萬 穎
(佛山職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院,廣東佛山 528000)
異化視角下散文漢譯英的修辭與翻譯策略
萬 穎
(佛山職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院,廣東佛山 528000)
在中國(guó)文學(xué)作品的英譯實(shí)踐中,異化和直譯不是常用翻譯策略,但在翻譯散文過程中,應(yīng)以異化和直譯為主,目的是向西方讀者介紹中國(guó)文化。歸化翻譯的譯文具有較強(qiáng)可讀性,譯者罔顧源語語言形式的做法比較常見,這樣勢(shì)必會(huì)造成某種程度的變調(diào)。異化視角下的翻譯實(shí)踐則在一定程度上令譯者重視源語文化和語言表達(dá)習(xí)慣,利于文化傳播與溝通。
散文;直譯;異化;翻譯策略
從19世紀(jì)70年代開始的一百年間,中國(guó)的文學(xué)翻譯是以歸化為主的。(王東風(fēng) 2002)異化翻譯是將源語文化作為歸宿的翻譯策略,要盡可能地保持原作的風(fēng)味,使源語文化的異國(guó)情調(diào)得以存繼,使目的語文化中的讀者領(lǐng)略到原汁原味而采用不完全符合目的語的語言規(guī)范。對(duì)于讀者而言,對(duì)文化差異的第一層認(rèn)識(shí)通常是通過對(duì)風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣的差異產(chǎn)生。雖然歸化的翻譯往往因?yàn)榭勺x性而被廣泛地接受,但是譯者的語言素養(yǎng)可以決定譯語在多大程度上的可接受性。(葛校琴 2002)“十里不同風(fēng),百里不同俗”, 正是這種千差萬別的異域風(fēng)情最能引起讀者,特別是外國(guó)讀者的興趣,閱讀符合源語文化的目的語文本就成了一件引人入勝的樂事。
文學(xué)翻譯無外乎理解與表達(dá)兩件事。理解是表達(dá)的前提,表達(dá)又是理解的具體化和深刻化。二者相輔相成,交織在一起,構(gòu)成統(tǒng)一的翻譯過程。我國(guó)21世紀(jì)的文學(xué)翻譯將真正成熱起來的主要標(biāo)志之一就是注重異化譯法;而異化譯法的核心就是盡量傳譯原文的異質(zhì)因索。(孫致禮 2002)理解是全方位的,異化的翻譯策略應(yīng)包括對(duì)作者的了解及對(duì)作品的理解兩個(gè)方面。對(duì)作者的了解應(yīng)包括:作者的生平、情感、意圖;作者所處的時(shí)代;作者所處國(guó)度的歷史、地理、人文環(huán)境;作者的其它作品及作者在文學(xué)史上的地位及影響等。對(duì)作品的理解應(yīng)包括:理解作品的語體特征、文體特征、文本意義、語言形式、語言風(fēng)格及作品的藝術(shù)成就等。在翻譯散文的過程中,譯者可通過直譯和異化手段盡量接近標(biāo)準(zhǔn),增強(qiáng)譯文的可讀性和文化的傳播性。
散文英譯中運(yùn)用翻譯策略,不僅要面臨選擇的問題,還要處理度的問題。盡管在語言形式上要達(dá)到歸化的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但是在表達(dá)文化差異時(shí)應(yīng)堅(jiān)持“異化”的策略。豐子愷的散文體現(xiàn)了特別濃厚的中國(guó)文化,以下以《作客者言》和《車廂社會(huì)》兩篇為例,探究其修辭特點(diǎn)和翻譯策略。
2.1 選詞應(yīng)注重貼切:見劃線部分。(本文下同)
① 火車厲害得很,走在鐵路上的人,一不小心,身體就被碾做兩段。
The train is so formidable that someone walking on the railway, if carelessly, will be ground into two parts.
② 火車快得邪氣,坐在車中,望見窗外的電線木如同柵欄一樣。
The train runs unbelievably fast. Sitting on the train, you may see the wooden wire poles looked like fences.
③ 自己的身體被裝在一個(gè)大木箱中,而用機(jī)械拖了這大木箱狂奔。
The whole body was put into a large wooden case pulled by a galloping machine.
④ 前者所見都是可喜的,后者所見卻大多數(shù)是可驚的,可笑的,可悲的。
In the first stage, the sights I enjoyed were gratifying but now they were mostly astonishing, ridiculous and lamentable.
