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單發(fā)局灶球形肺炎的CT表現(xiàn)特征及鑒別診斷價(jià)值

2016-07-19 11:30王宗會(huì)彭如臣
中國(guó)全科醫(yī)學(xué) 2016年18期
關(guān)鍵詞:體層攝影術(shù)鑒別診斷

王宗會(huì),彭如臣

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·論著·

單發(fā)局灶球形肺炎的CT表現(xiàn)特征及鑒別診斷價(jià)值

王宗會(huì),彭如臣

063100 河北省唐山市,開(kāi)灤(集團(tuán))有限責(zé)任公司唐家莊醫(yī)院放射科(王宗會(huì));首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京潞河醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)影像中心(彭如臣)

【摘要】目的探討單發(fā)局灶球形肺炎(SLSP)的CT表現(xiàn)特征及鑒別診斷價(jià)值,以進(jìn)一步提高本病的影像診斷水平。方法搜集2006年8月—2015年1月于開(kāi)灤(集團(tuán))有限責(zé)任公司唐家莊醫(yī)院臨床、手術(shù)病理證實(shí)且符合納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的54例SLSP患者的臨床資料。觀察并分析患者CT表現(xiàn)特征(包括病灶部位、形態(tài)、邊緣、大小、密度,鄰近胸膜改變,肺門側(cè)表現(xiàn),病灶側(cè)緣肺野表現(xiàn))及抗炎治療后動(dòng)態(tài)變化。結(jié)果CT表現(xiàn)特征:38例(70.4%)患者病灶部位為雙肺下葉后外基底段及背段;46例(85.2%)患者病灶呈楔形,其中34例(73.9%)呈類方形征,9例(19.6%)呈山丘狀,3例(6.5%)呈三角形;41例(75.9%)可見(jiàn)毛糙的長(zhǎng)毛刺,13例(24.1%)肺窗周圍為模糊的帶狀低密度影,呈暈征;病灶直徑2.0~7.5 cm,平均病灶直徑3.9 cm;30例(55.6%)病灶密度均勻;48例(88.9%)病灶與胸膜相貼,其中41例周圍胸膜均勻性增厚;30例(55.6%)顯示局部充血征,17例(31.5%)病變相對(duì)應(yīng)支氣管壁略增厚;20例(37.0%)病灶側(cè)緣鄰近肺野內(nèi)可見(jiàn)小斑片狀滲出灶。49例(90.7%)患者接受抗炎治療,其中47例(95.9%)經(jīng)抗炎治療后癥狀減輕、消失,2例(4.1%)抗結(jié)核治療效果不良,再行抗感染治療病灶消散、吸收;5例(9.3%)手術(shù)切除。結(jié)論SLSP主要位于雙肺下葉后外基底段或背段,以貼近胸膜面常見(jiàn),表現(xiàn)為楔形或類圓形,邊緣多為毛糙的長(zhǎng)毛刺或模糊的暈征;可見(jiàn)肺門側(cè)血管、支氣管局部充血征,病灶側(cè)緣的小片狀炎性滲出表現(xiàn)。貼近胸膜者,胸膜以較廣范圍均勻性增厚居多。結(jié)合臨床、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查以及適時(shí)的病灶動(dòng)態(tài)演變觀察,多能夠確診SLSP,鑒別困難時(shí)需穿刺活檢或開(kāi)胸探查。

【關(guān)鍵詞】肺炎;單發(fā)局灶;體層攝影術(shù);診斷,鑒別

王宗會(huì),彭如臣.單發(fā)局灶球形肺炎的CT表現(xiàn)特征及鑒別診斷價(jià)值[J].中國(guó)全科醫(yī)學(xué),2016,19(18):2227-2231.[www.chinagp.net]

Wang ZH,Peng RC.CT manifestations of solitary localized spherical pneumonia and its diagnostic value[J].Chinese General Practice,2016,19(18):2227-2231.

