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全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)與半髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)在高齡股骨頸骨折的療效比較

2016-06-21 15:12羅大輝成都市雙流區(qū)第一人民醫(yī)院外三科四川成都610200
實(shí)用醫(yī)院臨床雜志 2016年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:股骨頸高齡置換術(shù)

羅大輝(成都市雙流區(qū)第一人民醫(yī)院外三科,四川 成都 610200)

全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)與半髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)在高齡股骨頸骨折的療效比較

羅大輝
(成都市雙流區(qū)第一人民醫(yī)院外三科,四川 成都 610200)

目的 探討全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)和半髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)在高齡股骨頸骨折患者治療的療效。方法 我院2010~2015年行全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者97例,半髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者68例,觀察兩種手術(shù)方式患者出血量、住院時(shí)間、手術(shù)時(shí)間及Harris 評(píng)分、假體的翻新情況、局部或全身并發(fā)癥變化情況。結(jié)果 半髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者的出血量和手術(shù)時(shí)間均較全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)少(P< 0.05),住院時(shí)間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P> 0.05);隨訪52個(gè)月,發(fā)現(xiàn)與全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)比較,半髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者Harris評(píng)分低、假體翻新多、局部或全身并發(fā)癥加重比例少(P< 0.05)。結(jié)論 對(duì)于高齡體弱、并發(fā)癥多的患者應(yīng)選用半髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù),而對(duì)于高齡體健、并發(fā)癥少患者則采用全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)。

股骨頸骨折;髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù);老年;高齡

由于各種因素導(dǎo)致的股骨頸骨折是發(fā)生股骨頭壞死的主要原因,而中老年人群由于嚴(yán)重的骨質(zhì)疏松,使得高齡人群股骨頸骨折率最高[1]。對(duì)于高齡患者,保守治療意義不大,故目前臨床上多采用關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)治療[2]。關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)分為全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)和半髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù),目前對(duì)于該如何選擇手術(shù)方式還具有爭(zhēng)議[3]。有學(xué)者認(rèn)為兩種方式術(shù)后療效一樣,只是根據(jù)高齡患者的一般情況而選擇手術(shù)方式[4]。但有些學(xué)者則認(rèn)為半髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)療效優(yōu)于全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)[5]。為了探討全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)和半髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)在高齡股骨頸骨折患者的療效,對(duì)我院165例行髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者進(jìn)行對(duì)比研究,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料 我院2010~2015年行全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)或半髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者165例,男107例(65%),女58例,年齡(76.8±4.8)歲,全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)97例,半髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)68例,左側(cè)57例,右側(cè)108例,平均隨訪52個(gè)月(8~67月)。按Garden骨折分型:完全骨折且骨折部分移位114例(Garden Ⅲ);骨折完全移位51例(Garden Ⅳ)。其中132例合并局部或全身并發(fā)癥,主要有高血壓、冠心病、慢性肺部疾病和糖尿病等。兩種手術(shù)方式皆選用同樣的手術(shù)材料,患者的一般資料比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P> 0.05),具有可比性,見表1。

1.2 治療方法 術(shù)前拍攝標(biāo)準(zhǔn)X射線骨盆片、腰椎正側(cè)位片、雙側(cè)髖關(guān)節(jié)片、雙側(cè)股骨正側(cè)位片。新鮮骨折患者應(yīng)在骨折后5天內(nèi)進(jìn)行手術(shù);對(duì)于陳舊性骨折患者手術(shù)前需要采用股骨髁上骨牽引進(jìn)行牽引恢復(fù)患肢長度等。髖關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)過程中,所有高齡患者都是采取側(cè)臥位,麻醉方式選用硬膜外麻醉,行全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的患者的切口選用髖后外側(cè),全部非骨水泥固定;行半髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)切口同全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的患者,也都采用非骨水泥固定。手術(shù)后給予的抗生素預(yù)防感染用藥不超過48小時(shí),同時(shí)適當(dāng)補(bǔ)充鈣質(zhì)和高營養(yǎng)高蛋白物質(zhì);手術(shù)后如果沒有手術(shù)部位感染發(fā)生,術(shù)后的第1天進(jìn)行股四頭肌伸屈的鍛煉,適量進(jìn)行雙下肢的活動(dòng)鍛煉,術(shù)后1~3天手術(shù)一側(cè)下肢可以適量負(fù)重行走鍛煉[6]。

表1 患者一般資料比較

1.3 觀察指標(biāo) 短期觀察指標(biāo)包括術(shù)中出血量、手術(shù)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間;長期隨訪觀察指標(biāo)則包括髖關(guān)節(jié)功能Harris評(píng)分、假體翻新情況、局部或全身并發(fā)癥變化情況。其中Harris評(píng)分[7]:在疼痛、功能、畸形、活動(dòng)度四方面進(jìn)行評(píng)分,滿分100分,90~100分為優(yōu);80~89分為良;70~79分為中;70分以下為差。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理。計(jì)量資料則以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料比較采用卡方檢驗(yàn)。P< 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 短期觀察指標(biāo)情況 半髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者的出血量和手術(shù)時(shí)間均較全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)少(P< 0.05),住院時(shí)間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P> 0.05),見表2。

