文/唐春吾

識(shí)別陷阱巧奪高分
——閱讀理解題的常見(jiàn)命題陷阱

文/唐春吾

閱讀理解題在考試中占有很大的比重，所以我們常說(shuō)“得閱讀者得天下”。實(shí)際上，命題人設(shè)計(jì)干擾項(xiàng)是有規(guī)律可循的。所以，我們除了要努力提升閱讀基本功，掃清詞句障礙外，還需熟悉常見(jiàn)的命題陷阱，掌握基本的命題思路，把握知己知彼的戰(zhàn)斗格局，在備考中少走彎路、提升效率。

總體來(lái)看，中考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解題的命題陷阱主要有以下幾種情況:

一、以偏概全

【陷阱表現(xiàn)】常在文章主旨大意類(lèi)題目的干擾項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)。干擾項(xiàng)表現(xiàn)為概括范圍太窄或太寬，或者為無(wú)關(guān)信息。

【破解策略】正確答案需能概括全文主旨大意，內(nèi)容全面，或升華主題內(nèi)容。若所給答案僅對(duì)其中某一部分內(nèi)容進(jìn)行歸納，則需注意識(shí)別陷阱。

【中考真題1】（2015年南京卷，保留原題號(hào)）Nowadays，the food that you buy comes from many different countries.Have a look in your fridge，cupboard，and fruit bow l and check the origins（來(lái)源）of the food.Perhaps there are apples from California，lamb from New Zealand，or potatoes from Egypt.You will probably be surprised how far food travels to get to your p late.This journey，from“field to plate”，is called“food miles”.A food mile is the distance that food travels from the farmer's field to the person who buys the food.Nowadays，food often travels thousands of miles to get to the consumer（消費(fèi)者）.Why is this，and what are the effects（影響）of these long distances？

Traditionally，farmers sold their food in the local market so the food didn't have to travel very far.The consumers also did not travel very far，because they went to their local market to buy the food.This was a good system for farmers and consumers.How ever，the re were some disadvantages.For example，consumers could only buy food that farmers produced locally.In addition，they could only get food that was in season.Now，because of modern technology，food com es from a ll over the world.We do not have to wait for spring or summer to buy straw berries or tomatoes.They are available in winter if we want.

Some countries have to import（進(jìn)口）most of their food.This is because they have difficult climates.The United Arab Emirates（UAE），for example，gets 85%of its food from other countries.Even food made in the UAE often uses imported materials.

What's wrong with“food miles”？Is this not a good way of increasing international trade？I believe these miles are worrying for a number of reasons. First of all，because food travels such long distances，we need more planes，lorries，and ships to move the food.This means we use more oil or petrol，so there is more pollution and more global（全球的）warming.In addition，food that travels a long way is not fresh and usually not very tasty.Tomatoes，for example，are picked early and stored for their long journey.For this reason，they are usually taste less when they get to the consumer.Local food has a better taste，and it also reduces the amount of global pollution.We need to buy more local food.

40.Th is passage is mainly about.

A.how local food travels from field to p late

B.what“food miles”is and its effects

C.how some countries import their food

D.where different kinds of food come from

解析：這是一篇說(shuō)明文，文章主旨大意為講述food miles的定義、由來(lái)及其帶來(lái)的影響，所以答案為B。文章中確實(shí)有涉及A、C、D三個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容，但并非主要講述的內(nèi)容，干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置的方法均為以偏概全。

二、偷梁換柱

【陷阱表現(xiàn)】所給選項(xiàng)的絕大部分內(nèi)容與原文一致，但其中有部分內(nèi)容被替換了。

【破解策略】仔細(xì)比較所給選項(xiàng)與原文內(nèi)容，為避免漏洞，畫(huà)出原文中的語(yǔ)句并標(biāo)出不同之處。

【中考真題2】（2015年河南卷，保留原題號(hào)）There is little doubt that house cats first developed naturally from ancient wild cats.The closest relative is the African wild cat which still lives in Africa today.This is understandable because the first house cats came from Africa.

Cats firs t started to live around people in Egypt about 6，000—7，000 years ago.①From Egypt，cats started to move around the world.This is about the same time that Egyptians began storing grain（谷物）in buildings.Scientists used to believe that people tamed cats to catch mice and protect the grain.How ever，cats don't like to be told what to do！Now，Scientists believe that cats followed the mice and learned to accept people.Finally，some of the cats began to grow comfortable around people. These were smaller cats that needed protection.As these cats and people got used to each other，then they moved in together.Around 5，000 years ago，cats started to live with people.

Soon cats were in Greece，then the Middle East and China.They moved along Egyptian business roads keeping away mice and keeping people around them.After the Romans came to Egypt，they also accepted the cats and brought them to Europe. These cats likely bred（繁殖）with other cats to form the many kinds o f house cats we have today.