單發(fā)局灶球形肺炎(solitary localized spherical pneumonia,SLSP)是肺部炎癥的一種特殊類型,CT表現(xiàn)為孤立性肺結(jié)節(jié)或腫塊,臨床上缺乏特征性表現(xiàn),與局灶機(jī)化性肺炎、炎性假瘤(炎性肌纖維母細(xì)胞瘤)、結(jié)核球、錯(cuò)構(gòu)瘤、早期周圍型肺癌等CT表現(xiàn)有重疊[1]。選取經(jīng)臨床、手術(shù)病理證實(shí)的SLSP患者,并復(fù)習(xí)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),回顧性分析SLSP的CT表現(xiàn)特征及鑒別診斷價(jià)值,以進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)對(duì)本病的系統(tǒng)認(rèn)識(shí)及與肺內(nèi)其他病變(尤其是腫瘤)的鑒別診斷能力。

1資料與方法

1.1納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)首診發(fā)現(xiàn)病灶,未經(jīng)過(guò)治療;(2)經(jīng)臨床、手術(shù)病理證實(shí)為SLSP;(3)CT表現(xiàn)為孤立性肺結(jié)節(jié)或腫塊。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)其他醫(yī)院抗感染治療后發(fā)現(xiàn)的患者;(2)CT表現(xiàn)肺葉分布或彌漫性分布的病變。

1.2一般資料搜集2006年8月—2015年1月于開(kāi)灤(集團(tuán))有限責(zé)任公司唐家莊醫(yī)院臨床、手術(shù)病理證實(shí)且符合納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的54例SLSP患者的臨床資料。其中男37例,女17例;年齡13~62歲,中位年齡43歲;病程15 d~2個(gè)月;主要癥狀:咳嗽、咳痰46例(其中伴血絲18例),發(fā)熱40例,胸疼15例;因主要癥狀就醫(yī)發(fā)現(xiàn)47例,體檢發(fā)現(xiàn)7例;實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查:白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)(WBC)增加(>10.0×109/L)38例,紅細(xì)胞沉降率(ESR)增快(>20 mm/1 h)

本研究創(chuàng)新點(diǎn):

本研究回顧性分析了單發(fā)局灶球形肺炎(SLSP)的CT表現(xiàn)特征及鑒別診斷價(jià)值,發(fā)現(xiàn)SLSP主要位于雙肺下葉后外基底段或背段,以貼近胸膜面常見(jiàn),表現(xiàn)為楔形或類圓形,邊緣多為毛糙的長(zhǎng)毛刺或模糊的暈征;可見(jiàn)肺門側(cè)血管、支氣管局部充血征,病灶側(cè)緣的小片狀炎性滲出表現(xiàn)。貼近胸膜者,胸膜以較廣范圍均勻性增厚居多。以此為臨床鑒別確診SLSP提供依據(jù)。

16例?;颊呔炇鹬橥鈺?,本研究經(jīng)開(kāi)灤(集團(tuán))有限責(zé)任公司唐家莊醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)審批通過(guò)。

1.3檢查方法患者均采用美國(guó)GE Light Speed 16螺旋CT掃描儀進(jìn)行CT掃描,層厚10 mm,層距10 mm,發(fā)現(xiàn)病灶后行3 mm薄層掃描。所有原始數(shù)據(jù)傳遞到影像歸檔和通信系統(tǒng)(PACS)工作站行多平面重組(MPR)。患者均由2名中級(jí)以上醫(yī)學(xué)影像學(xué)醫(yī)師共同閱片,主要觀察CT表現(xiàn)特征(包括病灶部位、形態(tài)、邊緣、大小、密度,鄰近胸膜改變,肺門側(cè)表現(xiàn),病灶側(cè)緣肺野表現(xiàn))及抗感染治療后動(dòng)態(tài)變化。

