關(guān)新輝,李 麗,梁 勇
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應(yīng)用SD-OCT縱向比較正常人群和青光眼進(jìn)展及非進(jìn)展人群的RNFL厚度
關(guān)新輝,李麗,梁勇
Department of Ophthalmology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
Correspondence to:Yong Liang. Department of Ophthalmology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China.iohey@163.com
Received:2016-04-15Accepted:2016-06-30
?AIM:To compare the loss of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL)thickness measurements by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography(SD-OCT) in healthy individuals and glaucoma patients with or without progression.
?METHODS:A total of 60 eyes, comprising 36 glaucomatous eyes with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and 24 healthy controls, were included in the study over a 2-year period. All eyes underwent at least 4 serial RNFL measurements performed by Cirrus OCT every half a year over a period of 2a. Visual field (VF) testing was performed by using the Swedish interactive threshold algorithm(SITA) Standard 30-2 program of the Humphrey field analyzer within the same week as the optic disc/RNFL photography. By masked comparative analysis of VF test results and optic disc/RNFL photographs, the eyes were classified into non-progressive and progressive glaucoma cases. Longitudinal loss of RNFL thickness was compared.
?RESULTS: The mean follow-up time was 2.1±0.3a. Seventeen from 36 subjects were identified as progressors. Mean rates of change in average RNFL thickness were significantly higher for progressors compared with nonprogressors (2.46μm/avs.1.21μm/a;P<0.001). Inferior quadrant RNFL thickness were significantly correlated with MD reduction in glaucoma eyes with progression(r=0.423,P=0.03).
?CONCLUSION:Longitudinal measurements of RNFL thickness using SD-OCT show a pronounced reduction in patients with progression compared with patients without progression. Inferior RNFL thickness parameters might be more important in discriminating eyes with progressive glaucomatous optic nerve damage.
Citation:Guan XH, Li L, Liang Y.Longitudinal analysis of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurement by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in normals and in glaucoma patients with or without progression.GuojiYankeZazhi(IntEyeSci) 2016;16(8):1504-1507
摘要
目的:應(yīng)用頻域光學(xué)相干斷層掃描(spectral-domain optical coherence tomography,SD-OCT)縱向比較正常人群、青光眼進(jìn)展及非進(jìn)展人群的視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)纖維層(retinal nerve fiber layer,RNFL)厚度。
方法:應(yīng)用SD-OCT對(duì)36例POAG患者和24例正常人監(jiān)測(cè)RNFL厚度。受試者行視盤OCT、眼底照相及視野檢查,每6mo一次,隨訪2a,至少有4次可信的OCT檢查結(jié)果。根據(jù)視野及眼底照相結(jié)果將POAG患者劃分為進(jìn)展組和非進(jìn)展組。分析各組RNFL厚度變化差異,同視野參數(shù)變化值做相關(guān)性分析。
