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不同改良劑對(duì)Cd污染紅壤土上小白菜生長(zhǎng)和Cd吸收的影響

2016-07-14 08:34代允超李文祥王娟玲呂家瓏
關(guān)鍵詞:改良劑泥炭雞糞

代允超,李文祥,王娟玲,呂家瓏

(1.西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué) 資源環(huán)境學(xué)院,農(nóng)業(yè)部西北植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)與農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,陜西楊凌 712100;2.陜西省農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境保護(hù)監(jiān)測(cè)站,西安 710003;3.陜西省大荔縣農(nóng)技中心土肥站,陜西大荔 715100)

不同改良劑對(duì)Cd污染紅壤土上小白菜生長(zhǎng)和Cd吸收的影響

代允超1,李文祥2,王娟玲3,呂家瓏1

(1.西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué) 資源環(huán)境學(xué)院,農(nóng)業(yè)部西北植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)與農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,陜西楊凌712100;2.陜西省農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境保護(hù)監(jiān)測(cè)站,西安710003;3.陜西省大荔縣農(nóng)技中心土肥站,陜西大荔715100)

通過(guò)盆栽試驗(yàn),研究施用不同改良劑[石灰(L)、雞糞(F)、泥炭(T)、雞糞+石灰(FL)和泥炭+石灰(TL)]對(duì)Cd污染湖南紅壤土壤上小白菜生物量、土壤有效Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)、小白菜地上部分Cd吸收量和土壤pH的影響。結(jié)果表明:石灰、雞糞、泥炭單施或配施均可顯著增加小白菜生物量,且配施處理較單施處理好,各處理間增產(chǎn)順序?yàn)镕L≈TL>F>T>L。與不施改良劑(對(duì)照,CK)相比,無(wú)論是改良劑單施還是配施,土壤有效Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)和小白菜Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)均顯著降低,且改良效果順序?yàn)镕L≈TL>FL≈T≈L。不同改良劑處理的土壤有效Cd與小白菜地上部分Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)呈正相關(guān)(R2=0.99),改良劑是通過(guò)降低土壤中Cd的有效性達(dá)到降低小白菜地上部分Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的效果。除T處理對(duì)供試土壤pH影響不顯著外,其他處理均可顯著提高土壤pH,且各處理對(duì)pH的影響順序?yàn)镕L≈TL≈L>F>T。

石灰;雞糞;泥炭;Cd;紅壤土;小白菜

近年來(lái),隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展,環(huán)境污染不斷加重。土壤污染特別是Cd對(duì)土壤的污染極其嚴(yán)重,Cd在土壤中移動(dòng)性較強(qiáng),易被作物吸收,且毒性較強(qiáng),被作物吸收后不僅會(huì)降低作物產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì),還可隨食物鏈逐級(jí)傳遞,在人體內(nèi)富集到一定濃度后就會(huì)危害健康[1-4]。因此,修復(fù)或改良重金屬污染土壤的研究已成為當(dāng)今一大熱點(diǎn)。添加化學(xué)改良劑(石灰和有機(jī)物料等)因其實(shí)施方便、費(fèi)用低且效果好而廣受關(guān)注[5-6]。夏漢平[4]研究表明,施用石灰可使土壤pH升高,促進(jìn)土壤中游離重金屬形成沉淀,減小土壤中Cd對(duì)作物的毒害和Cd的吸收量;有研究表明,添加有機(jī)物料不僅能提高土壤養(yǎng)分,改善土壤物理、化學(xué)性質(zhì),還可通過(guò)對(duì)重金屬的吸附改變其在土壤中的存在形態(tài)[7-9]。目前,采用一種改良劑修復(fù)Cd污染土壤已有較多研究,但關(guān)于多種改良劑混合施用的研究較少,本試驗(yàn)以小白菜為研究對(duì)象,采用盆栽試驗(yàn),研究改良劑(石灰、雞糞、泥炭)單施和配施對(duì)供試Cd污染紅壤土上小白菜地上部分生物量、土壤中有效Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)、小白菜地上部分對(duì)Cd的吸收量、土壤pH的影響,以期為土壤污染修復(fù)和食品安全提供理論根據(jù)。

