程重要水源區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境評(píng)估提供科學(xué)依據(jù)?!痉椒ā?于2014年春季在秦嶺丹江流域,選取6個(gè)樣區(qū)16個(gè)樣點(diǎn),采集樣品,調(diào)查底棲動(dòng)物群落結(jié)構(gòu)和分布特征?!窘Y(jié)果】 鑒定出底棲動(dòng)物18種,隸屬3門(mén)4綱14 科, 其中水生昆蟲(chóng)類最多,分屬10科13 種,占總數(shù)72.2%;軟體動(dòng)物3種;寡毛類2種。四節(jié)蜉屬(Baetis)動(dòng)物的出現(xiàn)頻率最高,達(dá)68.8%。春季丹江流域底棲動(dòng)物的優(yōu)勢(shì)種為卵蘿卜螺(R.ovata)、四節(jié)蜉(Baetis)、搖蚊幼蟲(chóng)(Chironomidlarvae)、克拉伯水絲蚓(Limnodrilusciaparedianus),食底泥者是秦嶺丹江流域底棲動(dòng)物主要的功能攝食類群,共有8種。丹江流域底棲動(dòng)物平均密度為50 頭/m2,單因素方差(ANOVA)分析表明,底棲動(dòng)物Shannon-Weiner、Pielou、Simpson指數(shù)在不同樣點(diǎn)之間差異不顯著。【結(jié)論】 秦嶺丹江流域底棲動(dòng)物群落結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)穩(wěn)定但分布不均,反映出水域生態(tài)環(huán)境優(yōu)劣差異。建議應(yīng)加大對(duì)秦嶺丹江流域生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的治理,控制污水排放量,構(gòu)建一個(gè)和諧穩(wěn)定的丹江流域生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。

丹江流域;底棲動(dòng)物;秦嶺

底棲動(dòng)物具有活動(dòng)范圍廣、遷徙能力差、生命周期長(zhǎng)、標(biāo)本易采集、對(duì)外界干擾反應(yīng)敏感等特點(diǎn),直接參與水生態(tài)環(huán)境物質(zhì)和能量的循環(huán)過(guò)程[1],對(duì)河流的保護(hù)、利用和管理具有指示作用[2-9]。早在1931年,F(xiàn)arrell就曾指出,底棲動(dòng)物種群能將水環(huán)境條件的過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在指示出來(lái)[10]。歐美等國(guó)家的環(huán)保部門(mén)很早就將底棲動(dòng)物應(yīng)用于水環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)方面。目前,國(guó)內(nèi)河流底棲動(dòng)物的研究區(qū)域主見(jiàn)于東北地區(qū)的黑龍江[11]、松花江[12],南部地區(qū)的珠江、流溪河[13],中部地區(qū)的洞庭湖[14]、東湖[15],東部地區(qū)的安溪豐溪河[16]等,對(duì)西部水域的研究較為缺乏,只有少量關(guān)于黃河[17]以及雅魯藏布江[18]和青海湖[19]等底棲動(dòng)物的報(bào)道。

秦嶺山脈橫貫我國(guó)東西,是南北氣候和自然地理的分界線,又是南北生物物種的交匯地帶,是中國(guó)地質(zhì)和生物的中央公園。丹江流域是秦嶺山脈重要的水源涵養(yǎng)地之一,也是南水北調(diào)中線工程的重要水源區(qū)。目前,有關(guān)丹江流域底棲動(dòng)物調(diào)查研究,僅見(jiàn)零星的關(guān)于丹江口水庫(kù)的報(bào)道[20]。本研究在秦嶺丹江流域選取6個(gè)樣區(qū)16個(gè)樣點(diǎn),對(duì)其底棲動(dòng)物群落結(jié)構(gòu)、分布特征以及多樣性進(jìn)行了較全面的研究,以期為秦嶺丹江流域的水生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。

1 材料與方法

1.1研究區(qū)概況

丹江流域發(fā)源于陜西省秦嶺南麓,屬長(zhǎng)江二級(jí)支流,全長(zhǎng)443 km。丹江流域地形由西北向東南降低并敞開(kāi),具有南暖溫帶-北亞熱帶的過(guò)渡帶氣候特點(diǎn)。流域內(nèi)植被較好,多為次生林,地貌起伏變化很大,山大溝深,一般海拔在600~1 200 m。丹江水系有196條河流,較大的河流有銀花河、板橋河、武關(guān)河等。

1.2采樣點(diǎn)的布設(shè)

