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血漿D二聚體水平在預測子前期發(fā)病中的價值

2016-07-10 04:35侯燕燕
關鍵詞:高凝纖溶二聚體

周 曄, 顧 瑋, 林 婧, 侯燕燕

(上海交通大學醫(yī)學院附屬國際和平婦幼保健院產科,上海 200030)

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·臨床研究·

周 曄, 顧 瑋, 林 婧, 侯燕燕

(上海交通大學醫(yī)學院附屬國際和平婦幼保健院產科,上海 200030)

目的 探討血漿D二聚體在預測子前期發(fā)病中的的價值。方法 收集2013年6月至2014年12月間建卡產檢并分娩的孕產婦資料共計13285例,所有孕婦均定期產檢,隨訪至產后3個月并收集相關資料。其中有10623例為無妊娠合并癥的正常孕產婦,作為正常對照組;有577例診斷為妊娠期高血壓,作為妊娠期高血壓組。291例為子前期患者,作為子前期組對象,其中214例為輕度子前期,77例為重度子前期。所有研究對象在孕32周~34周間進行血漿D-二聚體的檢測,分析D-二聚體在預測子前期發(fā)病中的作用及其與不良妊娠結局的關系。結果 經T檢驗表明,子前期組的D-二聚體水平高于妊娠期高血壓組,而妊娠期高血壓組高于對照組(P<0.01)。但在輕、重度子前期組間D-二聚體的表達差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.728)。通過Pearson雙變量相關法研究D-二聚體水平與各妊娠結局間的關系,結果表明D-二聚體水平越高,產后出血量越大,早產和難產率也越高,而新生兒Apgar評分和出生體質量均越低。應用Logistics回歸方程證實了孕晚期D-二聚體水平的升高可預測子前期的發(fā)病。并應用ROC曲線計算得出D-二聚體的預測界值為0.995mg/L時,其預測敏感度為95.8%,相對危險度為7.35。結論 D-二聚體可作為預測子前期發(fā)病的實驗室指標,且其與各種不良妊娠結局均有相關性,D-二聚體預測子前期發(fā)病的界值為0.995mg/L,其預測敏感度為95.8%,相對危險度為7.35。

子前期; D-二聚體; 妊娠結局

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

1.2 研究方法

所有研究對象在孕32~34周間于前臂抽取靜脈血3ml檢測D-二聚體,抗凝劑采用枸櫞酸鈉,離心半徑18cm,3000r/min,對血標本進行離心5min,然后按照本院標準作業(yè)程序檢測血漿中的D-二聚體水平,所有試劑均為配套試劑,所有標本均在采血后2h內完成。

表1 各組研究對象的一般情況

組別n年齡/歲孕次/次產次/次分娩孕周/周出生體質量/g對照組1062329.7±2.91.5±0.81.1±1.038.2±1.53401.7±2051.3妊娠期高血壓組57729.5±2.71.5±0.81.0±0.437.9±3.83326.4±490.1子前期組29130.2±3.01.4±0.81.0±0.337.3±3.43216.7±542.0輕度子前期21430.1±3.31.4±0.81.0±0.337.3±5.63299.4±493.7重度子前期7730.3±3.71.4±0.81.0±0.237.4±1.92987.0±622.5

1.3 統(tǒng)計學處理

2. 結 果

2.1 各組研究對象的D-二聚體水平

表2 各組研究對象的D-二聚體水平

2.2 D-二聚體水平與各妊娠結局間的關系

通過Pearson雙變量相關法研究D-二聚體水平與各妊娠結局間的關系,結果表明,D-二聚體與產后出血量呈正相關,即D-二聚體水平越高,產后出血量越大;而D-二聚體與新生兒Apgar評分,新生兒體質量及孕周均呈負相關,即D-二聚體水平越高,新生兒Apgar評分越低,新生兒體質量越低,且孕周越小,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。另外,D-二聚體水平與分娩方式也有關,D-二聚體水平越高,難產(剖宮產及產鉗)率也越高,見表3。

表3 D-二聚體與各妊娠結局的相關性

表4 子前期各影響因素的Logistics回歸分析

Tab.4 Logistic regression for the influence factors

表4 子前期各影響因素的Logistics回歸分析

項目BS.EWalsSig.Exp(B)年齡0.0100.0290.1280.7201.011D二聚體0.7120.09556.6870.0002.039孕次-0.1910.1312.1090.1460.826產次-0.4260.2363.2590.0710.653BMI0.0000.0000.0440.8341.000常量-4.7190.87928.8310.0000.009

表5 ROC曲線下的面積

圖1 ROC曲線分析血漿D-二聚體水平在子前期預測中的價值Fig.1 The value of plasma D-dimer levels in predicting preeclampsia

