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石墨烯復合纖維的開發(fā)與應用

2016-05-14 05:33杜德壯曾琦凌良仲張克勤
紡織導報 2016年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:機械性能石墨烯

杜德壯 曾琦 凌良仲 張克勤

摘要:石墨烯及其復合材料近年來成為研究熱點,目前對石墨烯復合纖維材料的潛在應用已有大量研究,如儲能材料、轉(zhuǎn)換設備、傳感器、導線等。與石墨烯基氣溶膠和石墨烯復合膜等多維材料相比,石墨烯復合纖維的機械性能和導電性能突出。此外,石墨烯復合纖維可以彎曲、打結(jié),甚至織成柔性導電織物。本文綜述了石墨烯復合纖維的主要制備方法、性能及應用,并對這一領域的發(fā)展進行了展望。

關(guān)鍵詞:石墨烯;石墨烯復合纖維;導電率;機械性能

中圖分類號: TQ127.1+1 文獻標志碼:A

The Development and Application of Graphene Composite Fiber

Abstract: Graphene and related composite materials have become a popular research topic. Up to now, a lot of efforts have been made to investigating the potential applications of graphene composite materials in such fields as energy-storing materials, conversion equipment, sensor and conducting wire. Graphene composite fiber outperforms multi-dimensional materials such as graphene-based aerosol and graphene composite membrane in terms of mechanical properties and conductivity. Moreover, graphene fiber can be curved, knotted, or even woven into flexible conductive fabric. The paper introduces main production methods, properties and applications of graphene fiber and anticipates its future development.

Key words: graphene; graphene composite fiber; electrical conductivity; mechanical property

1 前言

石墨烯是從石墨中剝離出來的只有 1 層原子厚度的二維晶體,厚度約為0.34 nm。繼1985年C60(富勒烯)和1991年碳納米管的首次報道后,2004年石墨烯的發(fā)現(xiàn)再次推動了人們對碳元素納米材料的研究。研究表明,石墨烯具有非凡的機械性能、導電性能、熱學性能以及光學性能。為了將石墨烯的這些優(yōu)異性能進行實際應用,人們研發(fā)了三維石墨烯泡沫、二維石墨烯薄膜和一維的石墨烯復合纖維。然而,石墨烯復合纖維的特性以及制備方法還未被全面的介紹,不同制備方法與纖維性能之間的關(guān)系仍需討論。

本文主要對石墨烯復合纖維的特點、制備方法及應用進行了系統(tǒng)論述,并探討了不同制備方法對石墨烯復合纖維性能的影響。本文同時介紹了近年來石墨烯復合纖維的一些代表性應用,也對其潛在的研究與發(fā)展前景進行了展望。

2 石墨烯復合纖維

石墨烯復合纖維材料大致分為 3 類:石墨烯-聚合物復合纖維材料、石墨烯-無機金屬復合纖維材料和石墨烯-無機非金屬復合纖維材料。表 1 為石墨烯復合纖維的幾種制備方法及其對應纖維的力學性能和導電性能。

2.1 石墨烯-聚合物復合纖維

鮑橋梁等人利用靜電紡絲技術(shù)將共軛有機分子修飾的石墨烯與聚乙烯醇(PVA)混紡得到石墨烯復合纖維(圖1)。隨著石墨烯的加入,纖維的拉伸強度從3.45 MPa提高到了12.39 MPa,且纖維的吸光度提高了約10倍。

高超等人提出了“液晶自構(gòu)模板”的方法,將石墨烯與超支化聚縮水甘油醚(HPG)結(jié)合得到了超高拉伸強度的仿貝殼纖維。該仿貝殼纖維展現(xiàn)出了可觀的拉伸強度(652 MPa),約為貝殼的 5 ~ 8 倍。同時還提出了新的“倒置”策略,利用濕法紡絲自組裝將石墨烯與聚甲基丙烯酸縮水甘油酯(GMA)結(jié)合再次制備了仿貝殼纖維(圖 2)。該仿貝殼纖維的拉伸強度(500 MPa)是貝殼的 3 ~ 4 倍。

Akihiko Tanioka等人將氧化石墨烯加入到聚丙烯腈(PAN)紡絲液中,利用靜電紡絲的方法制得石墨烯/PAN復合纖維。紡絲過程中,氧化石墨烯沿著纖維軸向排列分布。當氧化石墨烯的含量為0.5%時,所得復合纖維的導電率最高,為165 S/cm。

2.2 石墨烯-無機金屬復合纖維

Sang Su Yoon等人利用濕法紡絲將大片的石墨烯(56±20)μm與納米銀顆粒結(jié)合起來制備了石墨烯/納米銀復合纖維(圖 3)。這種復合纖維的導電率高達15 800 S/cm。而且這種復合纖維很容易被剪斷粘附在柔性基底上,將被廣泛應用于纖維型電極材料、纖維型晶體管、纖維型電容器等領域。

高超等人利用類似的方法制備了石墨烯/納米銀復合纖維。他們同樣采用濕法紡絲的方法將氧化石墨烯與納米銀顆?;旒彛缓笥脷涞馑徇€原,得到的復合纖維的導電率為930 S/cm。