2.2 詞的增補(bǔ):在漢譯英時(shí),為了保證譯文語法結(jié)構(gòu)完整而需要增補(bǔ)詞語。
2.2.1 代詞或名詞的增補(bǔ)
2.2.1.1 作為主語的代詞或名詞的增補(bǔ)
漢語里常見無主語的句子,而英語句子一般要有主語。在翻譯無主語句子時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文選擇合適的代詞或名詞作為主語。例如:
① 那時(shí)候我覺得世間一切枯燥無味,無可享樂,只有沉悶、疲倦、和苦痛,正同乘火車一樣。
At that time, I felt everything in the world dull and boring. Living was just like taking a train which had no fun but depression, tiredness and pain.
② 最初乘火車是樂事,后來變成苦事,最后又變成樂事,仿佛“返老還童”似的。
At first, taking a train was pleasure, later it turned to be pain and finally became joy again. The changes of mood were just like a man returned to his boyhood from old age.
③ 有一位天性真率的青年,赴親友家作客,歸家的晚上,垂頭喪氣地跑進(jìn)我的房間來,躺在藤床上,不動(dòng)亦不語。
A frank young man paid a visit to his relative. When he returned at night, he walked crestfallen into my room and lay on the cany bed, still and silently.
2.2.1.2 作賓語的代詞或名詞的增補(bǔ)
漢語中,如果根據(jù)上下文就能夠理解,那么作賓語的代詞常常可以省略。但英語的及物動(dòng)詞都得有賓語。因此漢譯英時(shí),經(jīng)常需要增補(bǔ)作賓語的代詞。
譯例:只是回想過去乘火車時(shí)的心境,覺得可分三個(gè)時(shí)期。
Recalling my states of mind on the train, I think I can divide my travels into three periods.
2.2.1.3 物主代詞的增補(bǔ)
物主代詞在漢語里遠(yuǎn)不如英語里用得多。在英語里凡說到一個(gè)人的器官和歸其所有或與其有關(guān)的事物時(shí),總要在前面加上物主代詞。
① 總之,那時(shí)我在形式上乘火車,而在精神上仿佛遺世獨(dú)立,依舊籠閉在自己的書齋中。
All in all, in this period, my body was on the train, but my soul seemed to be independent and isolated from the world. I still caged myself in the study.
② 看見找尋坐位的人來了,把頭向著里,故作鼾聲,或者裝作病了。
Seeing those looking for seats coming, they turned their faces to the back of the seats, pretending to snore or get ill.
③ 他的緩步忽然改為趨步,拱起雙手。
He suddenly walked quicker, with his one hand cupping in the other to make an obeisance.
2.2.2 連詞的增補(bǔ)
漢語中的詞、詞組、分句或句子之間的關(guān)系往往通過上下文和語序來表示,較少用連詞。英語通常需要用連詞來表明詞與詞、詞組與詞組以及句與句的邏輯關(guān)系。因此在漢譯英時(shí),需要增補(bǔ)連詞的情況很多,有時(shí)是并列連詞,有時(shí)是從屬連詞。
譯例:雖然火車在其前早已通行,但吾鄉(xiāng)離車站有三十里之遙,平時(shí)我但聞其名,卻沒有機(jī)會(huì)去看火車或乘火車。
Although the train had long gone into operation, my village was thirty Li away from the train station. Therefore, at ordinary times, I only heard about its name but never got a chance to see it or take it.
2.2.3 冠詞的增補(bǔ)
漢語里極少用到冠詞,而英語里卻極多地使用冠詞。因此漢譯英時(shí)往往需要增補(bǔ)許多必要的冠詞。
譯例:雖然火車在其前早已通行,但吾鄉(xiāng)離車站有三十里之遙。
Although the train had long gone into operation, my village was thirty Li away from the train station.
2.2.4 原文中暗含而無需名言的詞語,漢譯英時(shí)要增補(bǔ)出來
漢語和英語的習(xí)慣用法不同。漢語中某一說法本來是清楚的,誰也不會(huì)誤解,可是如果生搬硬套,逐字譯成英語,就很可能不達(dá)原意,甚至還會(huì)引起誤解,或鑄成大錯(cuò)。為了避免這種毛病,就必須在譯文中增補(bǔ)適當(dāng)?shù)脑~,把原文中暗含的意思明確地表示出來。
譯例:故前者的歡喜是真的“歡喜”,若譯英語可用happy或merry。后者卻只是like或“快樂”或“愉悅”。fond of不是真心的歡樂。
Therefore, the first period seems a genuine pleasure. It could be interpreted into being happy or merry. The third stage, however, was only fondness. It could just be interpreted into being pleasant or delighted.The phrase fond of did not mean real pleasure.
