趙清車旭東譚關平張紅霞蔣登志孫曉川何朝暉
硫氧還蛋白相互作用蛋白表達下調減輕大鼠蛛網膜下腔出血后早期腦損傷☆
趙清*車旭東*譚關平*張紅霞*蔣登志*孫曉川*何朝暉*
目的 觀察大鼠蛛網膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH)后早期硫氧還蛋白相互作用蛋白(thioredoxin-interacting protein,TXNIP)表達變化,檢測干預前后TXNIP及下游凋亡因子表達,探討TXNIP參與SAH后早期腦損傷(early brain injury,EBI)的可能機制。方法 血管內穿刺法建立SAH模型。97只成年雄性SD大鼠,隨機分為假手術對照組(Sham組,17只)、SAH組(32只)、Control siRNA組(12只)、TXNIP siRNA組(12只)、白藜蘆醇(resveratrol,RES)對照組(12只)、RES干預組(12只)。Western blot檢測SAH后各時間點及干預前后TXNIP、p-ASK-1、Caspase-3表達變化,熒光共聚焦檢測TXNIP在神經元定位,TUNEL法檢測細胞凋亡與TXNIP共定位,同時進行腦水腫評估(6只/組)和行為學評分(12只/組)。結果 采用TXNIP siRNA和TXNIP抑制劑RES干預后死亡率、行為學評分及腦水腫(F=7.964,P<0.05)得到改善。熒光共聚焦顯示TXNIP在大鼠腦神經元廣泛表達,且主要位于胞漿。熒光TUNEL提示TXNIP與皮層區(qū)及海馬區(qū)凋亡細胞共定位。Western blot發(fā)現與Sham組(0.476±0.043,n=3)比較,TXNIP在SAH后12h(0.729±0.548)表達逐漸增高,72h(1.509±0.071)仍處于較高水平,同時伴隨下游凋亡因子的增高,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(F=7.806,P<0.05)。采用TXNIP siRNA和TXNIP抑制劑RES干預后,TXNIP表達下調(F=900.849,P<0.05,n=3),下游凋亡因子出現下降(p-ASK1,F= 32.897,P<0.05;Caspase-3,F=89.120,P<0.05)。結論 大鼠SAH后早期TXNIP表達增加,通過其促凋亡機制參與EBI發(fā)生,下調TXNIP能減輕大鼠SAH后EBI,這可能為臨床SAH早期治療提供新的治療思路。
硫氧還蛋白相互作用蛋白蛛網膜下腔出血早期腦損傷細胞凋亡
【Abstract】Objective To explore the possible mechanism by which thioredoxin-interacting protein(TXNIP)participated in early brain injury(EBI)of subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH)via examination of the expression of TXNIP and its downstream apoptotic factors before and after intervention.Methods Subarachnoid Hemorrhage(SAH)was performed by endovascular perforation.Total 97 adult male SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups:sham-operation(17),SAH (32),control siRNA(12),TXNIP siRNA(12),resveratrol control(12)and resveratrol injection(12).Western blot was used to examine the expression of TXNIP,p-ASK-1,Caspase-3 before and after intervention.Laser scanning confocal microscopy(LSCM)was used to detect the expression of TXNIP in neurons.The co-localization of TXNIP with apoptoticcells was examined by using fluorescent TUNEL.Mortality,behavior score and cerebral edema were also evaluated.Results Mortality,behavior scores and brain edema were improved after TXNIP siRNA and resveratrol injection(P<0.05). LSCM showed that TXNIP was widely expressed in brain and mainly located in cytoplasm of neurons in SAH rats.Fluorescent TUNEL revealed the co-localization of TXNIP with apoptotic cells.The expression level of TXNIP was significantly higher in SAH group than in sham operation(P<0.05,n=3).The expression level of TXNIP gradually increased at 12h and still remained at high level at 72h(P<0.05).This increase was simultaneously accompanied by the increase in downstream apoptosis factors,p-ASK-1 and Caspase-3.Inhibition of TXNIP by siRNA or resveratrol significantly reduced the expression of TXNIP,p-ASK-1 and Caspase-3(P<0.05,n=3).Conclusion TXNIP gradually increases in early period after SAH and aggravates brain damage through activation of ASK-1 apoptosis signaling pathway,whereas inhibition of TXNIP may attenuate EBI through reduction of p-ASK-1 and Caspase-3 after SAH.
