李麗娜,國(guó)希云,陳永秀,鄧 嫻,李曉英
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老年人體質(zhì)量指數(shù)、腰圍與血壓關(guān)系的探討
李麗娜*,國(guó)希云,陳永秀,鄧 嫻,李曉英
(解放軍總醫(yī)院門診部干部診療科,北京 100853)
探討老年人血壓與體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)和腰圍(WC)的關(guān)系。入選2010年1月至2014年12月期間在解放軍總醫(yī)院門診部干部診療科接受查體的離退休老干部449例,按BMI將研究對(duì)象分為BMI正常組、超重組和肥胖組。按WC將研究對(duì)象分為WC正常組和腹型肥胖組,對(duì)其基本情況和血壓情況進(jìn)行記錄分析。在超重組、肥胖組和腹型肥胖組中,男性和女性間檢出率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05)。超重者和肥胖者的24h平均收縮壓(SBP24h)、24h平均舒張壓(DBP24h)以及高血壓檢出率均顯著高于正常BMI者;腹型肥胖者上述指標(biāo)也顯著高于WC正常者。相關(guān)分析證實(shí)BMI和WC與SBP24h、DBP24h均顯著正相關(guān)。本研究證實(shí)老年人群中BMI和WC與血壓的正相關(guān)性,提示體質(zhì)量管理在高血壓防治中的重要性。
體質(zhì)量指數(shù);超重;老年人;高血壓
眾所周知,血壓水平與心血管疾病發(fā)病和死亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間存在密切的因果關(guān)系。原發(fā)性高血壓是最常見(jiàn)的慢性病,也是心腦血管疾病最主要的危險(xiǎn)因素[1]。超重、肥胖或者腹型肥胖導(dǎo)致的胰島素抵抗和高胰島素血癥是促進(jìn)高血壓發(fā)生和發(fā)展的重要因素[2,3]。體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)是反映身體整體肥胖程度(即全身型肥胖)的指標(biāo),腰圍(waist circumference,WC)是反映中心性肥胖(即腹型肥胖)的指標(biāo)。研究顯示[4,5],在不同年齡和性別中,二者與心血管疾病的關(guān)聯(lián)程度可能存在差異。本文以老年人群為研究對(duì)象,探討B(tài)MI和WC與血壓的關(guān)系,以論證控制體質(zhì)量對(duì)管理血壓、預(yù)防心腦血管疾病的重要性。
入選2010年1月至2014年12月期間在解放軍總醫(yī)院門診部干部診療科接受查體的離退休老干部449例,其中男性373例,女性76例,年齡67.9±6.3(61~79)歲。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):具有完整因疑似血壓升高而接受動(dòng)態(tài)血壓監(jiān)測(cè)的記錄資料。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)既往已確診高血壓(接受或未接受正規(guī)藥物治療);(2)糖尿?。唬?)冠心病、瓣膜性心臟病、慢性肺源性心臟病或其他器質(zhì)性心臟??;(4)惡性腫瘤;(5)免疫系統(tǒng)疾病;(6)肝腎功能異常。
根據(jù)《中國(guó)成人超重和肥胖癥預(yù)防與控制指南》的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)按BMI將研究對(duì)象分為3組[6]:(1)BMI正常組(18.5kg/m2≤BMI<24.0kg/m2);(2)超重組(24.0kg/m2≤BMI<28.0kg/m2);(3)肥胖組(BMI≥28.0kg/m2)。另根據(jù)中國(guó)肥胖問(wèn)題工作組推薦的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),按WC將研究對(duì)象分為兩組[7]:(1)WC正常組(男性:WC<85cm;女性:WC<80cm);(2)腹型肥胖組(男性:WC≥85cm;女性:WC≥80cm)。血壓偏高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[1]:動(dòng)態(tài)血壓監(jiān)測(cè)24h平均血壓≥130/80mmHg。
男性在超重組中占84.9%(180/212),在肥胖組中占75.4%(52/69),在腹型肥胖組中占81.2%(190/234)。結(jié)果表明,在超重組、肥胖組和腹型肥胖組中,男性和女性間檢出率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05)。
超重組和肥胖組的24h平均收縮壓(24h mean systolic blood pressure,SBP24h)與24h平均舒張壓(24h mean diastolic blood pressure,DBP24h)均顯著高于BMI正常組(<0.05);血壓偏高者在超重組中檢出率為84.0%,在肥胖者中為92.8%,均顯著高于BMI正常組(<0.05)。腹型肥胖組的SBP24h和DBP24h顯著高于WC正常組(<0.05);腹型肥胖組中血壓偏高者的檢出率為84.2%,也顯著高于WC正常組(<0.05;表1)。
BMI與SBP24h(=0.845,<0.01)和DBP24h(=0.802,<0.01)均呈顯著正相關(guān)。同時(shí),WC也與SBP24h(=0.655,<0.05)和DBP24h(=0.760,<0.05)呈顯著正相關(guān)。
近年來(lái),隨著我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和居民生活水平的提高,人群中超重、肥胖和腹型肥胖的比例明顯提高。同時(shí),人口老齡化也越來(lái)越成為一個(gè)廣受關(guān)注的社會(huì)問(wèn)題。2010年的1項(xiàng)全國(guó)范圍的大型流行病學(xué)(=19 882)研究顯示[8],我國(guó)≥60歲的老年人中,近半數(shù)體質(zhì)量超過(guò)正常標(biāo)準(zhǔn),超重者比例高達(dá)32.1%,肥胖者比例為12.4%。本研究以常規(guī)于解放軍總醫(yī)院干部診療門診接受體檢的離退休老年干部人群為研究對(duì)象,統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果顯示超重比例為47.4%,肥胖比例為15.4%,與上述大樣本流行病學(xué)調(diào)查結(jié)果相比更高。在另一項(xiàng)對(duì)北京某醫(yī)學(xué)高校離退休教職工(=771)的調(diào)查中顯示[9],在老年男性和女性中,全身性超重和肥胖的檢出率分別為67.7%和55.4%,這一結(jié)果也同樣高于上述全國(guó)范圍的大樣本抽樣調(diào)查。我們認(rèn)為本研究比后一研究的超重和肥胖檢出率更高的原因,可能與觀察對(duì)象均來(lái)自北京,且均為經(jīng)濟(jì)收入較高的離退休干部人群相關(guān)。流行病學(xué)研究也證實(shí)肥胖的發(fā)生率與經(jīng)濟(jì)收入呈正相關(guān)。