2結(jié)果

2.1CT表現(xiàn)特征(1)病灶部位:38例(70.4%)患者病灶部位為雙肺下葉后外基底段及背段,12例(22.2%)為上葉,4例(7.4%)為右肺中葉。(2)病灶形態(tài):46例(85.2%)患者病灶中心層面略呈楔形,尖端指向肺門側(cè),其中34例(73.9%)可見(jiàn)病灶中心1~3個(gè)層面以胸膜為基底,兩側(cè)緣或一側(cè)緣垂直胸膜的類方形征(見(jiàn)圖1),9例(19.6%)呈山丘狀,3例(6.5%)呈三角形;8例(14.8%)呈類圓形。(3)病灶邊緣:41例(75.9%)可見(jiàn)毛糙的長(zhǎng)毛刺(見(jiàn)圖2),13例(24.1%)肺窗周圍為模糊的帶狀低密度影,呈暈征(見(jiàn)圖3)。(4) 病灶大小:病灶直徑2.0~7.5 cm,平均病灶直徑3.9 cm;(5)病灶密度:30例(55.6%)平掃CT值15~70 Hu,病灶密度均勻;18例(33.3%)中心密度偏高;6例(11.1%)中心密度偏低。(6)鄰近胸膜改變:48例(88.9%)病灶與胸膜相貼,其中41例(85.4%)周圍胸膜均勻性增厚,胸膜下病灶與胸膜接觸面較寬,增厚胸膜長(zhǎng)徑大于胸膜下病灶與之平行的最大長(zhǎng)徑(見(jiàn)圖4)〔其中30例伴增厚胸膜與胸壁間的脂肪間隙(脂肪密度)〕;6例(11.1%)病灶不與胸膜相貼,其中4例可見(jiàn)胸膜線影。(7)肺門側(cè)表現(xiàn):30例(55.6%)顯示局部充血征,即肺門側(cè)有數(shù)條增粗的血管影,大多伴扭曲表現(xiàn),無(wú)僵硬感(見(jiàn)圖5);17例(31.5%)病變相對(duì)應(yīng)支氣管壁略增厚,未見(jiàn)管腔明顯狹窄征象;7例(12.9%)未見(jiàn)肺門側(cè)異常表現(xiàn)。(8)病灶側(cè)緣肺野表現(xiàn):20例(37.0%)病灶側(cè)緣鄰近肺野內(nèi)可見(jiàn)小斑片狀滲出灶(見(jiàn)圖4);34例(63.0%)未見(jiàn)斑片狀滲出灶。(9)其他:所有患者未見(jiàn)胸膜結(jié)節(jié)表現(xiàn),縱隔及肺門未見(jiàn)淋巴結(jié)增大征象。

2.2抗感染治療后動(dòng)態(tài)變化49例(90.7%)患者接受抗炎治療,其中47例(95.9%)經(jīng)抗炎治療后癥狀減輕、消失(36例2~3周病變吸收、消失,6例4~7周病變消散、吸收,5例8周后病變消散、大部分吸收,僅殘存少許索條影),2例(4.1%)抗結(jié)核治療效果不良,再行抗感染治療病灶消散、吸收;5例(9.3%)手術(shù)切除。

圖1左肺上葉尖后段病灶以胸膜為基底,兩側(cè)緣垂直胸膜的類方形征,其中可見(jiàn)空氣支氣管征

Figure 1Nidus in the anterior section of the upper lobe tip of the left lung had pleura as base,with square-like sign vertical to the two lateral margins,and air bronchogram can be seen in it

圖2 肺窗圖像上可見(jiàn)邊緣較毛糙的長(zhǎng)毛刺

Figure 2Coarse and long burrs on margins can be seen in the pulmonary window image

圖3 肺窗周圍為邊緣模糊的帶狀低密度影,呈暈征

Figure 3Ribbon-like low-density image with vague margins around pulmonary window can be seen,taking on halo sign

圖4與圖3為同一患者,胸膜均勻增厚,增厚胸膜長(zhǎng)徑大于胸膜下病灶與之平行的最大長(zhǎng)徑,病灶側(cè)緣可見(jiàn)小斑片狀滲出灶

Figure 4The image is of the same patient in Figure 3 who had average increase in the thickness of pleura.The longer diameter of the thickened pleura is longer than the maximum diameter beneath pleura parallel to it,and small patchy oozing nidus can be seen at the lateral margins of nidus

