雷鈞杰,張永強,賽力汗·賽,薛麗華,喬 旭,張宏芝,于建新,馮 兵,梁玉超,王 成,陳興武
(1.新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院糧食作物研究所,烏魯木齊 830091;2.農(nóng)業(yè)部荒漠綠洲作物生理生態(tài)與耕作重點實驗室,烏魯木齊 830091;3.新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院核技術(shù)生物技術(shù)研究所,烏魯木齊 830091; 4 .奇臺縣農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣中心,新疆奇臺 831800);5.新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院,烏魯木齊 830052);
施氮量對滴灌冬小麥干物質(zhì)積累、分配及轉(zhuǎn)運特征的影響
雷鈞杰1,2,張永強1,2,賽力汗·賽1,2,薛麗華1,2,喬 旭1,2,張宏芝2,3,于建新4,馮 兵4,梁玉超5,王 成5,陳興武1,2
(1.新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院糧食作物研究所,烏魯木齊 830091;2.農(nóng)業(yè)部荒漠綠洲作物生理生態(tài)與耕作重點實驗室,烏魯木齊 830091;3.新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院核技術(shù)生物技術(shù)研究所,烏魯木齊 830091; 4 .奇臺縣農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣中心,新疆奇臺 831800);5.新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院,烏魯木齊 830052);
【目的】揭示不同施氮量對滴灌冬小麥干物質(zhì)積累及轉(zhuǎn)運特征的影響。【方法】大田滴灌條件下,通過設(shè)置180 kg/hm2(N1)、240 kg/hm2(N2)、300 kg/hm2(N3)、360 kg/hm2(N4)4個施氮量處理,研究不同施氮量對冬小麥干物質(zhì)積累、分配、轉(zhuǎn)運及產(chǎn)量的影響?!窘Y(jié)果】隨著施氮量的增加,整個生育進程中冬小麥群體干物質(zhì)積累量基本呈N3>N4>N2>N1變化規(guī)律;冬小麥籽粒產(chǎn)量的形成以花后同化物轉(zhuǎn)移貢獻為主,花前同化物對籽粒的貢獻率在27.41%~38.12%,花后為61.88%~72.59%;產(chǎn)量最高為9 540.15 kg/hm2(N3處理),分別較N1、N2、N4處理產(chǎn)量提高了24.72%、14.44%和6.23%,達顯著或極顯著性差異水平?!窘Y(jié)論】滴灌冬小麥的最適施氮量為300 kg/hm2。
施氮量;冬小麥;干物質(zhì)積累;轉(zhuǎn)運;產(chǎn)量
【研究意義】小麥?zhǔn)切陆钪饕募Z食作物,其生產(chǎn)對保證自治區(qū)糧食安全至關(guān)重要,氮素作為小麥體內(nèi)蛋白質(zhì)、核酸、葉綠素和一些激素等的重要組成部分,是限制小麥生長和產(chǎn)量形成的主要因素[1],故合理的施氮量已成為小麥栽培中最重要的增產(chǎn)措施之一[2]。近年來,隨著滴灌節(jié)水技術(shù)在小麥栽培上的應(yīng)用推廣,滴灌小麥栽培面積不斷擴大,截止目前已達到18×104hm2(270萬畝),但是,目前滴灌小麥滴灌施肥技術(shù)仍然存在不規(guī)范、不合理等問題,使滴灌小麥產(chǎn)量和經(jīng)濟效益未得到充分發(fā)揮。因此,研究施氮量對滴灌冬小麥干物質(zhì)積累與轉(zhuǎn)運特征的影響,探索滴灌冬小麥合理的施氮量,對于提高肥料利用效率和小麥產(chǎn)量具有重要現(xiàn)實意義。