2.2.5 狀語的增補(bǔ)
譯例:還有一種人,不取大腿的策略,而用行李代替(放在自己身旁的坐位上)。
Without luggage as well, some might not adopt the thigh strategy.
2.3 語態(tài)的變換
所謂語態(tài)變換,是指翻譯中漢英兩種語言之間的主動(dòng)式與被動(dòng)式的互換。漢語多采用主動(dòng)語態(tài),但在英譯時(shí)有時(shí)改用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。英語里常常運(yùn)用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)把動(dòng)作的承受者作為句子的主語來突出其地位,強(qiáng)調(diào)其重要性。由于這個(gè)原因,漢譯英時(shí),往往將漢語的主動(dòng)句變換為英語的被動(dòng)句,把原文的賓語變成譯文的主語。再者,在英語中,常常為了上下文的連貫,使句子之間的銜接緊密自然而運(yùn)用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。為此目的,在漢譯英時(shí)也常常將漢語的主動(dòng)句改為英語的被動(dòng)句。例如:
① 看了許多書才走得兩站!
Many pages were read but only two stations were passed.
② 主人因?yàn)槲沂沁h(yuǎn)客,特地邀他們來陪我。
Since I was a guest from afar, they are specially invited to be my company.
若漢語的表達(dá)為被動(dòng)句,那譯為英語時(shí)一般沒有必要改為主動(dòng)句,仍譯為被動(dòng)句。因?yàn)檫@樣的表達(dá)方式符合英語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。
2.4 詞性的變化
詞性一發(fā)生變化,句子成分也接著改變。
① 我驚奇地笑道:“怪了!”
I was surprised and said with a smile: “Strange!” (副詞變形容詞)
② 他苦笑地答道。
He forced a smile and replied. (副詞變動(dòng)詞)
③ 主人因?yàn)槲沂沁h(yuǎn)客,特地邀他們來陪我。
Since I was a guest from afar, they are specially invited to be my company. (動(dòng)詞變名詞)
2.5 語序的變換
譯例:看到憑在車窗上指點(diǎn)談笑的小孩子,我鄙視他們,覺得這班初出茅廬的人少見多怪,其淺薄可笑。
Seeing some children standing by the window, pointing to somewhere and talking joyfully, I looked down upon them for their superficiality and absurdness, thinking they were surprised at things they seldom saw.
2.6 句子成分的改變
① 十六七歲時(shí),我畢業(yè)于本鄉(xiāng)小學(xué),到杭州去投考中等學(xué)校,方才第一次看到又乘到火車。
When I was sixteen or seventeen, after graduating from the village primary school, I headed for Hangzhou to take the entrance exam to middle school.(謂語改分詞狀語)
② 我看見各車站都美麗。
To me, every station was beautiful.(謂語改分詞狀語)
③ 作客而受主人優(yōu)待,應(yīng)該舒服且高興。
A guest treated courteously should feel comfortable and happy. (動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)變成形容詞和副詞結(jié)構(gòu))
2.7 重復(fù)詞語和重復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu)的處理
在漢語和英語中,有時(shí)為了加強(qiáng)語氣,有時(shí)為了求得句子的平衡、對(duì)稱或其他修辭效果,往往使用重復(fù)詞語或重復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu),即在一個(gè)句子或相連的幾個(gè)句子中不止一次地重復(fù)使用同一個(gè)詞語或同一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)。但是,由于在語言結(jié)構(gòu)和習(xí)慣用法等方面又各有不同的特征,漢語和英語在運(yùn)用重復(fù)手段時(shí)也必然有一些相同和不同的地方,應(yīng)恰當(dāng)處理。
2.7.1 代替
① 自從這一回乘了火車之后,二十余年中,我對(duì)火車不斷地發(fā)生關(guān)系。至少每年乘三四次,有時(shí)每月乘三四次,至多每日乘三四次。
Since I first took a train, I have constantly taken it for some twenty plus years, at least three or four times per year, sometimes the same number per month and that same number per day.
② 那時(shí)候乘火車這件事在我覺得非常新奇而有趣。
Then taking a train for me was fairly fresh and interesting.
③ 這種經(jīng)驗(yàn)是我向來所沒有的,怎不教我感到新奇而有趣呢?
Since such experience was completely new to me, how could it fail to make me feel fancy and funny?