圖5 肺門側(cè)有一條增粗的血管影,扭曲表現(xiàn),無(wú)僵硬感

Figure 5There was a thickened vessel shadow at hilus of the lung with distortion but no stiffness

3討論

3.1SLSP概念、病理機(jī)制及臨床表現(xiàn)SLSP是指在影像學(xué)上多表現(xiàn)為圓形、橢圓形、楔形或類方形的以炎性滲出性病變?yōu)橹鞯膱F(tuán)塊。其病理過(guò)程肺結(jié)構(gòu)無(wú)損壞、壞死,與機(jī)化性肺炎、炎性假瘤(炎性肌纖維母細(xì)胞瘤)、結(jié)核球、錯(cuò)構(gòu)瘤及早期周圍型肺癌不同[1]。SLSP的病理機(jī)制有4種推斷[1-2]:(1)肺炎性滲出物經(jīng)孔氏孔和博蘭管向外周離心性等距擴(kuò)散,顯示球形輪廓;(2)不典型大葉性肺炎或節(jié)段性肺炎從外周開(kāi)始吸收消散,CT表現(xiàn)為球形、楔形或類方形;(3)肺膿腫在空洞形成前或壞死物排空不暢時(shí),可表現(xiàn)為球形;(4)支氣管內(nèi)黏液栓引起相應(yīng)支氣管梗阻性炎癥和肺不張。本研究患者均為急性期,吸收過(guò)程中病灶形態(tài)可由球形向橢圓形或不規(guī)則形轉(zhuǎn)變;未見(jiàn)支氣管黏液栓和不張,故筆者認(rèn)同第一、二種病理機(jī)制推斷。炎性滲出物擴(kuò)散受鄰近臟層胸膜(包括葉間胸膜)或小葉間隔阻擋形成類方形征,即為一佐證。徐巖等[3]報(bào)道,球形肺炎常發(fā)生在年齡較小的兒童中,若發(fā)生在成人,常被誤診為肺癌。本研究中僅1例兒童,與上述報(bào)道不符,可能與本院未設(shè)兒科病房有關(guān)。以往文獻(xiàn)對(duì)SLSP討論、研究較少,SLSP的發(fā)病年齡較大,炎性癥狀不典型,臨床表現(xiàn)缺乏特異性,尤其應(yīng)與早期周圍型肺癌鑒別,首診誤診率高[1-2,4-5],本研究旨在綜合分析SLSP表現(xiàn)特征,進(jìn)一步提高對(duì)其的鑒別診斷水平及影像診斷準(zhǔn)確率。

3.2SLSP的CT表現(xiàn)特征及治療SLSP在CT圖像上以雙肺下葉后外基底段及背段、貼近胸膜面較為多見(jiàn),表現(xiàn)為局灶楔形或類圓形病灶[1-2,4],邊緣多毛糙的長(zhǎng)毛刺或邊緣模糊的暈征[6-7],病灶多密度均勻[3]。本研究70.4%患者病灶部位為雙肺下葉后外基底段及背段,與宋春燕等[1]報(bào)道的66%(37/56)基本一致。本研究88.9%患者病灶與胸膜相貼,其中41例周圍胸膜均勻性增厚,比樊慶勝等[2]報(bào)道的與胸膜相貼占75%(21/28)的比例略高,可能與病程較長(zhǎng)有關(guān)。85.2%患者病灶中心層面略呈楔形,其中34例可見(jiàn)病灶中心1~3個(gè)層面以胸膜為基底,兩側(cè)緣或一側(cè)緣垂直胸膜的類方形征;14.8%患者病灶呈類圓形,考慮與本研究患者病程較長(zhǎng),免疫力正常,炎癥從邊緣開(kāi)始吸收消散有關(guān)。本研究75.9%患者可見(jiàn)毛糙的長(zhǎng)毛刺,24.1%患者肺窗周圍為模糊的帶狀低密度影,呈暈征,反映了病變急性炎性滲出改變的本質(zhì)。55.6%患者病灶密度均勻,與其他研究結(jié)果一致[3]。30例(55.6%)患者顯示局部充血征,即肺門側(cè)有數(shù)條增粗的血管影,大多伴扭曲表現(xiàn),無(wú)僵硬感,系肺門側(cè)血管充血、炎性滲出所致,有別于周圍型肺癌的血管集束征,與腫瘤內(nèi)間質(zhì)纖維化牽拉肺門側(cè)血管有關(guān)[1-2]。31.5%患者病變相對(duì)應(yīng)支氣管壁略增厚,為炎性病變形成的周圍充血、水腫。SLSP病灶周圍常伴有零星斑片狀滲出灶,主要位于病灶側(cè)緣[1,4,8]。