【前人研究進展】關(guān)于氮肥對小麥生長發(fā)育的影響,相關(guān)學(xué)者研究頗多,研究內(nèi)容主要有,施氮量對春小麥干物質(zhì)積累、產(chǎn)量、氮肥利用率及氮平衡[3-4]、對旱地小麥氮素吸收轉(zhuǎn)運[5]、籽粒灌漿特性、光合特性和產(chǎn)量的影響[6-7]以及施氮量對不同基追比[8]、追氮時期[9]及施肥頻率[10]對小麥生長和產(chǎn)量的影響?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c】目前研究多集中在漫灌條件下,而針對滴灌小麥?zhǔn)┑繂栴}的研究報道較少[11-12],且目前針對滴灌冬小麥?zhǔn)┓始夹g(shù)、適宜的施氮量尚不明確?!緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問題】在大田滴灌條件下,設(shè)置不同的施氮量,研究不同施氮量對滴灌冬小麥干物質(zhì)積累動態(tài)變化及其轉(zhuǎn)運、分配特征,揭示施氮量對冬小麥產(chǎn)量形成影響的規(guī)律,確定滴灌冬小麥適宜的施氮量,為其高產(chǎn)高效栽培的科學(xué)施肥提供理論依據(jù)。
1.1 材 料
試驗于2012~2013年在新疆奇臺縣西地鎮(zhèn)西地村進行,試驗區(qū)位于E89°13′,N43°25′,年均日照時數(shù)2 280~3 230 h,年均氣溫4.7 ℃。年均降雨量176 mm,蒸發(fā)量2 141 mm。極端最高氣溫39 ℃,極端最低氣溫-37.3 ℃。全年無霜期156 d。試驗地土壤為灌溉灰漠土,播前0~20 cm土壤有機質(zhì)2.84%,堿解氮52.22 mg/kg,速效磷20.20 mg/kg,速效鉀237 mg/kg。翻地前基施純氮94.5 kg/hm2;在冬小麥灌漿初期和中期每處理均滴施KH2PO4(98%)各1次,每次滴施22.5 kg/hm2。全生育期各處理滴水總量均為4 650 m3/hm2,各處理越冬前滴水900 m3/hm2,起身期至成熟期灌水3 750 m3/hm2。
1.2 方 法
1.2.1 試驗設(shè)計
采用單因素隨機區(qū)組試驗設(shè)計,在大田滴灌條件下,以施氮量(純氮)為試驗因子,共設(shè)置180 kg/hm2(N1)、240 kg/hm2(N2)、300 kg/hm2(N3)、360 kg/hm2(N4)4個處理,供試品種新冬22號,于2012年9月28日播種,行距15 cm,基本苗570×104株/hm2,小區(qū)面積36 m2(3.6 m×10 m),重復(fù)3次。滴灌帶采用1管4行的布置方式,毛管間距60 cm。列出各處理施肥時期及施肥量。表1
表1 各處理施氮量及施氮時期(kg/hm2)
Table 1 Quantities and date of nitrogen fertilizer rate by different treatments
處理Treatments基肥Basefertilizer起身期Standingstage拔節(jié)期Jointingstage孕穗期Bootingstage開花期Anthesisstage總量TotalN194 517 134 217 117 1180N294 529 158 229 129 1240N394 541 182 241 141 1300N494 553 1106 253 153 1360
1.2.2 測定項目
1.2.2.1 小麥群體動態(tài)調(diào)查
基本苗、冬前總莖數(shù)、返青總莖數(shù)、起身期總莖數(shù)、收獲穗數(shù)。
1.2.2.2 干物質(zhì)積累量測定
于冬小麥拔節(jié)期、孕穗期、開花期,花后10 d、花后20 d、花后30 d、成熟期,每處理每重復(fù)取20株小麥鮮樣,剪去根,將植株分為葉片、莖鞘、穎殼和穗軸、籽粒部分,放入105 ℃烘箱中殺青15 min,80 ℃烘24 h至恒重后稱干重,分別測定各部分的干物質(zhì)重。
干物質(zhì)積累與轉(zhuǎn)運量的計算方法如下[13]:
花前同化物轉(zhuǎn)運量(kg)=開花期干物重(kg)-成熟期營養(yǎng)器官干重(kg)。
花后同化物轉(zhuǎn)運量(kg)=成熟期籽粒干重(kg)-花前同化物轉(zhuǎn)運量(kg)。