3 討 論

3.1 正常妊娠時D-二聚體的表達

D-二聚體是在血液凝固及纖溶系統(tǒng)中,纖維蛋白單體經活化因子交聯(lián)后,再經纖溶水解所產生的一種特異性降解產物,可作為高凝狀態(tài)和纖溶亢進的分子標志物。正常非孕期時人體內的凝血、抗凝以及纖溶系統(tǒng)處于一個相互作用相互制約的動態(tài)平衡狀態(tài)。妊娠時,體內的凝血因子Ⅱ、Ⅴ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ等水平均有所增加,使孕婦的血液處于高凝狀態(tài),有利于產后快速有效止血及子宮內膜的再生和修復。這種生理性的妊娠期高凝狀態(tài)是機體一種保護措施。但是這種血液的高凝狀態(tài)過度時會引起血管內凝血,形成血栓,使得繼發(fā)性纖溶活動增強,以清除血栓。孕婦血液中D-二聚體的水平明顯升高,反映體內高凝和繼發(fā)性纖溶亢進的狀態(tài)[8],對診斷血栓性疾病也有重要意義[9]。

高凝狀態(tài)下血栓形成,會導致胎盤缺血缺氧,壞死的微小絨毛途經肺循環(huán)時釋放出大量的組織凝血活酶,引起血管內凝血的發(fā)生,并激活纖溶系統(tǒng)來清除子宮螺旋動靜脈內的血栓。許多研究證明D-二聚體隨妊娠進展將逐步增加[10]。Kovac等[11]和Hansen等[12]研究分別發(fā)現(xiàn)D-二聚體在妊娠早期、中期和晚期各超出孕前16%~31%、67%~76%及98%以上。最近Reger等[10]在正常妊娠第16、26、36周3個時間點分別測量D-二聚體水平,發(fā)現(xiàn)高于非妊娠期的42%、66%、98%。正常妊娠婦女的生理性高凝狀態(tài)自孕3個月開始,且隨著妊娠日漸顯著,母體D-二聚體水平也在妊娠期升高明顯[13]。

3.2 D-二聚體水平與妊娠結局的相關性

從血液流變學方面觀察,妊娠期血液處于高凝狀態(tài),濃縮的血液使孕婦的血液黏稠度增高,外周循環(huán)阻力增加,令胎盤灌注減少,致使各重要臟器灌注不足,發(fā)生胎兒缺血缺氧,可出現(xiàn)FGR、死胎、羊水過少、早產、胎兒宮內窘迫及新生兒窒息等并發(fā)癥。近年來,在許多關于不良妊娠結局的研究中,普遍認為“血栓前狀態(tài)”是一個高危因素。研究表明,發(fā)生反復流產、胎兒生長受限、胎盤早剝甚至死胎等的婦女,其血栓形成傾向發(fā)生率高達65%[14]。

D-二聚體是標志繼發(fā)性纖溶亢進的物質,比APTT,PT等指標發(fā)生異常的時間更早,可在早期判斷凝血功能異常。當孕婦體內存在異常增高的凝血活性,會在凝血的同時激發(fā)繼發(fā)性纖溶活動,使D-二聚體水平顯著增加[15]。有學者認為臨床上檢測血漿D-二聚體水平對預測圍產兒預后有一定價值,實驗表明孕晚期孕婦血漿D-二聚體濃度升高和產后出血的發(fā)生有一定的相關性,若孕婦臨產后血漿D-二聚體水平位于臨界高值,其產后出血率明顯上升[16-17]。血液高凝狀態(tài)可誘發(fā)靜脈血栓生成,導致反復流產、胎兒宮內缺氧、胎兒生長受限及早產等[18]不良結局。本研究結果也表明,D-二聚體的水平與各妊娠結局均有相關性,當D-二聚體異常升高時,發(fā)生產后出血、早產、胎兒窘迫、FGR及難產的概率均會增加。故臨床上若發(fā)現(xiàn)D-二聚體水平異常升高,需及時采取干預措施,從而改善母兒預后,保護母嬰的健康。

[1] George EM, Granger JP. Mechanisms and potential therapies for preeclampsia[J]. Curr Hypertens Rep, 2011,13(4): 269-275.

[2] Dusse LM, Rios DR, Pinheiro MB, et al. Pre-eclampsia: relationship between coagulation, fibrinol-ysis and inflammation[J]. Clin Chim Acta, 2011,412(1-2): 17-21.

[3] Joly B, Barbay V, Borg JY, et al. Comparison of markers of coagulation activation and thrombin generation test in uncomplicated pregnancies[J]. Thromb Res, 2013,132(3): 386-391.

[4] Szecsi PB, Jorgensen M, Klajnbard A, et al. Haemostaticreference intervals in pregnancy[J]. Thromb Haemost,2010,103(4): 718-727.

[7] Pinheiro Mde B, Junqueira DR, Coelho FF, et al. D-dimer in preeclampsia: systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Clin Chim Acta,2012,414: 166-170.