本研究47例接受抗炎治療的患者中,36例2~3周病變吸收、消失,6例4~7周病變消散、吸收,5例8周后病變消散、大部分吸收,僅殘存少許索條影,提示病變吸收、好轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短不一。病灶起病后4周內(nèi)炎癥吸收為正常吸收,4~8周為延遲吸收,8周后吸收為不完全吸收,且后兩者與高齡、糖尿病、慢性支氣管炎、治療延遲、治療不完善以及大量使用抗生素有關(guān)[2]。延遲吸收、不完全吸收時(shí)鑒別診斷相對(duì)困難,筆者建議邊抗炎,邊復(fù)查,每2周復(fù)查1次,多能明確診斷。

3.3SLSP的鑒別診斷(1)局灶機(jī)化性肺炎:好發(fā)于肺野外帶、胸膜下,密度多不均勻,可見(jiàn)反暈征,邊緣常不規(guī)則,可見(jiàn)長(zhǎng)毛刺征、棘狀突出征或弓形凹陷征[9],增強(qiáng)掃描病灶內(nèi)有壞死腔,且壞死腔似有一定張力感,病灶內(nèi)可見(jiàn)肺血管穿行,病灶多延遲強(qiáng)化[10]。(2)肺炎性假瘤:是一組肺內(nèi)瘤樣增生的病變,并非真正的腫瘤,多有肺部感染病史,CT表現(xiàn)為球型或團(tuán)塊型,生長(zhǎng)緩慢,密度不均勻,形態(tài)不規(guī)則,邊緣多不光整,典型者可見(jiàn)尖角征或切邊征,增強(qiáng)掃描后不均勻強(qiáng)化;團(tuán)塊型炎性假瘤內(nèi)可出現(xiàn)多發(fā)、大小不等、類圓形、邊界清楚的低密度影而呈膿腫或囊性液化壞死,增強(qiáng)掃描后實(shí)性區(qū)域明顯強(qiáng)化[11]。(3)結(jié)核球:多有結(jié)核病史,發(fā)生于上葉葉尖、后段和下葉背段,邊緣大多光整,密度不均勻,可有斑點(diǎn)狀鈣化,周圍可有衛(wèi)星灶、纖維條索影和胸膜增厚,增強(qiáng)掃描大多無(wú)強(qiáng)化,少數(shù)呈環(huán)狀強(qiáng)化[12-13]。(4)錯(cuò)構(gòu)瘤:邊緣光滑整齊,形態(tài)規(guī)則的圓形或橢圓形結(jié)節(jié)或腫塊。病灶內(nèi)測(cè)到脂肪密度是其特征性征象,典型錯(cuò)構(gòu)瘤患者其瘤體鈣化呈爆米花樣[14]。(5)周圍型肺癌:腫瘤邊緣多不光整,多伴細(xì)小毛刺和/或深分葉和/或胸膜凹陷征,可見(jiàn)周圍環(huán)繞的邊緣清楚的磨玻璃暈征、血管集中征,腫瘤密度不均勻,縱隔和肺門可見(jiàn)腫大淋巴結(jié)[12,15-16]。

本研究分析了SLSP的CT平掃特征性表現(xiàn),不足之處是無(wú)增強(qiáng)掃描患者,缺少對(duì)MPR圖像的討論,有待于將來(lái)進(jìn)一步研究。