花前同化物轉(zhuǎn)運率(%)=花前同化物轉(zhuǎn)運量(kg)/開花期營養(yǎng)器官干重(kg)×100%。
花后同化物轉(zhuǎn)運率(%)=花后同化物轉(zhuǎn)運量(kg)/[收獲時全株干重(kg)-開花時全株干重(kg)] ×100%。
花前同化物對籽粒的貢獻率(%)=花前同化物轉(zhuǎn)運量(kg)/成熟期籽粒干重(kg) ×100%。
花后同化物對籽粒的貢獻率(%)=花后同化物轉(zhuǎn)運量(kg)/成熟期籽粒干重(kg)×100%。
1.2.2.3 測產(chǎn)與考種
在小麥成熟期,分別從各小區(qū)選取具有代表性的樣點4 m2(2 m×2 m),實收測產(chǎn)。同時每小區(qū)選取20株,用于調(diào)查單株生物重、穗粒數(shù)和千粒重。
1.3 數(shù)據(jù)處理
采用DPS 7.05和Excel 2003軟件進行處理數(shù)據(jù)和統(tǒng)計分析。
2.1 施氮量對滴灌冬小麥干物質(zhì)積累的影響
干物質(zhì)是光合作用的產(chǎn)物,較高的干物質(zhì)是小麥產(chǎn)量形成的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。不同施氮量條件下,滴灌冬小麥群體干物質(zhì)積累總體變化趨勢基本一致,從拔節(jié)到花后20 d干物質(zhì)積累較為迅速,之后趨于平緩,大致呈“S”型變化趨勢。但不同的生育階段,干物質(zhì)積累差異不同,具體為開花期以前處理間差異較小,開花期之后處理間差異日趨明顯,但整個生育過程中基本表現(xiàn)為:N3>N4>N2>N1。進一步分析可知,各處理干物質(zhì)均在成熟期達到最大,最大值為21 648.60 kg/hm2(N3處理),較N1、N2、N4三個處理分別增加了11.31%、7.11%和4.80%,其與N1處理差異達極顯著水平(P<0.01)、與N2處理差異達顯著水平(P<0.05),與N4處理差異不顯著,在一定范圍,增加施氮量可以提高滴灌冬小麥群體干物質(zhì)積累量,但施氮量過高干物質(zhì)積累量增加并不顯著。圖1
圖1 不同施氮量下滴灌冬小麥群體干物質(zhì)積累動態(tài)變化
Fig.1 The dynamic change of dry matter accumulation under different nitrogen applic- ationrate of winter wheat under drip irrigation
表2 不同施氮量下滴灌冬小麥干物質(zhì)分配特征(%)
注:大小寫字母分別表示差異達到0.01和0.05顯著水平,下同
Note:The capital lowercase letters indicate significant difference at 0.01 and 0.05 level,respectively,the same as below
2.2 施氮量對滴灌冬小麥干物質(zhì)分配特征的影響
干物質(zhì)積累與分配的過程是產(chǎn)量形成的過程。小麥各器官干物質(zhì)分配率達到峰值的時間不同,葉片所占比例在拔節(jié)期達到最大,而后隨著生育進程的推進呈現(xiàn)出不斷降低的趨勢,小麥該生育時期不同施氮量條件下,N2處理葉片占比例最大為49.82%,分別較N1、N3、N4處理增加了4.58、2.53和3.55個百分點,至成熟期,N3處理所占比例最小,低于最高處理N1達10.61%;不同施氮量處理莖鞘所占比例呈先增后降的變化趨勢,均在孕穗期達到最大,以N3處理最高,較其它三個處理依次高出2.785%、1.42%和3.55%;穗所占比例呈不斷增加趨勢,各處理均在成熟期達到最大值,且所占比例均達68%以上,其中N3處理最高可達70.4%,不同處理呈隨施氮量增加,穗所占比例先增后降的態(tài)勢,由此表明在一定范圍內(nèi)增加施氮量可增加前期干物質(zhì)向營養(yǎng)器官的分配比例,同時在小麥轉(zhuǎn)入生殖生長階段時促進干物質(zhì)向穗的分配。表2
2.3 施氮量對滴灌冬小麥花前和花后同化物轉(zhuǎn)運的影響