本次調(diào)查選點(diǎn)在秦嶺丹江流域干、支流,選擇湘河鎮(zhèn)、竹林關(guān)、商丹開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)、中村鎮(zhèn)、二龍山水庫(kù)、黑龍口鎮(zhèn)6大樣區(qū)共16個(gè)采樣位點(diǎn)進(jìn)行調(diào)查(圖1),具體采樣位點(diǎn)信息見(jiàn)表1。

圖 1 秦嶺丹江流域調(diào)查樣區(qū)示意圖Fig.1 Map of the Danjiang River basin in Qinling表 1 采樣位點(diǎn)分布及海拔Table 1 Elevation,distribution of the sampling sites

樣區(qū)Samplingarea采樣點(diǎn)序號(hào)Samplingpointnumber采樣位點(diǎn)Samplingpoint海拔/mAltitude樣區(qū)Samplingarea采樣點(diǎn)序號(hào)Samplingpointnumber采樣位點(diǎn)Samplingpoint海拔/mAltitude二龍山水庫(kù)Erlongshanreservoir黑龍口Heilongkou商丹開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)Shangdandevelopmentarea竹林關(guān)ZhulinguanS1S2S3S4S5S6S7S8二龍山水庫(kù)Erlongshanreservoir前街Qianjie鐵爐子Tieluzi月亮灣Yueliangwan堡子Baozi何塬Heyuan費(fèi)村Feicun冀家灣Jijiawan76588710411229574636690407竹林關(guān)Zhulingguan中村Zhongcun湘河X(jué)iangheS9S10S11S12S13S14S15S16梁家灣Liangjiawan堰壩Yanba上窄巷Shangzhaixiang捷峪Jieyu彎里Wanli大泉Daquan棗園Zaoyuan大橋上Daqiaoshang402409578627768225230240

1.3樣品的采集和鑒定

于2014年春季(4-5月)對(duì)秦嶺丹江流域底棲動(dòng)物分別進(jìn)行定量、定性采集。定量采集方法一種是泥底斷面法,使用1/16 m2彼得遜采泥器采集底泥,用孔徑0.25 mm分樣篩進(jìn)行篩選;另一種是在河灘及淺水處用D型網(wǎng)取樣,通過(guò)測(cè)量D型網(wǎng)面積和采樣距離進(jìn)行定量計(jì)算。每個(gè)調(diào)查點(diǎn)隨機(jī)定量采集5次。所采集底棲動(dòng)物用4%甲醛溶液固定后帶回實(shí)驗(yàn)室,再移入75%酒精中長(zhǎng)期保存。在室內(nèi)進(jìn)行種類鑒定、個(gè)體計(jì)數(shù),計(jì)算棲息度。參照Wetzel[21]、劉健康[22]、彭松耀等[23]、王備新等[24]國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者的研究結(jié)果對(duì)底棲動(dòng)物的功能攝食類群進(jìn)行劃分。

1.4群落的多樣性指數(shù)計(jì)算

Shannon-Wiener指數(shù)(H′)[25]:

Pielou指數(shù)(J)[26]:J=(-∑PilbPi)/lbS。

Simpson指數(shù)(D)[27]:D=1-∑(Ni/N)2。

式中:S為總物種數(shù);Pi為i物種的個(gè)體數(shù)占總個(gè)體數(shù)的比例;Ni為i物種的個(gè)體數(shù);N為所有種的個(gè)體總數(shù)。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1底棲動(dòng)物的種類和分布

調(diào)查結(jié)果(表2)顯示,在16個(gè)采樣點(diǎn)共發(fā)現(xiàn)底棲動(dòng)物18種,隸屬3門(mén)4綱14 科, 其中水生昆蟲(chóng)類最多有10科13 種,占72.2%;軟體動(dòng)物有3科3種;環(huán)節(jié)動(dòng)物有1科2 種。S1和S16樣點(diǎn)動(dòng)物種類最多,均為7種;其次是S2、S13、S14,為6種;其他樣點(diǎn)的底棲動(dòng)物種類數(shù)為2~5種。功能攝食類群分析結(jié)果表明,春季食底泥的底棲動(dòng)物最多,共8種,雜食者6種,濾食者3種,肉食者1種(表2)。

表 2 秦嶺丹江流域底棲動(dòng)物調(diào)查結(jié)果Table 2 Investigation of zoobenthos in Danjiang River basin in Qinling

表 2(續(xù)) Continued table 2

注:+ 表示有;FFG.功能攝食類群;FF.濾食者;DF.食底泥者;C.肉食者;O.雜食者。

Note:+ represents existence;FFG.Functional feeding group;FF.Filter feeders;DF.Deposit feeder;C.Carnivores;O.Omnivores.