結(jié)果:平均隨訪2.1±0.3a。17例被確定為POAG進(jìn)展組。POAG進(jìn)展組平均RNFL厚度損失速率明顯高于POAG非進(jìn)展組(2.46μm/avs1.21μm/a,P<0.001)。下方RNFL厚度變化同視野平均偏差(mean deviation,MD)變化相關(guān)性最佳(r=0.423,P=0.03)。
結(jié)論:應(yīng)用SD-OCT縱向監(jiān)測(cè)RNFL厚度,POAG進(jìn)展者RNFL厚度丟失速率明顯增高,下方RNFL厚度參數(shù)變化可能在監(jiān)測(cè)中意義較大。
關(guān)鍵詞:原發(fā)性開角型青光眼;進(jìn)展;光學(xué)相干斷層掃描;視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)纖維層
引用:關(guān)新輝,李麗,梁勇.應(yīng)用SD-OCT縱向比較正常人群和青光眼進(jìn)展及非進(jìn)展人群的RNFL厚度.國(guó)際眼科雜志2016;16(8):1504-1507
0引言
原發(fā)性開角型青光眼(primary open angle glaucoma,POAG)是一組具有特征性視神經(jīng)損害和視野缺損的進(jìn)行性致盲性眼病。其起病及進(jìn)展隱匿,視功能損害多不可逆。及時(shí)準(zhǔn)確的病情監(jiān)測(cè)對(duì)POAG患者管理極為重要。許多研究已表明,青光眼視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)纖維層(retinal nerve fiber layer,RNFL)缺損早在視野缺損之前就已出現(xiàn)[1]。因此,監(jiān)測(cè)RNFL厚度改變有助于早期判斷青光眼進(jìn)展。光學(xué)相干斷層掃描作為一種非接觸性、非侵入性、高分辨率的生物組織結(jié)構(gòu)顯像技術(shù),已成為青光眼眼底結(jié)構(gòu)客觀定量檢測(cè)的重要方法[2-5]。頻域光學(xué)相干斷層掃描(spectral-domain optical coherence tomography,SD-OCT)因其掃描速率快、分辨率高及眼球追蹤技術(shù),檢查結(jié)果有較好的可重復(fù)性[6]。但應(yīng)用SD-OCT監(jiān)測(cè)視盤盤周RNFL厚度變化的研究報(bào)道較少,正常人群RNFL厚度亦存在生理性減少。本研究擬應(yīng)用SD-OCT縱向?qū)Ρ?a內(nèi)正常人群、POAG進(jìn)展及POAG非進(jìn)展人群RNFL厚度變化情況。
1對(duì)象和方法
1.1對(duì)象縱向觀察非干預(yù)性研究。數(shù)據(jù)源自2013-01/08于我院眼科門診就診并確診的POAG患者36例36眼及24例24眼正常人。此項(xiàng)研究遵循赫爾辛基宣言中的倫理學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并經(jīng)醫(yī)院臨床研究倫理委員會(huì)同意,所有參與者均為自愿,對(duì)檢測(cè)予以認(rèn)可并簽署了知情同意書。所有受試者均進(jìn)行了全面的眼科檢查,包括視力、非接觸性眼壓、裂隙燈及前置鏡下眼底檢查、屈光度、前房角檢查。
1.1.1 POAG組患者36例若1眼符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn),即選取該眼。若雙眼均符合,抽簽法隨機(jī)選擇1眼。POAG組納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)最佳矯正視力≥0.5;(2)球鏡-6.00D~+3.00D;(3)不影響視網(wǎng)膜的全身及眼部其他疾患(高血壓、糖尿病、葡萄膜炎、視神經(jīng)及視網(wǎng)膜病變、眼外傷等均不予以納入);(4)1a內(nèi)無眼部手術(shù)及眼內(nèi)激光史。POAG診斷條件:(1)至少2次眼壓>21mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa);(2)房角鏡檢查前房角開放;(3)青光眼性視乳頭損害和/或視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)纖維層缺損;(4)青光眼性視野缺損。具有(1)、(2)項(xiàng)與(3)或(4)方可診斷成立。根據(jù)視野及眼底照相情況進(jìn)一步劃分為POAG進(jìn)展組及POAG非進(jìn)展組。所有POAG患者治療方案均參見《我國(guó)原發(fā)性青光眼診斷和治療專家共識(shí)(2014年)》[7],隨訪期間均為藥物治療調(diào)整,無接受手術(shù)及激光者。
1.1.2正常對(duì)照組選擇同期眼科門診體檢正常者,抽簽法隨機(jī)選擇1眼納入。正常對(duì)照組納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)雙眼最佳矯正視力≥0.5;(2)眼壓≤21mmHg;(3)裂隙燈及眼底常規(guī)檢查無異常、正常的視乳頭形態(tài)(無視杯變大加深、無局部或彌漫性的盤沿變窄、視乳頭出血及雙眼垂直杯盤比相差大于0.2)、RNFL無缺損、視野無缺損。(4)無眼科及全身疾病史,無青光眼家族史,無內(nèi)眼手術(shù)史。(5)球鏡-6.00~+3.00D。
1.2方法受試者均行視盤眼底照相、Humphrey視野(中心30-2程序)及視盤OCT(Cirrus HD-OCT,Carl Zeiss Meditec,Dublin,CA)檢查,各項(xiàng)檢查間隔時(shí)間在1wk內(nèi),隨訪2a,每6mo一次,至少有4次可信結(jié)果。