1材料與方法

1.1供試材料

供試土壤采自湖南祁陽(yáng)耕層土壤,土壤類(lèi)型為紅壤土,風(fēng)干后過(guò)5 mm篩,取過(guò)篩后土壤,外源添加Cd(CdSO4·5H2O),模擬Cd污染土壤,每千克土Cd添加量為0.60 mg,混合均勻后老化3個(gè)月,老化期間保持含水量至田間持水量的70%。老化后的土壤供基本理化性質(zhì)測(cè)定[10]及培養(yǎng)試驗(yàn)使用,土壤性質(zhì)見(jiàn)表1。

供試改良劑及性質(zhì):石灰,pH為13.00;雞糞,pH為8.01,m(水)∶m(雞糞)=5∶1,全碳為265 mg·kg-1;泥炭,pH為5.45,m(水)∶m(泥炭)=2.5∶1,w(有機(jī)碳)=32%,所有改良劑中Cd均未檢測(cè)出。供試作物為小白菜。

表1 供試紅壤土基本性狀

1.2試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

試驗(yàn)所用單施改良劑每千克土添加量為石灰7 mg(L)、雞糞10 mg(F)、泥炭10 mg(T)。另外設(shè)置2個(gè)改良劑配施處理,分別是每千克土雞糞10 mg與石灰7 mg配合施用(FL);每千克土泥炭10 mg與石灰7 mg配合施用(TL);不施改良劑處理為對(duì)照(CK),共6個(gè)處理,每個(gè)處理重復(fù)3次。

每盆裝人工Cd污染的土壤1 kg,各處理按上述改良劑添加量添加各種改良劑,同時(shí)加入底肥,肥料用量為:每千克土施尿素0.429 g、磷酸二氫鉀0.698 g。將改良劑、底肥和土壤混合均勻后裝入塑料花盆,培養(yǎng)3個(gè)月,在此期間保持水分至田間持水量的70%。培養(yǎng)完成后播種小白菜種子,1周后每盆定苗3株,生長(zhǎng)期間用去離子水補(bǔ)充水分,45 d后收獲小白菜地上部分,先用自來(lái)水沖洗干凈,再用蒸餾水沖洗3次,最后用濾紙擦干后稱鮮質(zhì)量,90 ℃殺青0.5 h,65 ℃烘干,粉碎后備用。同時(shí)采集土壤樣品,自然風(fēng)干后磨細(xì)并過(guò)20目尼龍篩備用。

1.3測(cè)定項(xiàng)目及方法

土壤有效Cd用0.05 mol·L-1的EDTA浸提,m(土)∶m(水)=1∶5,震蕩2 h后過(guò)濾,土壤全Cd用EPA3052方法消解(硝酸-氫氟酸消煮),土壤有效態(tài)Cd和全Cd均用原子吸收分光光度計(jì)火焰法測(cè)定[11];植株Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)采用HNO3-HClO4(V1∶V2=4∶1),原子吸收分光光度計(jì)石墨爐法測(cè)定。

1.4數(shù)據(jù)處理

用Microsoft excel 2003和SPSS 18.0對(duì)試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析及作圖,比較采用LSD法。

2結(jié)果與討論

2.1添加改良劑對(duì)小白菜生物量的影響

5種添加改良劑的處理均可顯著增加小白菜生物量(見(jiàn)圖1),與CK相比,F(xiàn)、T、L、FL和TL處理對(duì)小白菜生物量增幅分別為47.37%、38.78%、21.05%、57.75%和55.88%。且FL和TL配施效果好于單施F、T和L處理,其中FL處理可使供試土壤上小白菜生物量增產(chǎn)效果最好,增幅近60.00%,F(xiàn)L處理對(duì)小白菜生物量的增產(chǎn)效果略好于TL處理,但兩者差異不顯著;石灰、雞糞、泥炭單施處理間對(duì)小白菜的增產(chǎn)效果順序?yàn)镕>T>L。

2.2添加改良劑對(duì)土壤Cd有效性和小白菜地上部分Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的影響

由圖2可知,施用改良劑對(duì)土壤Cd有效性的影響和對(duì)小白菜地上部分Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的影響較一致,即施用改良劑的5個(gè)處理均可使Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)顯著降低(圖2),且改良效果均為FL≈TL>F≈T≈L。由圖2-A可以看出,與CK相比,F(xiàn)、T、L、FL和TL處理可使土壤有效Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)降低66.27%、65.06%、72.29%、84.34%和83.13%。由圖2-B可以看出,F(xiàn)、T、L、FL和TL處理較CK可使小白菜地上部分Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)降低61.11%、55.56%、63.89%、80.56%和75.00%。