總之,SLSP主要位于雙肺下葉后外基底段或背段,以貼近胸膜面常見(jiàn),表現(xiàn)為楔形或類圓形,邊緣多為毛糙的長(zhǎng)毛刺或模糊的暈征;可見(jiàn)肺門側(cè)血管、支氣管局部充血征,病灶側(cè)緣的小片狀炎性滲出表現(xiàn)。貼近胸膜者,胸膜以較廣范圍均勻性增厚居多。結(jié)合臨床、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查以及適時(shí)的病灶動(dòng)態(tài)演變觀察,多能夠確診SLSP,鑒別困難時(shí)需穿刺活檢或開(kāi)胸探查。

作者貢獻(xiàn):王宗會(huì)進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)施,資料收集整理、撰寫論文,成文并對(duì)文章負(fù)責(zé);彭如臣進(jìn)行質(zhì)量控制及審校。

本文無(wú)利益沖突。

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(本文編輯:崔麗紅)

CT Manifestations of Solitary Localized Spherical Pneumonia and Its Diagnostic Value

WANGZong-hui,PENGRu-chen.

DepartmentofRadiology,KailuanTangjiazhuangHospital,Tangshan063100,China

【Abstract】ObjectiveTo investigate the CT manifestations of solitary localized spherical pneumonia(SLSP) and its differential diagnostic value in order to improve the imaging diagnostic ability of the disease.MethodsFrom August 2006 to January 2015,we collected the clinical data of 54 patients who were diagnosed as SLSP by surgery and pathology and accorded with inclusion and exclusion criteria from Kailuan Tangjiazhuang Hospital.CT manifestations of patients were observed and analyzed,including site,shape,margin,size,density,adjacent pleura changes,manifestations close to the hilus of lung,manifestations of the field adjacent to nidus.The dynamic changes after anti-inflammation therapy were also observed and analyzed.ResultsThere were 38(70.4%) patients who had nidus in the posterior basal segments and dorsal segments of the lower lobes;46(85.2%) patients had wedge-shape nidus,including 34(73.9%) patients with square-like nidus,9(19.6%) patients with hill-shape nidus and 3(6.5%) patients with triangle-shape nidus.There were 41(75.9%) patients who had coarse and long burrs and 13(24.1%) patients who had vague ribbon-like low-density shadow which took on halo sign.The diameter of nidus was 2.0-7.5 cm,and the average diameter was 3.9 cm.The density of nidus of 30(55.6%) patients was average.There were 48(88.9%) patients who had nidus close to pleura,and 41 patients had even increase in the thickness of surrounding pleura.Localized hyperemia sign appeared in 30(55.6%) patients,and 17(31.5%) patients had slight increase in the bronchial wall corresponding to lesion;20(37.0%) patients had small patchy oozing focus.There were 49(90.7%) patients who received anti-inflammation therapy;among them,47(95.9%) patients saw symptoms relieve and disappear after anti-inflammation therapy,2(4.1%) patients had unfavorable treatment outcomes after antituberculosis therapy and then received anti-inflammation therapy which dissipated and absorbed nidi,and 5(9.3%) patients received excision.ConclusionSLSP mainly locates in the lateral posterior basal segments and dorsal segments of the lower lobes,mostly being close to pleural surface and taking on the wedge or quasi-circular shape;the margins are mostly coarse long burrs or vague halo signs.Localized hyperemia signs appear in vessels and bronchia at the hilus of the lung,and small patchy inflammatory exudation appear.Patients with SLSP close to pleural surface are mostly with average increase in the thickness of pleura in a wider range.Combined with clinical and laboratory manifestations and observation of the dynamic changes of nidus,SLSP can be definitely diagnosed,and aspiration biopsy or thoracotomy can be conducted when there is difficulty in diagnosis.

【Key words】Pneumonia;Solitary localized nidus;Tomography;Diagnosis,differential

通信作者:彭如臣,101149 北京市,首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京潞河醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)影像中心;E-mail:13501271260@163.com

【中圖分類號(hào)】R 563.1

【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】A

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2016.18.024

(收稿日期:2015-11-17;修回日期:2016-03-22)

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