2.2底棲動(dòng)物的數(shù)量和棲息密度分析

調(diào)查結(jié)果(表3)顯示,所有底棲動(dòng)物中,出現(xiàn)頻率最高的是四節(jié)蜉,達(dá)68.8%;其次是卵蘿卜螺和搖蚊幼蟲(chóng),出現(xiàn)頻率分別為56.3%和43.8%。秦嶺丹江流域各種底棲動(dòng)物的密度為0~145頭/m2,平均密度為50頭/m2,其中S1樣點(diǎn)底棲動(dòng)物棲息密度最高,達(dá)145頭/m2(圖2)。

表 3 秦嶺丹江流域底棲動(dòng)物個(gè)體出現(xiàn)次數(shù)和頻率Table 3 Individuals and occurrence frequencies of zoobenthos in Danjiang River basin in Qinling

2.3底棲動(dòng)物的群落多樣性分析

秦嶺丹江底棲動(dòng)物群落多樣性指數(shù)見(jiàn)圖3。由圖3可知,秦嶺丹江底棲動(dòng)物群落的Shannon-Wiener指數(shù)為0~2.19,Pielou指數(shù)為0~0.94,Simpson指數(shù)為0~0.76;3項(xiàng)指數(shù)的空間分布趨勢(shì)較為一致;S7樣點(diǎn)沒(méi)有采集到底棲動(dòng)物標(biāo)本,表明該區(qū)域的水生態(tài)環(huán)境已處于非常脆弱的狀態(tài),可能是由于近年來(lái)該河段過(guò)度開(kāi)采砂石,底質(zhì)破壞嚴(yán)重,河水污濁,導(dǎo)致無(wú)法采集到樣品。

圖 2 秦嶺丹江底棲動(dòng)物的棲息密度Fig.2 Density of zoobenthos in the Qinling Danjiang River basin

圖 3 秦嶺丹江底棲動(dòng)物群落的多樣性指數(shù)Fig.3 Diversity indexes of zoobenthos in the Qinling Danjiang River basin

3 討 論

3.1底棲動(dòng)物的種類和分布

在類群組成上,春季在丹江流域采到的底棲動(dòng)物大多數(shù)為廣布性種類,如寡毛綱的克拉伯水絲蚓,軟體動(dòng)物中的卵蘿卜螺,水生昆蟲(chóng)中的四節(jié)蜉、搖蚊幼蟲(chóng)等,其中大多為長(zhǎng)江水系中的常見(jiàn)種類,也是適應(yīng)性很強(qiáng)的世界性種類, 它們分布于秦嶺丹江流域的不同區(qū)段。寡毛類喜好粒徑較小、有機(jī)質(zhì)豐富的底質(zhì)[28-29],有機(jī)質(zhì)含量的增加會(huì)引起寡毛綱特別是其中的顫蚓科動(dòng)物密度升高[30],比如中華顫蚓和克拉伯水絲蚓,其因主要以有機(jī)質(zhì)為食從而更容易受到影響[31-33]。S1、S6、S11樣點(diǎn)采集到的寡毛類動(dòng)物較多,說(shuō)明其水體沉積物屬粒徑較小的淤泥類底質(zhì),且有機(jī)質(zhì)含量較為豐富;S1樣點(diǎn)底棲動(dòng)物棲息密度明顯較高,說(shuō)明該樣點(diǎn)底質(zhì)的有機(jī)污染相對(duì)較重。上述結(jié)果有待進(jìn)一步通過(guò)沉積物分析來(lái)驗(yàn)證。

3.2底棲動(dòng)物的群落多樣性

春季,秦嶺丹江流域底棲動(dòng)物的平均棲息密度為50頭/m2,其中水生昆蟲(chóng)占底棲動(dòng)物總種數(shù)的72%,是秦嶺丹江流域底棲動(dòng)物現(xiàn)存量的主 要組成部分,但其在丹江流域的分布是不均勻的。