不同字母表示差異顯著(P<0.05),下同

2.3小白菜地上部分Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)和土壤有效Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的關(guān)系

由圖3可以看出,小白菜地上部分Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)和土壤有效Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)呈正相關(guān),相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.99,即土壤中有效Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)越高,小白菜地上部分Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)也越高,說(shuō)明改良劑對(duì)降低小白菜地上部分Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)效果主要是通過(guò)降低Cd在土壤中的生物有效性來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。受Cd污染的土壤在加入改良劑后,可不同程度地降低土壤有效Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),進(jìn)而使小白菜體內(nèi)的Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)隨之降低。

圖2 施用改良劑后土壤有效Cd和小白菜地上部分Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)

圖3 土壤有效Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)和小白菜地上部分Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的相關(guān)性

2.4施用改良劑對(duì)土壤pH的影響

土壤中重金屬離子的生物有效性隨pH的升高而下降,由表2可看出,除T處理外,其他處理均顯著提高土壤pH,單施泥炭土壤的pH影響較小,這可能是T處理本身的土壤pH(5.45)較低導(dǎo)致的。F、L、FL和TL處理的pH分別比CK提高1.37、2.87、2.94和2.72。L、FL和TL 3個(gè)處理對(duì)土壤pH的提高效果顯著好于單施雞糞,但這3個(gè)處理之間對(duì)土壤pH的提高效果差異不顯著。

表2 施用改良劑后土壤pH

注:不同小寫(xiě)字母表示差異顯著(P<0.05)。

Note:Different letters mean significant difference(P<0.05).

3討論與結(jié)論

添加石灰對(duì)Cd污染土壤上作物的增產(chǎn)研究存在不同的結(jié)果,在Cd污染的酸性土壤上,添加石灰可增加作物生物量[12-14],在中性土壤上(pH=6.82),添加石灰對(duì)作物生物量影響較小[15],產(chǎn)生該結(jié)果的原因可能是石灰施入酸性Cd污染土壤,提高了土壤pH,給作物生長(zhǎng)提供一個(gè)相對(duì)良好的生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境,故添加石灰對(duì)本試驗(yàn)的酸性土壤上小白菜生物量的增產(chǎn)效果較顯著。另外,由于本試驗(yàn)中供試土壤本身的有機(jī)質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)較低,所以施用雞糞和泥炭對(duì)提高小白菜生物量也有顯著作用。

土壤有效重金屬質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)及作物對(duì)重金屬的吸收受土壤性質(zhì)的影響,如pH、土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)、陽(yáng)離子交換量等。如添加石灰可提高土壤pH,促進(jìn)土壤中游離重金屬形成沉淀,石灰中還含有一定量的鐵、硅等離子,能夠抑制作物對(duì)Cd的吸收,從而減小土壤中Cd對(duì)作物的毒害。Lee等[16]和廖敏等[17]研究表明,隨著石灰用量的增加,土壤有效Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)下降,植物中各器官Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)也隨之降低。本試驗(yàn)中雞糞的pH為8.01,為堿性,可提高供試土壤pH,促使土壤中Cd形成沉淀,降低Cd生物有效性,此外,雞糞還可以在土壤中分解為腐殖酸,該分解過(guò)程消耗大量氧氣,使土壤處于還原狀態(tài),可能形成CdS等沉淀,腐殖酸中的羧基、羥基、酚羥基等基團(tuán)還對(duì)Cd有螯合功能;泥炭可降低土壤有效Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)和小白菜地上部分Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),原因可能是其分解可產(chǎn)生胡敏酸,對(duì)Cd在土壤中的生物活性有抑制作用[18]。有研究表明,添加有機(jī)物料可降低土壤重金屬污染對(duì)作物的危害。如邵孝候等[19]研究表明,施用有機(jī)物料對(duì)酸性土壤Cd活性有一定的抑制作用。本研究與以上研究結(jié)果相一致,各處理均顯著降低土壤有效Cd和小白菜地上部分Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),其中添加雞糞和泥炭提高了土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),添加石灰則是提高土壤pH。