表2 兩種手術(shù)方式短期觀察指標(biāo)比較

2.2 長期觀察指標(biāo)情況 隨訪52個(gè)月,發(fā)現(xiàn)半髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者的Harris評(píng)分均數(shù)為77.9分,屬于中等療效,而全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者的Harris評(píng)分均數(shù)為92.8分,屬于優(yōu)等療效;半髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)因各種原因?qū)е录袤w翻新15例,全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)僅有6例;半髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者術(shù)前并發(fā)癥在術(shù)后加重惡化的有47例(69.1%),全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者則有81例(83.5%)。見表3。

表3 兩種手術(shù)方式長期觀察指標(biāo)比較

3 討論

對(duì)于高齡股骨頸骨折的患者而言,骨折不愈合甚至導(dǎo)致股骨頭壞死的發(fā)生率在30%左右[6,8]。長期的骨折不愈合或者股骨頭壞死,對(duì)老年人的日常生活造成嚴(yán)重的影響,甚至可能威脅生命,這對(duì)個(gè)人及家庭都造成了長期的經(jīng)濟(jì)及精神負(fù)擔(dān)。所以對(duì)于高齡股骨頸骨折患者盡早行關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)至關(guān)重要。但是目前對(duì)于采用何種手術(shù)方式尚具有爭(zhēng)議,全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)和半髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)哪種手術(shù)方式對(duì)高齡患者的預(yù)后療效更好。有的臨床醫(yī)生認(rèn)為全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)更加合適,因?yàn)樗鼘?duì)患者術(shù)后的關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)更好[9~11],有的醫(yī)生則選擇半髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)[2,5,12],認(rèn)為它對(duì)于并發(fā)癥多的高齡患者更具有人性化。

無論如何國內(nèi)外對(duì)這兩種手術(shù)方式的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)看法不一。Wang等[13]報(bào)道了115例行全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù),137例行半髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的高齡股骨頸骨折的患者,隨訪5年后統(tǒng)計(jì)分析了術(shù)后關(guān)節(jié)功能療效,發(fā)現(xiàn)半髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)在并發(fā)癥多的高齡患者優(yōu)于全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)。Liodakis等[14]用meta分析方法分析研究了4058例高齡股骨頸骨折的患者,3192例應(yīng)用了半髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù),866例采用了全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù),發(fā)現(xiàn)全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)術(shù)后的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素多于半髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù),但全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)術(shù)后關(guān)節(jié)恢復(fù)較好。張向明等[15]報(bào)道70歲高齡的股骨頸骨折的關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù),35例半髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù),54例全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù),隨訪48個(gè)月,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩種手術(shù)方式均能達(dá)到較滿意效果,身體較健朗的患者偏向采用全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù),年齡很大且全身情況差則選擇半髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)較好。胡洪波等[16]研究了103例股骨頸骨折,其中42例全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù),61例半髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù),發(fā)現(xiàn)兩種手術(shù)方式的有利點(diǎn)各不相同,側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同,對(duì)于高齡的患者的手術(shù)方式的選擇應(yīng)該按個(gè)體情況而制定。

本研究結(jié)果顯示,半髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的短期觀察指標(biāo)優(yōu)于全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù),但是長期觀察的指標(biāo)中除并發(fā)癥外都是全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)較好,原因可能是全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的假體數(shù)目多于半髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù),關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)中更多地依賴假體,減少了自身的骨質(zhì)磨損。目前在經(jīng)濟(jì)相對(duì)發(fā)達(dá)的國家對(duì)于高齡股骨頸骨折患者多采用全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)[17]。但是對(duì)部分移位明顯的股骨頸骨折,身體狀況或經(jīng)濟(jì)條件差的高齡患者還是偏向于半髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)[18]。究竟是全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)還是半髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)對(duì)于高齡患者來說更加好,需要更多的臨床實(shí)踐來驗(yàn)證。

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Comparison of clinical effects between total hip arthroplasty and hip arthroplasty in the treatment of elderly patients with femoral neck fracture

LUODa-hui
(TheThirdDepartmentofSurgery,ShuangliuDistrictFirstPeople’sHospital,Chengdu610200,China)

Objective To compared the clinical effect between total hip replacement and semi-hip replacement therapy for patients over 65 years old with femoral neck fracture.Methods In our hospital from 2010 to 2015,97 patients underwent total hip replacement and 68 patients underwent semi-hip replacement. The amount of bleeding,hospitalization time,operation time,Harris score during follow-up interval,prosthesis renovation,and local or systemic complications were compared between the two groups.Results The amount of bleeding and operation time in patients undergone semi-hip replacement were less and shorter than those in patients undergone total hip replacement (P< 0.05) while no difference was found in hospitalization time (P> 0.05). During 52 months of follow-up,lower Harris score,more prosthesis renovation and less local or systemic complications were observed in patients with semi-hip replacement when compared to patients with total hip replacement (P< 0.05).Conclusion For the elderly and frail patients with more complications,we should use the semi-hip replacement while total hip replacement could be used for the elderly and healthy patients with fewer complications.

Femoral neck fracture;Hip replacement;Elderly;Senile

R683.42

A

1672-6170(2016)06-0054-03

2016-03-09;

2016-06-24)

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