研究表明,S1樣點(diǎn)所在的二龍山水庫(kù)庫(kù)區(qū)底棲動(dòng)物多樣性指數(shù)H′較高,J、D較低,這可能是由于近年來(lái)水庫(kù)周邊農(nóng)家樂(lè)發(fā)展迅速,但治污設(shè)施簡(jiǎn)陋,居民生活、畜禽養(yǎng)殖、旅游、車船漏油等都給水庫(kù)水質(zhì)帶來(lái)了風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。S3樣點(diǎn)所在的鐵爐子村底棲動(dòng)物多樣性指數(shù)(H′、J、D)在黑龍口鎮(zhèn)樣區(qū)最低,這可能與20世紀(jì)70 年代水庫(kù)上游建設(shè)的硫酸廠和鉛鋅礦導(dǎo)致水質(zhì)污染有關(guān)。調(diào)查顯示商丹開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)內(nèi)S5樣點(diǎn)所在的堡子村及S6樣點(diǎn)所在的何塬的生物多樣性指數(shù)均較低,而S7樣點(diǎn)所在的費(fèi)村則沒(méi)有底棲生物出現(xiàn)。這是由于位于該樣區(qū)的制造業(yè)工廠和制藥廠將大量未經(jīng)處理的工業(yè)廢水直接排入河道,導(dǎo)致水環(huán)境嚴(yán)重污染,水生生物難以生存。竹林關(guān)的3個(gè)樣點(diǎn)S8(冀家灣)、S9(梁家灣)、S10(堰壩)的底棲動(dòng)物多樣性指數(shù)(H′、J、D)均較低。這可能是由于竹林關(guān)樣區(qū)地處交通要塞,流動(dòng)人口多,城鎮(zhèn)化速度較快,向河內(nèi)排放的污染物增多,以及河道大量開(kāi)采泥沙,導(dǎo)致底質(zhì)狀況不穩(wěn)定等多種因素造成。S11樣點(diǎn)所在的上窄巷底棲動(dòng)物多樣性指數(shù)(H′)和豐富度指數(shù)(D)在中村樣區(qū)均最低,這可能是當(dāng)?shù)剽C礦開(kāi)采殘留污染物沉積所致。湘河鎮(zhèn)的S14樣點(diǎn)(大泉)、S15樣點(diǎn)(棗園)、S16樣點(diǎn)(大橋上)的底棲動(dòng)物多樣性指數(shù)H′較高,J、D較低。這些樣點(diǎn)大部分位于丹江流域中、下游地區(qū),污染嚴(yán)重,生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定性差?;诒狙芯康慕Y(jié)果,筆者建議相關(guān)部門(mén)應(yīng)加大對(duì)秦嶺丹江流域生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的治理,控制污水排放量,最終構(gòu)建一個(gè)和諧穩(wěn)定的丹江流域生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。

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Ecology of zoobenthos in Danjiang River basin in Qinling

GOU Nina,BIAN Kun,JIN Tiezhi,ZHANG Jianlu,WANG Kaifeng

(ShaanxiKeyLaboratoryforAnimalConservation,ShaanxiInstituteofZoology,Xi’an,Shaanxi710032,China)

【Objective】 This study investigated the community structure characteristics and diversity of zoobenthos in Qinling Danjiang River basin to provide basic data for research of water ecology.【Method】 In the spring of 2014,the community structure and distribution of zoobenthos in Qinling Danjiang River basin were investigated based on samples from 16 sampling points in 6 sampling areas.【Result】 A total of 18 kinds of animals,belonging to 3 phyla,14 families and 4 classes,were found.Aquatic insects had the largest number.They belonged to 10 families and 13 species,and accounted for 72.2% of the total number.There were three kinds of mollusks,2 of which were oligochaeta animals.Baetis(68.8%) was the most frequent.In spring,the dominant species wereR.ovata,Baetis,Chironomidlarvae,andLimnodrilusciaparedianus.The deposit feeder numerically dominated with a total of 8 species.The average density was 50 ind/m2,and ANOVA showed that there was no significant difference between Shannon-Weiner,Pielou,and Simpson indexes.【Conclusion】 The community structure of the zoobenthos was relatively stable,but uneven,which reflectd the difference in ecological environment.Increasing ecosystem management and controlling wastewater are suggested to provide stable ecosystem in Danjiang River basin.

Danjiang River;zoobenthos;Qinling

網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版時(shí)間:2016-07-1208:4510.13207/j.cnki.jnwafu.2016.08.005

2015-11-30

陜西省科技統(tǒng)籌創(chuàng)新工程計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2013KTCL03-13);陜西省科學(xué)院重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(2013K-01);陜西省科學(xué)院科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2015K-25);陜西省科學(xué)院人才培養(yǎng)項(xiàng)目(2016k-27)

茍妮娜(1986-),女,陜西西安人,實(shí)習(xí)研究員,碩士,主要從事水生生物學(xué)研究。E-mail:19819032@qq.com

王開(kāi)鋒(1966-),男,陜西禮泉人,副研究員,碩士,主要從事生物多樣性與生態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)研究。

E-mail:wkf3231185@163.com

Q145

A

1671-9387(2016)08-0025-07

網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/61.1390.S.20160712.0845.010.html

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