本試驗(yàn)小白菜地上部分Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)和土壤有效Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)呈正相關(guān)(R2=0.99),這與張青等[20]、Qiao等[21]、胡鐘勝等[22]研究植株中Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)與土壤中交換態(tài)Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)呈正相關(guān)結(jié)論一致。受Cd污染的土壤在加入改良劑后,能不同程度地降低土壤有效Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),進(jìn)而使小白菜體內(nèi)的Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)隨之降低。另外,本試驗(yàn)除單獨(dú)添加泥炭處理對(duì)土壤pH影響不顯著外,其他各處理均可顯著提高供試土壤pH,這與徐明崗等[23]、朱雅蘭等[24]和Park等[25]研究結(jié)果類(lèi)似。

綜上所述,雞糞、泥炭和石灰單施或配施均可顯著提高Cd污染土壤上小白菜地上部分生物量,但不同處理對(duì)小白菜地上部分生物量增產(chǎn)效果有所差異,其增產(chǎn)順序是雞糞+石灰≈泥炭+石灰>雞糞>泥炭>石灰;小白菜地上部分Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)和土壤有效Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)呈正相關(guān)(R2=0.99),5種添加改良劑的處理均可降低土壤有效Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)和小白菜地上部分Cd質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),且不同處理間的改良效果是雞糞+石灰≈泥炭+石灰>雞糞≈泥炭≈石灰;除泥炭處理對(duì)供試紅壤的pH影響不大外,其他4個(gè)處理均可以顯著提高土壤pH,其中石灰處理的效應(yīng)優(yōu)于泥炭和雞糞處理,通過(guò)添加改良劑提高土壤pH也是降低Cd對(duì)作物毒害的一種重要措施。

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Effects of Amendments on Growth ofBrassiachinensisand Cd Uptake in Cd-contaminated Red Soil

DAI Yunchao1, LI Wenxiang2,WANG Juanling3and Lü Jialong1

(1.College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling Shaanxi712100, China;2.Shaanxi Monitoring Station of Agro-Environmental Protection, Xi’an710003, China;3.Soil and Fertilizer Sation of Agricultural Techology Center of Dali County,Shaanxi Province,Dali Shaanxi715100,China)

Effects of amendments [lime(L), chicken manure(F), peat(T), lime+chicken manure(FL), lime+peat(TL) ] application on biomass, Cd uptake byBrassiachinensis, soil available Cd and pH Cd contaminated red soils in Hunan were studied in a pot experiment. The results showed that all treatments significantly promoted the growth ofBrassiachinensis. The effects of mixing amendment application was better than single amendment application. The effects of these amendments was in order of FL≈TL>E>T>L. Compared with the control treatment, application amendment significantly decreased the Cd uptake ofBrassiachinensisand soil available Cd. The inhibition effects was in order of FL≈TL>F≈T≈L. The available Cd mass fraction in soil treated with different amendments was significantly positively correlated (R2=0.99) to Cd mass fraction inBrassiachinensisleaves, and the function of Cd mass fraction reduction inBrassiachinensisleaves was attributed to reduction of availability of Cd mass fraction in soil caused by amendments. All treatments significantly increased soil pH except for peat, and the effects was in order of FL≈TL>L>F>T.

Lime; Chicken manure; Peat; Cd; Red soil;Brassiachinensis

2015-06-23

2015-08-17

Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(No. 200903015).

DAI Yunchao, male, doctoral candidate.Research area:heavy metals amendment of soil. E-mail:dai_xi_good@126.com

Lü Jialong, male, professor, doctoral supervisor. Research area:soil chemistry. E-mail:ljlll@nwafu.edu.cn

(責(zé)任編輯:史亞歌Responsible editor:SHI Yage)

2015-06-23修回日期:2015-08-17

農(nóng)業(yè)部公益性行業(yè)專項(xiàng)(200903015)。

代允超,男,博士研究生,研究方向?yàn)橥寥乐亟饘傥廴炯靶迯?fù)。E-mail:dai_xi_good@126.com

呂家瓏,男,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事土壤化學(xué)研究。E-mail:ljlll@nwafu.edu.cn

X53

A

1004-1389(2016)07-1036-06

網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版日期:2016-06-30

網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/61.1220.S.20160630.1634.024.html

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