1.2.1 眼底照相眼底照相為對(duì)視盤20°范圍照相及RNFL 45°范圍無赤光照相。在患眼散瞳后,由技術(shù)熟練的同一技師采用眼底彩色照相機(jī)獲取。兩位青光眼專家采用雙盲法獨(dú)立評(píng)估2a內(nèi)眼底照相結(jié)果,判斷青光眼進(jìn)展與否及注明判斷依據(jù)。當(dāng)意見不一致時(shí),以第3位青光眼專家判斷為準(zhǔn)。眼底照相中盤沿變窄、RNFL缺損增寬加深或出現(xiàn)新的RNFL缺損、新的盤周出血判定為青光眼進(jìn)展[8-10]。
1.2.2視野采用Humphery自動(dòng)視野計(jì),中心30-2程序。所有受試者均有2次以上視野檢查經(jīng)驗(yàn),第一次正式檢查,至少行3次檢查,每次間隔至少30min,取最近一次檢查的視野結(jié)果。各次視野檢查均在相同條件下由同一視野師進(jìn)行操作。符合以下條件認(rèn)為視野結(jié)果可信:注視丟失<20%、假陽性率和假陰性率<30%;視野缺損的位置和視盤損害的位置相對(duì)應(yīng)。兩位青光眼專家采用雙盲法獨(dú)立評(píng)估2a內(nèi)視野結(jié)果,判斷青光眼進(jìn)展情況。意見不一致時(shí)以第3位青光眼專家判斷為準(zhǔn)。視野進(jìn)展標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)基線暗點(diǎn),范圍內(nèi)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的暗點(diǎn)加深10dB;(2)暗點(diǎn)擴(kuò)大,兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上加深10dB的位點(diǎn)與基線暗點(diǎn)相連;(3)出現(xiàn)新的暗點(diǎn),基線暗點(diǎn)范圍內(nèi)或者與基線暗點(diǎn)相鄰的兩個(gè)或更多位點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)缺損,其模式偏差概率P值1%;或者視野中心10°內(nèi)之前正常的位點(diǎn)敏感度下降10dB。以上改變,在同一位點(diǎn)至少有一種改變?cè)谝院髢纱位?次連續(xù)隨訪視野結(jié)果中出現(xiàn),則認(rèn)為青光眼可能或極可能進(jìn)展[11]。
1.2.3視盤OCT檢查所有受試者均進(jìn)行Cirrus HD-OCT檢查。掃描模式為“optic disc cube mode”,為6mm×6mm×2mm立體掃描,分析計(jì)算直徑3.46mm圓周上的RNFL平均、象限及鐘點(diǎn)厚度。信號(hào)強(qiáng)度≥5并無眨眼、頭位等引起假陽性結(jié)果等認(rèn)為結(jié)果可信。同一受試者多次檢查均在錄入的同一患者信息下進(jìn)行。各次檢查均在同一條件下由同一熟練技師操作。
統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析:資料分析應(yīng)用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件。計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差描述,用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)、單因素ANOVA(組間兩兩比較用LSD-t法)。MD及PSD值方差不齊,采用非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn)Kruskal-WallisH檢驗(yàn)法。各組RNFL厚度變化差異比較采用單因素方差分析,組間兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn)方法。計(jì)數(shù)資料用例數(shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)描述,采用卡方檢驗(yàn)。RNFL厚度變化計(jì)算利用線性回歸分析。各組參數(shù)相關(guān)性比較采用Pearson相關(guān)性分析。以P≤0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1受試者基線信息本研究共60例60眼受試者,男32例,女28例。36例POAG患者,24例正常人。平均隨訪2.1±0.3a。平均就診次數(shù)5.3±0.3次。兩位青光眼專家根據(jù)視野及眼底照相變化將36例POAG患者分為17例(47%)POAG進(jìn)展組,19例(53%)POAG非進(jìn)展組。受試者基線信息見表1。POAG進(jìn)展組、POAG非進(jìn)展組與正常對(duì)照組間平均偏差(mean deviation,MD)、模式標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(pattern standard deviation,PSD)差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<
表1受試者基線信息
組別眼數(shù)性別(例)男女年齡(x±s,歲)眼別右眼左眼屈光度(x±s,DS)MD(x±s,dB)PSD(x±s,dB)POAG進(jìn)展組1710761.8±5.0107-0.40±1.07-6.85±2.496.36±2.53POAG非進(jìn)展組1911863.1±4.3910-0.25±1.48-5.75±2.274.89±2.04正常對(duì)照組24111362.4±5.01212-0.21±1.26-0.13±1.121.53±0.33 統(tǒng)計(jì)值0.9070.2770.5160.08440.39040.263P0.6350.7590.7730.919<0.001<0.001
表2 受試者基線平均RNFL情況 ,μm)
表3 受試者平均RNFL厚度隨訪情況 ,μm)