[8] 黃中海.正常孕婦不同孕期及產后3天D-二聚體和凝血指標的變化及意義[J].蚌埠醫(yī)學院學報,2011,36(4): 407-409.

[9] 彭海云.D-二聚體在孕婦檢測中的臨床意義[J].現(xiàn)代中西醫(yī)結合雜志,2011,20(22): 2826-2827.

[10] Reger B, Peterfalvi A, Litter I, et al. Challenges in the evaluation of D-dimer and fibrinogen levels in pregnant women[J]. Thromb Res, 2013,131(4): e183-e187.

[11] Kovac M, Mikovic Z, Rakicevic L, et al. The use of D-dimer with new cutoff can be useful in diagnosis of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy[J]. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 2010,148(1): 27-30.

[12] Hansen AT, Andreasen BH, Salvig JD, et al. Changes infibrin D-dimer, fibrinogen, and protein S during pregnancy[J]. Scand J Clin Lab Invest, 2011,71(2): 173-176.

[13] Maiello M, Torella M, Caserta L, et al. Hypercoagulability during pregn-ancy; evidences for a thrombophilic state[J]. Minerva Ginecol, 2006,58(5): 417-422.

[14] 趙智慧,柳志紅.血栓形成傾向與妊娠靜脈血栓栓塞癥的治療[J].中國分子心臟病學雜志,2003,3(1): 46-49.

[15] Morikawa M, Yamada T, Yamada T, et al. Changes in D dimer levels after cesarean section in women with singleton and twin pregnancies[J]. Thromb Res, 2011,128(4): e33-e38.

[16] 杜建鋼.臨產孕婦血漿D-二聚體纖維蛋白原及抗凝血酶Ⅲ檢測的臨產意義[J].檢驗醫(yī)學與臨床,2011.8(21): 2616-2617.

[17] Bates SM. D-dimer assays in diagnosis and manage-ment of thrombotic and bleeding disorders[J]. Semin Thromb Hemost, 2012,38(7): 673-682.

[18] 丁虹,朱付凡.妊娠期血液高凝狀態(tài)與產科并發(fā)癥[J].中華婦產科雜志,2003,38(10): 643-646.

[19] Anderson UD, Olsson MG, Kristensen KH, et al. Review: Biochemical markers to predict preeclampsia[J]. Placenta, 2012,33(Suppl): 42-47.

[20] Boij R, Svensson J, Nilsson-ekdahl K, et al. Biomarkers of coagulation,inflammation, and angioge-nesis are independently associated with preeclampsia[J]. Am J Reprod Immunol, 2012,68(3): 258-270.

[21] Zhang Y, Hu Y, Guo T, et al. Thrombinactivatable fibrinolysis inhibitor in preeclampsia and gestational hypertension throughout the gestation[J]. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci, 2008,28(2): p.140- 143.

[22] Pinheiro MB, Junqueira DR, Coelho FF, et al. D-dimer inpreeclampsia: systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Clin Chim Acta, 2012,414: 166-170.

Value of plasma D-dimer levels in predicting preeclampsia

ZHOUYe,GUWei,LINJing,HOUYan-yan

(Dept. of Obstetrics, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China)

Objective To evaluate the detection of plasma D-dimer in predicting preeclampsia. Methods Total of 13285 pregnant women undergoing regular antenatal examination and delivery between June 2013 and December 2014 were enrolled in the study. All pregnant women were followed up for 3 months postpartumly and the related information was collected. There were 10623 cases without pregnancy complications(control group), 577 cases with pregnancy induced hypertension(gestational hypertension group) and 291 cases with preeclampsia, including 214 mild cases and 77 severe cases. Plasma D-dimer levels were measured in all subjects, and the association of D-dimer with preeclampsia and adverse pregnancy outcomes was analyzed. Results Plasma D-dimer levels in preeclampsia group were higher than those in control group and gestational hypertension group(P<0.01); however, there was no significant difference(P=0.728) between the mild and severe preeclampsia group. Pearson bivariate correlation showed that D-dimer levels were positively correlated with incidence of postpartum hemorrhage, premature birth and difficult delivery, and negatively correlated with Apgar score and birth weight. Logistic regression equation showed that the increase of D-dimer level was associated with the onset of preeclampsia. The ROC curves showed the predicted cut-off value of D-dimer was 0.995mg/L, the sensitivity was 95.8% and the relative risk was 7.35. Conclusion D-dimer can be used as a laboratory index to predict the onset of preeclampsia, and it is correlated with adverse pregnant outcomes.

preeclampsia; D-dimer; pregnancy outcomes

10.16118/j.1008-0392.2016.02.020

2015-11-17

周 曄(1966—),女,副主任醫(yī)師,碩士.E-mail: victoriazhou66@163.com

顧 瑋.E-mail: krisgu@163.com

R 714.24+5

A

1008-0392(2016)02-0087-05

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