【Key words】Thioredoxin-interacting protein Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Early brain injury Apoptosis
早期腦損傷(early brain injury,EBI)是影響蛛網膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH)患者預后和生存的主要因素,EBI指的是SAH后早期(72h內)發(fā)生的一系列病理變化,但其具體機制尚未完全明確,而腦組織細胞凋亡占有重要地位[1]。近年來,硫氧還蛋白相互作用蛋白(thioredoxin-interacting protein,TXNIP)通過其促凋亡促炎機制參與胰腺β細胞死亡、血栓性腦缺血、腦損傷發(fā)生,引起糖尿病和腦血管疾病研究領域的廣泛重視[2-5]。TXNIP是體內硫氧還蛋白(thioredoxin,TRX)的天然拮抗劑,在高糖、缺血刺激下TXNIP可以綁定、抑制TRX調節(jié)細胞氧化還原的作用[6-8]。因此本實驗擬采用血管內穿刺法建立SAH模型,觀察干預前后TXNIP的表達變化,以期闡明TXNIP與SAH后EBI發(fā)生的相關機制。
1.1研究對象 健康成年雄性SD大鼠97只,體質量280~320g,由重慶醫(yī)科大學動物實驗中心提供。隨機分為Sham組(Sham組,17只)、SAH組(32只)、Control-siRNA組(12只)、TXNIP siRNA組(12只)、白藜蘆醇(Resveratrol,RES)對照組(12只)、白藜蘆醇組(12只)。穿刺成功后大鼠較術前出現明顯神經功能缺損,腦底部可見較明顯出血。手術失敗或穿刺麻醉過程中死亡不計入上述分組中。
1.2血管內穿刺法 SAH模型制作參照SUZUKI等[9]制作方法,以10%水合氯醛、3mL/kg腹腔麻醉大鼠后取仰臥位固定,常規(guī)消毒,分離出右側頸總動脈、頸外動脈和頸內動脈分叉。提起頸外動脈殘端,顯微剪剪開一“V'形切口,4-0號尼龍線順勢插入頸內動脈,距頸內外動脈分叉進線1.8~2.0 cm,感阻力后再深入0.2cm,有落空感停止進線。15s后退出尼龍線,結扎頸外動脈殘端,松開臨時阻斷夾,縫合肌肉皮膚。假手術組同上操作,進線后不刺破血管。
1.3 siRNA側腦室注射和RES腹腔注射 siRNA由上海銳博生物公司合成。5nmol siRNA溶于10μL生理鹽水,建模前24h經側腦室注射。麻醉后將大鼠固定于腦立體定位儀,定位前囟后5mm,中線旁開1.5mm,深度3.5mm,采用進樣器緩慢推注。假手術組鉆孔但不注射。TXNIP siRNA序列[10]:正義鏈5'-GCUGGAUAGACCUAAACAUTT-3',反義鏈5'-AUGUUUAGGUCUAUCCAGCTT-3';ControlsiRNA序列:sense 5'UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGU 3';antisense 5'ACGUGACACGUUCGGAGAA 3'。白藜蘆醇(resveratrol,RES)是一種廣泛存在于多種植物中的天然抗毒素,具有抗氧化、抗凋亡、抗炎等多種生物學功能,能夠迅速的滲透血腦屏障[11,12]。研究發(fā)現RES能夠明顯抑制TXNIP mRNA及蛋白的表達[4]。實驗中RES干預組采用建模后1h進行RES(Sigma,-20℃)腹腔注射,劑量30mg/kg[13],RES對照組注射相同劑量生理鹽水。
1.4行為學評分 參照SUGAWARA等[14]于術后24h進行行為學評分(每組12只),總分18分。評分項目包括:自主運動;四肢運動的對稱性;前爪的伸展性;攀爬運動;肢體的本體感覺;觸須反應。得分越低則神經功能缺失越嚴重。
1.5腦水腫參照HE等[15]以干濕重法測量術后24h腦水腫(每組6只),即水含量=(濕重-干重)/濕重×100%。各組大鼠取腦后直接稱重(濕重),后用烤箱(105℃,24h)烘烤,隨后稱取干重。
1.6熒光共聚焦神經元定位SAH大鼠腦組織冰凍切片,以0.25%Triton破膜,37℃孵育20min,枸櫞酸鈉鹽溶液修復,高火5min,低火15min。PBS清洗3×5min,山羊血清37℃封閉2h。滴加TXNIP (1:50,Abcam)和NEUN(1:100,Merck Milliore)一抗,4℃冰箱過夜。次日復溫1h,PBS清洗3×5min,暗室滴加熒光二抗(北京中杉金橋),37℃孵育90min。滴加DAPI核染(碧云天,1:500),常溫孵育5~8min,PBS清洗3×5min,甘油封片。Olympus共聚焦顯微鏡拍片。