文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[10],對(duì)于老年中心性肥胖,男性的檢出率為50.6%,而女性的檢出率為63.0%,結(jié)合全身性超重和肥胖在男女中的檢出率,研究者認(rèn)為老年男性可能更傾向于全身性超重和肥胖,而老年女性則可能更傾向于中心性肥胖。本研究中,老年男女中心性肥胖的檢出率分別為50.9%和57.9%,但未檢出他們?cè)贐MI與腹型肥胖上的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。我們認(rèn)為可能與研究中觀察樣本數(shù)較少相關(guān)。
在我國(guó),高血壓是心腦血管死亡的首要危險(xiǎn)因素,其患病率隨年齡增長(zhǎng)逐漸增加[1]。1991年全國(guó)高血壓抽樣調(diào)查資料顯示,我國(guó)≥60歲人群的高血壓患病率是40.4%[10]。流行病學(xué)研究顯示[2,3],超重、肥胖以及腹型肥胖與高血壓、高血糖以及血脂異常等心血管風(fēng)險(xiǎn)疾病密切相關(guān),BMI和WC均是發(fā)生心血管疾病危險(xiǎn)因素聚集的獨(dú)立影響因子,且二者的影響在不同年齡、性別中存在差異。在2010年的1項(xiàng)全國(guó)成年人的流行病調(diào)查(=98 271)中顯示[11],超重者和肥胖者患高血壓的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分別為BMI正常者的2.5和5.5倍。另一項(xiàng)2007~2008年全國(guó)成年人的流行病調(diào)查(=46 024)研究同樣證實(shí)BMI和WC均與高血壓發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)呈正相關(guān),且二者存在協(xié)同作用;同時(shí),該研究顯示BMI與高血壓的相關(guān)性較WC更強(qiáng),而WC與糖尿病的相關(guān)性較BMI更強(qiáng)[12]。2013年對(duì)我國(guó)東北3個(gè)城市成人的抽樣調(diào)查(=25 196)顯示,BMI、WC與血壓的正相關(guān)性受年齡和性別的影響,在≥45歲的人群中,WC對(duì)男性血壓影響更大,而B(niǎo)MI對(duì)女性血壓影響更大[13]。本研究也證實(shí),BMI和WC與血壓升高的正相關(guān)性在老年人群中同樣存在。超重組和肥胖組的血壓水平和血壓偏高者檢出率均高于BMI正常組;腹型肥胖組的血壓水平和血壓偏高者檢出率也高于正常WC組。同樣,腹型肥胖組SBP24h和DBP24h均顯著高于WC正常組,且WC與SBP24h和DBP24h呈顯著正相關(guān)。遺憾的是,本研究納入人群中女性比例較小,未能就BMI和WC對(duì)高血壓影響的性別差異做進(jìn)一步比較。
表1 血壓情況比較結(jié)果
BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; SBP24h: 24h mean systolic blood pressure; DBP24h: 24h mean diastolic blood pressure. Compared with BMI normal group,*<0.05; compared with WC normal group,△<0.05
總之,本研究結(jié)果與眾多大樣本流行病學(xué)調(diào)查結(jié)果基本一致,再次證實(shí)了老年人群中BMI和WC與血壓呈顯著正相關(guān),提示對(duì)BMI和WC的管理在高血壓防治中的重要性。
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(編輯: 呂青遠(yuǎn))
Correlation of blood pressure with body mass index and waist circumference in the elderly
LI Li-Na*, GUO Xi-Yun, CHEN Yong-Xiu, DENG Xian, LI Xiao-Ying
(Department of Cadres Service, Outpatients Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China)
To investigate the relationship of blood pressure with body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in the elderly.A total of 449 retired cadres who receiving physical examination routinely in our department from January 2010 to December 2014 were enrolled in this study. They were divided into 3 groups, that is, normal BMI, overweight and obesity groups according to their BMI results. They were also assigned into normal WC and abdominal obesity groups based on their WC values. Their medical data and blood pressure were recorded and analyzed.There were no significant differences in being overweight, obesity and central obesity between males and females (>0.05). The patients from the overweight and obesity groups had significantly higher 24-hour mean systolic blood pressure (SBP24h), 24-hour mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP24h) and rate of hypertension than those from the normal BMI group, so were the central obesity patients than those with normal WC. Correlation analysis confirmed that BMI and WC were positively correlated with SBP24hand DBP24h.BMI and WC are positively correlated with blood pressure in the elderly, suggesting the importance of body mass control in the prevention of hypertension.
body mass index; overweight; aged; hypertension
R592; R544.1
A
10.11915/j.issn.1671-5403.2016.01.005
2015?07?21;
2015?09?01
李麗娜, E-mail: liln_301@163.com