Cats are relatively recent house animals.②House cats still have a lot in comm on with their wild relatives.③Cats sleep a lot to save energy just like wild cats.They w ill often get food at night as w ell.House cats are generally peaceful and friendly，but be careful！If a cat fee ls it is in danger，it w ill fight back―just like a wild cat！

53.According to the text，which of the following is true？

A.Cats started to move around the world from China.

B.Cats get food at night to save energy like wild cats.

C.Cats have little in common with their wild relatives.

D.Cats were accepted and brought to Europe by Romans.

解析：文中第①句為干擾項(xiàng)A的來(lái)源句，但原句中的起源地被替換成了China，第③句為干擾項(xiàng)B的來(lái)源句，但原文中sleep a lot to save energy被替換成了get food at night，第②句為干擾項(xiàng)C的來(lái)源句，但原文中have a lot in common被替換成了have little in common，所以不正確。正確答案為D，原文信息為波浪線畫(huà)線部分。

三、無(wú)中生有

【陷阱表現(xiàn)】干擾項(xiàng)信息在文中根本沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)過(guò)，這種情況既有干擾項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容完全為杜撰的，也有少量信息為杜撰的導(dǎo)致答案錯(cuò)誤。

【破解策略】務(wù)必在閱讀理解文章中去尋找所給選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容存在的依據(jù)并仔細(xì)對(duì)比，確保答案所述內(nèi)容與原文沒(méi)有意義上的出入。

【中考真題3】（2015年陜西卷，有刪節(jié)，保留原題號(hào)）Edinburgh International Book Festival ...Kids also like it because they can listen to stories and watch artists draw pictures of the stories.

45.Kids like the Edinburgh International Book Festival because they can watch artists draw their favorite pictures.

解析：通過(guò)比對(duì)原文與第45題的內(nèi)容，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)their favorite為命題者無(wú)中生有弄出來(lái)的干擾內(nèi)容，文中并沒(méi)有提藝術(shù)家們所畫(huà)的是否為他們最喜歡的畫(huà)，與原文不符。

四、張冠李戴

【陷阱表現(xiàn)】本來(lái)該句大意為講述A的情況，但在干擾項(xiàng)中卻被用于描述B。

【破解策略】仔細(xì)閱讀并比較原文和選項(xiàng)，將所有選項(xiàng)涉及的內(nèi)容在原文中標(biāo)記出來(lái)，以防不細(xì)致比對(duì)而導(dǎo)致失誤。

【中考真題4】（2015年蘇州卷，保留原題號(hào)）...A few of you asked whether the French really eat snails（蝸牛）.The answer is yes.We went out to dinner the other day，and our parents ordered some.We each tried one and it didn't taste too bad. The snails，called escargots，are served with lots of butter.They fee l a little rubbery when you bite into them，but they don't really have much taste.Mum's favorite food here is the French pastries.Dad loves the red wine.Our favorite is the fresh b read from the shop down the street...

30.Jack's favorite food in France is

A.tasty snails B.French pastries C.fresh bread D.red wine

解析：文中列舉了一系列的食物，而這正是命題者用于設(shè)置干擾項(xiàng)的來(lái)源。tasty snails為法國(guó)人吃的食物，F(xiàn)rench pastries為作者的媽媽最喜歡的食物，red wine為作者的父親最喜歡的食物，若不注意這些食物的主語(yǔ)，很容易錯(cuò)選答案。文中提到作者和他父母都喜歡的食物為fresh bread，所以正確答案為C。

五、形近障目

【陷阱表現(xiàn)】因選項(xiàng)中的詞或表述與原文有較大的相似性而容易讓人迷惑。

【破解策略】選項(xiàng)閱讀需細(xì)致，并細(xì)致揣摩、比對(duì)原文與選項(xiàng)，確定語(yǔ)意的異同。

【中考真題5】（2015年河南卷，保留原題號(hào)）...The king called all his falconers together and ordered them to try every way they could to make the other falcon fly.But none of them succeeded.One day，while the king was taking a walk in the forest，an idea came to his mind.Maybe someone who knew the natural environment well could solve this problem.He sent for a farmer who lived in the forest into his palace to train it at once.

46.What did the king do after he got two falcons？

A.He kept them on the branch of a tree.

B.He sent them to a farmer in the forest.

C.He made the best falconer train them to fly.

D.He set them free and let them fly in the sky.

解析：此題答案為C，其中B項(xiàng)為形近障目的干擾項(xiàng)。原文中最后一句話(huà)He sent for a farmer who lived in the forest...意為“他派人去請(qǐng)來(lái)一個(gè)住在森林里的農(nóng)夫”，而B(niǎo)選項(xiàng)意思則被更改為“他把它們送給了森林里的一個(gè)農(nóng)民”。解題時(shí)如果不注意send...to...與send for sb.之間的區(qū)別，我們就很容易落入命題者的陷阱。