2.7.2 部分重復(fù)
譯例:以前買了車票熱烈地盼望車子快到。現(xiàn)在也盼望車子快到,但不是熱烈地而是焦灼地。意思是要它快些來載我赴目的地。以前上車總要揀個(gè)靠窗的好位置,現(xiàn)在不拘,但求有得坐。以前在車中不絕地觀賞窗內(nèi)窗外的人物景色,現(xiàn)在都不要看了,一上車就拿出一冊(cè)書來,不顧環(huán)境的動(dòng)靜,只管埋頭在書中,直到目的地的達(dá)到。
Previously, I looked forward to the arrival of the train after buying a ticket. Now, I still expected the train to come, but anxiously, not eagerly. I hoped it come earlier to take me to the destination. Before, I had always taken a good window seat once I boarded, but now I didn’t stick to a window seat and only wished a vacant one for me. Formerly, I kept observing people and enjoying views in and out of the window when taking a train, but now I didn’t want to see anything.
2.7.3 全部重復(fù)
譯例:前者所見都是可喜的,后者所見卻大多數(shù)是可驚的,可笑的,可悲的。
In the first stage, the sights I enjoyed were gratifying but now they were mostly astonishing, ridiculous and lamentable.
我看到這種車廂社會(huì)里的狀態(tài),覺得可驚,又覺得可笑、可悲。
Witnessing these phenomena on the train, I felt them astonishing, ridiculous and lamentable.
回想自己乘火車的三時(shí)期的心境,也覺得可驚,可笑,又可悲。
Recalling the states of mind in these three periods on a train, I also felt them astonishing, ridiculous and lamentable.
2.8 比喻性詞語的譯法
比喻性詞語是指一些利用事物之間的相似特征通過具體形象來比喻某事物的詞、詞組或句子。運(yùn)用比喻性詞語,是為了使語言生動(dòng)、逼真、富有感染力,是一種重要的修辭手段。漢語和英語都有豐富的比喻性詞語,但因使用漢英兩種語言的人有著不同的民族歷史和風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,對(duì)比喻性詞語的使用也有所不同。翻譯時(shí)必須注意這一差別,力求能正確地表達(dá)原文思想內(nèi)容,同時(shí)又能保持原文語言的修辭效果。
2.8.1 直譯法
① 我看見最外邊的椅子頗有些灰塵,恐怕里面的椅子或有更多的灰塵與齷齪,將污損我的新制的淡青灰嗶嘰長(zhǎng)衫的屁股部分,弄得好像被摩登破壞團(tuán)射了鏹水一般。
I noticed some dust on it and worried there might be more on the unseen chairs which would stain the bottom of my new grayish serge gown and then make it look as if it were ruined by the strong acid thrown by modern saboteurs.
② 望見窗外的電線木如同柵欄一樣。
Sitting on the train, you may see the wooden wire poles looked like fences.
2.8.2 意譯法
譯例:我聽了這些話而想象火車,以為這大概是炮彈流星似的兇猛唐突的東西,覺得可怕。
Hearing these, I imagined, the train was probably a fearful thing as fierce as cannonballs and as abrupt as a shooting star.
2.9 長(zhǎng)句的處理
長(zhǎng)句指的是字?jǐn)?shù)較多、結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜、含有多層意思的句子。漢語和英語都有長(zhǎng)句,但在句子的結(jié)構(gòu)上差異很大。所以,在翻譯時(shí)要講究方法,否則就難以準(zhǔn)確清晰地傳達(dá)原文的各層意思。在處理長(zhǎng)句時(shí),經(jīng)常碰到的問題是如何斷句和區(qū)分主從。
2.9.1 斷句
譯例:他笑了,從藤床上坐起身來,向茶盤里端起一杯菊花茶來喝了一口,慢慢地、一五一十地把這一天赴親友家作客而受異常優(yōu)禮的招待的經(jīng)過情形描摹給我聽。
He sat up from the cany bed with a smile and picked up a cup of chrysanthemum tea from the tray. After taking a sip, he described to me, little by little, how he was treated at his relative’s place in detail.
分析:逗號(hào)變句號(hào);動(dòng)詞變介詞短語;邏輯連詞,謂語動(dòng)詞變分詞狀語;語序,名詞短語變動(dòng)詞短語。
2.9.2 區(qū)分主從
譯例:有的人沒有行李,把身子扭轉(zhuǎn)來,教一個(gè)屁股和一支大腿占據(jù)了兩個(gè)人的坐位,而悠閑地憑在窗中吸煙。他把大烏龜殼似的一個(gè)背部向著他的右鄰,而用一支橫置的左大腿來拒遠(yuǎn)他的左鄰。
If without luggage, some twist their bodies to occupy two seats with the help of his bottom and thigh, and then they just lean against the window and smoke leisurely. They turn their backs which are like big tortoise shells to their right neighbors and keep from their left neighbors with a stretching left thigh.