0.001),而POAG進(jìn)展組與POAG非進(jìn)展組之間MD、PSD之間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P≤0.05)?;€平均RNFL厚度POAG進(jìn)展組(70.88±15.40μm)及非進(jìn)展組(76.84±12.40μm)未見明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。而兩者同正常對(duì)照組(97.04±16.04μm)差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001),見表2。
2.2 RNFL厚度變化平均RNFL厚度,4次隨訪中POAG進(jìn)展組及非進(jìn)展組之間均未見明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P=0.185、0.123、0.073、0.067),而兩者同正常對(duì)照組差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。平均RNFL厚度變化值,POAG進(jìn)展組與POAG非進(jìn)展組、正常對(duì)照組比較中差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-4.397、-6.259,P<0.001),而POAG非進(jìn)展組與正常對(duì)照組之間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-1.681,P=0.098),說明POAG進(jìn)展時(shí)RNFL厚度變化有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見表3。圖1散點(diǎn)圖提示隨著基線RNFL厚度增加,RNFL厚度丟失速率呈遞減趨勢(shì)。POAG進(jìn)展組平均RNFL厚度損失速率明顯高于POAG非進(jìn)展組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(2.46μm/avs1.21μm/a,P<0.001)。正常對(duì)照組為0.64μm/a。去除RNFL厚度生理性減少,POAG進(jìn)展時(shí)RNFL厚度丟失速率為1.82μm/a。
2.3 RNFL厚度變化同視野變化值相關(guān)性分析MD變化值,POAG進(jìn)展組、POAG非進(jìn)展組及正常對(duì)照組分別為-6.11±1.41、-2.37±1.46、-1.28±1.39dB,兩兩比較均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。POAG進(jìn)展組,ΔMD值同Δ平均RNFL厚度變化相關(guān)性差(r=0.135,P=0.582),同Δ下方RNFL厚度相關(guān)性最佳(r=0.423,P=0.032)。
3討論
SD-OCT檢查結(jié)果有較好的準(zhǔn)確性及可重復(fù)性,已成為功能強(qiáng)大的青光眼診斷和隨訪工具,已被許多研究證實(shí)其對(duì)早期青光眼的診斷價(jià)值[12]。但其在青光眼隨訪中臨床研究報(bào)道相對(duì)較少。臨床上POAG患者隨訪中出現(xiàn)視盤盤周RNFL厚度降低,常無法準(zhǔn)確判斷其為病情進(jìn)展、操作誤差或是其生理性RNFL厚度丟失,缺少相關(guān)參數(shù)范圍參考判斷。本研究設(shè)正常人群為對(duì)照組,利用眼底照相及視野作為POAG病情進(jìn)展判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),分析對(duì)比正常人群、POAG進(jìn)展及非進(jìn)展人群盤周RNFL厚度變化情況。
圖1三組基線RNFL厚度和RNFL變化速率散點(diǎn)圖。
3.1 RNFL厚度變化本研究中,平均RNFL厚度變化值,POAG進(jìn)展組與POAG非進(jìn)展組、正常對(duì)照組比較中差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-4.281、-5.692,P<0.001),而POAG非進(jìn)展組與正常對(duì)照組之間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-1.934,P=0.060),說明POAG進(jìn)展時(shí)RNFL厚度變化有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,提示RNFL厚度改變可作為POAG隨訪中一個(gè)參考指標(biāo)。
平均RNFL厚度損失速率方面,POAG進(jìn)展組明顯高于POAG非進(jìn)展組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(2.46μm/avs1.21μm/a,P<0.001)。正常對(duì)照組為0.64μm/a。去除RNFL厚度生理性減少,本研究中POAG進(jìn)展時(shí)RNFL厚度丟失速率為1.82μm/a。其數(shù)值較Felipe等報(bào)道的0.72μm/a偏高[13]。Leung等[14]報(bào)道青光眼進(jìn)展RNFL厚度損失速率每年1.2~15.4(平均為3.3)μm。Lee等[15]以眼底照相為青光眼進(jìn)展判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),采用頻域OCT監(jiān)測(cè),報(bào)道青光眼進(jìn)展者為1.5μm/a,而非進(jìn)展者為0.34μm/a。Julia等報(bào)道[16]青光眼進(jìn)展者損失速率為2.12μm/a。本研究RNFL厚度損傷速率同其較接近。Dilraj等報(bào)道平均及峰值眼壓同RNFL厚度損失速率有較強(qiáng)相關(guān)性[17]。同時(shí),RNFL厚度存在生理性丟失,研究表明生理性RNFL厚度丟失量同基線RNFL厚度呈正相關(guān)[18]。