曲良體等人利用電化學沉積的方法在石墨烯纖維的外層電沉積MnO2顆粒,得到復合纖維(圖 4)。這種多層結(jié)構(gòu)復合纖維制備的纖維型電容器展現(xiàn)出了較強的電化學電容器特性。

2.3 石墨烯-無機非金屬復合纖維

劉杰等人直接將未功能化的多壁碳納米管分散到氧化石墨烯溶液中進行濕法紡絲,然后還原得到石墨烯/碳納米管(CNTs)復合纖維。CNTs的加入使得石墨烯纖維的拉伸強度從193.3 MPa增加到385.7 MPa,導電率從53.3 S/cm增加到210.7 S/cm。同時,石墨烯/CNTs復合纖維用于線形超級電容時大大提高了其比電容和能量密度,在石墨烯基電極材料領域有較好的發(fā)展前景。

鄒祖煒等人也利用濕法紡絲將碳納米管薄膜包覆在還原氧化石墨烯的外層,得到石墨烯/CNTs復合纖維。CNTs的加入使石墨烯纖維的強度和導電率分別增加了22%和49%。

曲良體等人以Fe3O4為催化劑用化學氣相沉淀(CVD)的方法將CNTs直接生長在石墨烯纖維的表面,得到石墨烯/CNTs復合纖維。除了可以用作織物超級電容器外,石墨烯/CNTs復合纖維還可以被應用到更多的領域,如催化、分離和吸附材料。

3 石墨烯復合纖維的應用

由于石墨烯復合纖維具有柔性較好,質(zhì)輕,導電性能、熱學性能優(yōu)異等優(yōu)點,因此被廣泛應用于各個領域。根據(jù)近年文獻,其應用主要集中在如下幾個方面。

3.1 生物醫(yī)用材料

2013年,Nadnudda Rodthongkum和Nipapan Ruecha等人利用靜電紡絲構(gòu)建了一種新穎的高靈敏度的用來檢測多巴胺的電化學系統(tǒng)。他們在絲網(wǎng)印刷碳電極的表面修飾了一層石墨烯/聚苯胺/聚苯乙烯復合纖維。在最優(yōu)條件下,多巴胺的檢測量可以達到0.05 nM。另外,這種電極系統(tǒng)具有非常寬的動力學范圍:0.1 nM ~ 100 μM。

3.2 儲能材料(超級電容器)

Robert A. W. Dryfe等人用電泳沉積的方法在碳纖維的表面沉積石墨烯碳納米管復合層,得到石墨烯-碳納米管/碳纖維(G-CNT/CC)復合纖維(圖 5)。所得電極的比電容(151 F/g)是純石墨烯纖維電極(58.8 F/g)的2.5倍,而且其能量密度(14.5 W·h/kg)也遠高于純石墨烯纖維電極(5.6 W·h/kg)。曲良體等人在石墨烯纖維表面沉積MnO2,將石墨烯纖維的比電容提高到了36 F/g。

3.3 導線

董澤琳等人以石墨烯復合纖維為導線織成導電織物;高超等人將石墨烯復合纖維作為LED晶體管的導線,同時還將納米銀與石墨烯混紡制得高導電率的石墨烯/納米銀復合纖維(導電率為930 S/cm);彭慧勝等人從碳納米管片中抽出碳納米管陣列,沿著軸向堆疊,加入氧化石墨烯溶液,最后將混合物扭曲得到石墨烯/CNT復合纖維。

3.4 光催化

高孟春等人在氧化石墨烯的乙醇溶液中加入硝酸銦、聚乙二醇和氧化二乙酰丙酮合釩制得紡絲液,靜電紡后煅燒得到石墨烯/氧化釩銦(RGO/InVO4)復合纖維(圖 6)。這種復合纖維表現(xiàn)出了很好的光催化性能。Bo-Hye Kim等人利用靜電紡絲的方法得到含氧化石墨烯的聚合物纖維,經(jīng)煅燒得到石墨烯/碳復合纖維,再將得到的纖維浸泡在含鈦的氧化物溶液中,高溫煅燒得到石墨烯復合纖維。

4 結(jié)語

各種石墨烯復合纖維層出不窮,制備方法也不盡相同。通過對這些復合材料的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),復合纖維的制備方法對其拉伸強度和導電率有重要影響。其中,干法紡絲和濕法紡絲制得的復合纖維的拉伸強度明顯比靜電紡絲強。同時,通過對比同種樣品的氧化石墨烯還原方式,發(fā)現(xiàn)相比于高溫煅燒,HI酸還原更能保存石墨烯的優(yōu)異性能。

盡管石墨烯復合纖維已經(jīng)表現(xiàn)出很好的應用前景,但其制備工藝仍有待改進,以得到力學性能和導電性能優(yōu)于單層石墨烯的材料。此外,目前對其光學和熱學方面的研究還較少,相信在不久的將來性能更優(yōu)異的石墨烯復合纖維將會問世,且其應用領域?qū)⒌玫竭M一步擴展。

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