1.7 TUNEL法檢測細胞凋亡 TUNEL試劑盒購自羅氏公司,SAH大鼠腦組織石蠟切片常規(guī)脫蠟脫水,余下步驟同上。滴加DAPI核染前,按照說明書,滴加50μL TUNEL反應混合液,濕盒中37℃孵育1h。DAPI核染,甘油封片。Olympus熒光顯微鏡下選擇視野拍片。
1.8 Western blot檢測 TXNIP及相關蛋白表達建模后24h取穿刺右側大腦半球腦組織,勻漿震蕩裂解。凝膠電泳后轉至PVDF膜,5%脫脂奶粉37℃搖床封閉2h,滴加一抗4℃冰箱過夜。次日復溫30min,TBST洗膜3×5min,滴加二抗37℃孵育2h。TBST洗膜后Fusion顯影(Fusion fx 7 Spectra,法國Vilber)??贵w稀釋比例:TXNIP(1:500,Abcam),Caspase-3(1:1000,CST),p-ASK-1(1:1000,Sigma),β-actin(1:1000,欣博盛),HRP anti-rabbit (1:2000,欣博盛)。Fusion軟件分析條帶灰度值。
表1行為學評分及腦水腫評估
2.1死亡率及行為學評分 11只大鼠因穿刺失敗或出血量較少不計入實驗分組。各組死亡率為:SAH組(21.95%,n=9)、Control siRNA組(29.41%,n=5)、TXNIP siRNA組(14.29%,n=2)、RES對照組(25.00%,n=4)、RES干預組(20.00%,n=3)。TXNIP siRNA及RES干預組死亡率較Control siRNA組和RES對照組均有所改善。實驗結果表明,TXNIP siRNA及RES干預后大鼠行為學得分得到改善(表1,P<0.001)。其中TXNIP siRNA組[13.0(12.0,13.8);R=30.83]大鼠行為學評分高于Control-SiRNA組[11.0(10.0,12.8);R=18.79];RES干預組[12.5 (11.0,13.8);R=27.42]大鼠行為學評分高于RES對照組[11.4(10.6,12.5);R=19.03]。
2.2干預前后腦水腫變化 實驗結果顯示TXNIP siRNA和RES干預后分別與Control siRNA組及RES對照組對比大鼠腦水腫得到改善(表1,P<0.05);同時Control siRNA組與RES對照組對比無明顯統(tǒng)計學差異(P<0.05)。干預前后各組間腦干水腫分析差異不顯著(P>0.05)。
2.3免疫熒光檢測 TXNIP在神經元定位 SAH大鼠腦組織做冰凍切片進行熒光染色,采用神經元標記物NEUN標記,Olympus熒光共聚焦下1200倍油鏡拍片,顯示TXNIP主要表達在大鼠神經元胞質(圖1)。
圖1 SAH大鼠腦組織切片進行TXNIP和神經元標記物NEUN雙染,Olympus熒光共聚焦拍片(1200×)
2.4熒光TUNEL與TXNIP雙標 SAH大鼠腦組織切片,采用熒光TUNEL與TXNIP雙染。Olympus熒光顯微鏡拍片顯示皮層區(qū)和海馬區(qū)TXNIP與凋亡細胞存在共定位(圖2)。
圖2 SAH大鼠腦組織石蠟切片TUNEL、TXNIP雙染,Olympus熒光顯微鏡觀察拍片,皮層400×、海馬區(qū)200×
2.5 SAH后TXNIP及下游凋亡蛋白72h內表達變化 Western blot結果顯示與Sham組對比(0.476± 0.043),TXNIP在SAH后12h(0.729±0.548)開始升高(圖3),72h仍維持在較高水平(1.509±0.071,F= 7.806,P<0.05)。同時,p-ASK-1、Caspase-3的表達也出現增高(F=549.218,P<0.05;F=719.592,P<0.05)。
2.6干預后的表達情況見表3、4,圖4、5。通過TXNIP siRNA進行干預,與Sham組相比(0.778± 0.015),SAH后TXNIP表達出現下調(0.362± 0.015,F=900.849,P<0.05)。與Control siRNA組相比(2.664±0.104,0.599±0.049),TXNIP siRNA干預組p-ASK-1(2.417±0.066,F=32.897,P<0.05),Caspase-3(0.439±0.030,F=89.120,P<0.05)表達量均出現下調(P<0.05),而Control siRNA組與SAH組對比無明顯統(tǒng)計學差異(P<0.05)。與RES干預對照組相比(1.264±0.022),RES干預后TXNIP表達量出現下調(1.062±0.015,F=263.481,P<0.05)。與RES干預對照組相比(0.383±0.010,0.362±0.008),RES干預組p-ASK-1(2.417±0.066,F=535.737,P<0.05)、Caspase-3(0.260±0.013,F=69.254,P<0.05)表達量也出現下調,而RES干預對照組與SAH組對比無明顯統(tǒng)計學差異(P<0.05)。