分析:長(zhǎng)句一般都需要拆分,同時(shí)注意區(qū)分主從關(guān)系。
2.10 標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的轉(zhuǎn)換
在書面語里標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)用來表示各句之間和句子各成分之間的關(guān)系,使文字所反映的思想內(nèi)容明確清楚,易為讀者了解。在翻譯中,要使譯文準(zhǔn)確、通順,就不能忽視對(duì)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的運(yùn)用和轉(zhuǎn)換。原文的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)不應(yīng)當(dāng)也不可能原封不動(dòng)地搬到譯文中來。這不僅因?yàn)橛⒄Z標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)與漢語標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)有某些不同之處,而且因?yàn)闈h譯英后語言結(jié)構(gòu)必然發(fā)生變化,標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的運(yùn)用也必須作相應(yīng)的變動(dòng)。
譯例:有一位天性真率的青年,赴親友家作客,歸家的晚上,垂頭喪氣地跑進(jìn)我的房間來,躺在藤床上,不動(dòng)亦不語。
A frank young man paid a visit to his relative. When he returned at night, he walked crestfallen into my room and lay on the cany bed, still and silently.
2.11 習(xí)語的譯法
漢英兩種語言都有極為豐富的習(xí)語。習(xí)語是長(zhǎng)期沿習(xí)使用的定型詞組或短句。習(xí)語一般具有結(jié)構(gòu)緊嚴(yán)、形式簡(jiǎn)練、含義精品、形象鮮明、表達(dá)生動(dòng)等特點(diǎn),因而為人們所喜聞樂用,廣泛流傳。漢語的習(xí)語在廣義上包括成語、俗語、諺語、歇后語、格言和方言等,類別繁多,民族特色突出。正因?yàn)槿绱?,?xí)語的翻譯也比較復(fù)雜。但是只要注意到原文的思想內(nèi)容,聯(lián)系上下文和語言就夠的整體,避免死譯硬譯,困難是可以克服的。在文本的習(xí)語翻譯里,本著異化的翻譯策略和原則,主要采取直譯和直譯加注的處理方法。
2.11.1 直譯
譯例:心境一變,以前看厭了的東西也會(huì)重新有起意義來,仿佛“溫故而知新”似的。
Once the state of mind changed, the thing I used to be tired of seeing began to make sense, just as reflecting on the past can make the present more understandable.
2.11.2 采用相應(yīng)的英語譯法
譯例:我知道他正在等候我去打開他的話匣子來。
I knew he was waiting for me to turn on the gas.
2.12 文化意象的譯法
① 這光景定是疑心我是竊了他家廳上的宣德香爐而趕出來捉我去送公安局。
I would have taken his undue reception for an arrest to the police station for his suspecting me of stealing his most prized censer in the hall which was produced during the reign of Emperor Xuan De in Ming Dynasty.
② 他的袒開的左手所照著的,是一排八仙椅子。
His left hand directed towards a row of chairs for the Eight Immortals Table, which was an old-fashioned square table capable of seating eight people.
異化翻譯主要的目的是文化交流,從讀者閱讀譯作的目的出發(fā),讓目的語讀者了解本國(guó)文化,同時(shí),源語文化移植進(jìn)目的語的做法將會(huì)豐富目的語文化和目的語的語言表達(dá)方式。實(shí)際上,散文原文的句法結(jié)構(gòu)是散文的精髓所在,好的譯者不會(huì)不顧源語的語言形式而強(qiáng)硬地進(jìn)行歸化翻譯。如果不顧源語的句法結(jié)構(gòu)和語義,隨意調(diào)整或更改句式或語義,以取得迎合讀者口味的效果,這樣的翻譯已經(jīng)不能成其為翻譯,而是改寫了。散文作者的思想情感,勢(shì)必會(huì)受損變調(diào)。面臨中國(guó)文化走出去的時(shí)代,異化視角下的翻譯實(shí)踐則在一定程度上令譯者重視中國(guó)文化和漢語的語言表達(dá)習(xí)慣,利于中華文化的傳播與溝通。
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2016-03-28
本研究得到佛山市哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(項(xiàng)目編號(hào):2015-QN09)的資助。