所以視盤盤周RNFL厚度丟失速率存在個(gè)體化現(xiàn)象,同正常生理性丟失范圍存在重疊,臨床上僅單獨(dú)依據(jù)視盤盤周RNFL厚度丟失速率早期判斷POAG進(jìn)展仍有一定困難。推測(cè)如進(jìn)行更多基線信息收集,將基線眼壓、基線RNFL厚度等因素均列為自變量,如能進(jìn)行線性回歸分析,是否有助于在兼顧個(gè)體化同時(shí),更精確判斷RNFL厚度變化意義。這同時(shí)尚需更多的樣本信息采集。在進(jìn)行POAG早期病情進(jìn)展時(shí),最好聯(lián)合其他輔助檢查共同判斷,很可能RNFL厚度的改變較其他檢查具有一定的提前性和假陽性,這尚需要大樣本更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的隨訪判斷。Tammy等研究證實(shí)OCT測(cè)量RNFL能在出現(xiàn)視野陽性改變之前監(jiān)測(cè)出青光眼損害[19]??傊?,POAG進(jìn)展時(shí)RNFL厚度丟失速率高于正常,可聯(lián)合其他輔助檢查判斷POAG進(jìn)展,尤其注意POAG病情早期進(jìn)展的可能。
3.2 RNFL厚度變化同視野變化值相關(guān)性本研究中,POAG進(jìn)展組,ΔMD值同Δ平均RNFL厚度變化相關(guān)性差(r=0.135,P=0.582),同Δ下方RNFL厚度相關(guān)性最佳(r=0.423,P=0.032)。下方RNFL厚度變化同視野MD損害進(jìn)展相關(guān)性較好,符合既往的研究結(jié)論[20-21]。下方RNFL參數(shù)不僅在早期診斷中意義較大,對(duì)監(jiān)測(cè)病變進(jìn)展的診斷價(jià)值也較大。但值得注意的是,本研究中MD變化值,POAG非進(jìn)展組及正常對(duì)照組比較有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.016),而平均RNFL厚度變化值,POAG非進(jìn)展組與正常對(duì)照組之間(1.21μm/avs0.64μm/a)差異并無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.098)。若假設(shè)POAG非進(jìn)展組同正常對(duì)照組相比較,已出現(xiàn)功能性數(shù)值改變提示,雖然眼底照相及視野未見陽性變化,但RNFL厚度變化并不明顯。這同RNFL厚度改變先于視野改變的觀念并不一致??紤]可能同患者視野處于中期,RNFL較早期不敏感相關(guān)。
3.3本研究局限及不足該研究樣本量偏小,隨訪時(shí)間短,尚需更大樣本較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間臨床觀察以獲得更詳實(shí)可靠的臨床信息。同時(shí),本研究POAG患者多在輕中度視野損害范圍內(nèi),其結(jié)果有一定的局限性。
綜上所述,本研究提示POAG進(jìn)展時(shí)RNFL厚度丟失速率(1.82μm/a)高于正常生理丟失量(0.64μm/a),可聯(lián)合其他輔助檢查共同判斷POAG病情進(jìn)展,尤其注意POAG的早期進(jìn)展可能。下方RNFL厚度變化同視野MD損害進(jìn)展相關(guān)性較好。
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基金項(xiàng)目:2014年度新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)衛(wèi)生廳青年科技人才專項(xiàng)科研項(xiàng)目(No.2014Y10);2013年度新疆醫(yī)科大學(xué)科研創(chuàng)新基金項(xiàng)目(No.XJC2013187)
作者單位:(830054)中國(guó)新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)烏魯木齊市,新疆醫(yī)科大學(xué)第五附屬醫(yī)院眼科
作者簡(jiǎn)介:關(guān)新輝,女,畢業(yè)于新疆醫(yī)科大學(xué),碩士,副主任醫(yī)師,研究方向:白內(nèi)障、青光眼。
通訊作者:梁勇,男,碩士,眼科主任,主任醫(yī)師.iohey@163.com
收稿日期:2016-04-15 修回日期: 2016-06-30
Foundation items:Special Scientific Research Foundation for Young Scientific and Technological Talents of Health and Family Planning Commission of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(No.2014Y10); Scientific Research Innovation Foundation of Xinjiang Medical University(No.XJC2013187)
DOI:10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2016.8.26
?KEYWORDS:primary open angle glaucoma; progression; optical coherence tomography; retinal nerve fiber layer
Longitudinal analysis of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurement by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in normals and in glaucoma patients with or without progression
Xin-Hui Guan, Li Li, Yong Liang
Abstract