表2 Western blot各時間點OD值變化趨勢
近年研究表明EBI可能是臨床SAH患者高致殘率和致死率的首要原因。EBI指的是SAH后72h內整個腦組織發(fā)生的直接損害,包括腦組織細胞的死亡、血腦屏障的破壞(blood-brain barrier,BBB)破壞、腦水腫、急性腦血管痙攣、微血管功能障礙等[1]。課題組前期研究也證實減輕細胞凋亡能夠改善SAH后EBI[16]。本實驗則通過大鼠SAH模型,證實TXNIP在SAH在促進腦組織細胞凋亡的作用,闡明了TXNIP通過促凋亡作用參與SAH 后EBI發(fā)生的可能機制。
圖3 SAH后各時間點TXNIP及下游蛋白表達變化
圖4 siRNA干預后TXNIP及下游蛋白表達變化
圖5 RES干預后TXNIP及下游蛋白表達變化
TXNIP也被稱作硫氧還蛋白結合蛋白2(thioredoxin binding protein-2,TBP-2)、維生素D3上調蛋白1(vitamin-D3 upregulated protein-1,VDUP1),是體內TRX的天然拮抗劑。在病理狀況下TXNIP可以綁定并抑制TRX活性,使正常情況下與TRX緊密結合的ASK-1解離,導致下游凋亡信號激活[6-8]。近年來其他研究也發(fā)現TXNIP參與到血栓性腦缺血、腦損傷過程中[4,5]。而TXNIP是否通過上述機理參與EBI的發(fā)生機制尚未見報道。
表3 TXNIP siRNA干預前后各蛋白Western blot OD值
表4 RES 干預前后各蛋白Western blot OD值
實驗采用血管內穿刺法建立大鼠SAH模型。熒光共聚焦顯示TXNIP主要表達在神經元胞質(圖1),同時熒光TUNEL顯示TXNIP與皮層和海馬區(qū)凋亡細胞出現共定位(圖2),證實TXNIP可能參與SAH后腦組織細胞凋亡發(fā)生。Western blot結果則提示SAH后早期TXNIP表達逐漸增高,在72h仍處于較高水平,下游凋亡相關因子p-ASK-1、Caspase-3也出現上調(圖3)。與此同時,實驗中分別對TXNIP進行siRNA敲低和腹腔注射TXNIP抑制劑。結果也證實TXNIP表達被下調,下調TXNIP表達后下游凋亡因子表達也被抑制(圖4、圖5)。同時干預后的大鼠行為學評分、腦水腫也得到改善(表1)。
細胞凋亡在EBI發(fā)生過程中具有重要地位。本實驗從分子及形態(tài)學水平共同證實下調TXNIP的表達能夠減輕SAH后減輕細胞凋亡發(fā)生,改善SAH腦組織損傷,闡明了TXNIP參與SAH早期細胞凋亡的可能機制,為此后的臨床研究提供了較好的前期基礎。實驗中也存在不足之處:就目前的文獻報道TXNIP的特異性抑制劑仍未發(fā)現,RES是文獻中使用較多的TXNIP非特異性抑制劑,因此同時采用siRNA對TXNIP進行敲低,從基因層面進行補充說明;此外,TXNIP的表達調控機制近來的文獻報道較多,在后期的實驗中我們將會對TXNIP上游的調控及其促炎機制進行深入研究。
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(責任編輯:甘章平)
Downregulation of thioredoxin-interacting protein attenuates early brain injury after subarachnoid hem-orrhage of rats.
ZHAO Qing,CHE Xudong,TAN Guanping,ZHANG Hongxia,JIANG Dengzhi,SUN Xiaochuan,HE Zhaohui.Department of Neurosugery,the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University,1 Friendship Road,400016 Chongqing,China.Tel:023-89011151.
R651.1
A
10.3969/j.issn.1002-0152.2016.03.012
☆國家自然科學基金(編號:81371309);重慶市科委自然科學基金(編號:cstc2012jjA0472)資助;國家臨床重點??平ㄔO項目經費資助(編號:財社[2011]170號)
*重慶醫(yī)科大學附屬第一醫(yī)院神經外科(重慶400016)
(E-mail:geno_he@163.com)
2015-07-26)