不同施氮量處理對滴灌冬小麥花前、花后同化物轉(zhuǎn)運量、轉(zhuǎn)運率和對籽粒產(chǎn)量的貢獻率均有顯著的影響。隨著施氮量的增加,花前、花后同化物轉(zhuǎn)運量呈“先增后降”的變化趨勢,且均在N3處理達到最大,分別為3 240.23和5 418.47 kg/hm2,較N1、N2、N4分別相應(yīng)增加了85.07%、60.28%、1.46%和16.88%、8.08%、4.53%,花前同化物轉(zhuǎn)運量N3處理與N1、N2處理達到了極顯著差異(P<0.01),花后同化物轉(zhuǎn)運量N3處理與N1、N2處理達到了顯著差異水平(P<0.5),其中與N1處理達到了極顯著差異水平(P<0.01)。表明增施氮肥能顯著促進滴灌冬小麥花前同化物轉(zhuǎn)運?;ㄇ?、花后同化物轉(zhuǎn)運率均隨著施氮量的增加呈N4>N3>N2>N1的變化規(guī)律。對籽粒的貢獻率花前為N4>N3>N2>N1,花后為N1>N2>N3>N4,花前、花后同化物的轉(zhuǎn)運量均會影響冬小麥籽粒產(chǎn)量的形成,但以花后影響較大。表3
表3 不同施氮量下滴灌冬小麥花前和花后同化物轉(zhuǎn)運變化
Table 3 Effects of different nitrogen rates on on assimilation transportation after and before anthesis of winter wheat under drip irrigation
處理Treatments花前同化物Assimilationbeforeanthesis花后同化物Assimilationafteranthesis轉(zhuǎn)運量Transportation(kg/hm2)轉(zhuǎn)運率Transportatingrate(%)對籽粒貢獻率Contributionrate(%)轉(zhuǎn)運量Transportation(kg/hm2)轉(zhuǎn)運率Transportatingrate(%)對籽粒貢獻率Contributionrate(%)N11750 81cC16 55cB27 41cB4635 80cB52 27cC72 59aAN22021 56bB17 65bB28 74bB5013 30bAB57 23bBC71 26aAN33240 23aA24 85aA37 42aA5418 47aA62 95aAB62 58bBN43193 70aA25 18aA38 12aA5183 92aA65 01aA61 88bB
2.4 不同施氮量處理對滴灌冬小麥產(chǎn)量及產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素的影響
隨著施氮量的增加,單位面積的穗數(shù)呈增加趨勢,但處理間無差異;穗粒數(shù)呈“先增后降”的變化趨勢,以N3處理最多為36.10粒,比N1、N2處理分別增加了13.99%、7.97%,均達到顯著差異水平(P<0.05),其中與N1處理達到了極顯著差異水平(P<0.01);比N4處理增加了4.09%,差異不顯著。千粒重隨著施氮量的增加表現(xiàn)為N3>N4>N2>N1,最高的N3處理與N1處理之間差異顯著(P<0.05),但與N2、N4處理之間差異不顯著。產(chǎn)量以N3處理最高,為9 540.15 kg/hm2,分別較N1、N2、N4處理產(chǎn)量提高了24.72%、14.44%和6.23%,處理間達到了顯著或極顯著差異水平,說明適宜施氮量可以協(xié)調(diào)冬小麥構(gòu)成因素的關(guān)系,可以提高產(chǎn)量,過量施氮反而會導(dǎo)致減產(chǎn)。表4
表4 不同施氮量下滴灌冬小麥產(chǎn)量和產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素
Table 4 Effects of different nitrogen rates on yield and yield components of winter wheat under drip irrigation
處理Treatments穗數(shù)Spikenumber(104spilks/hm2)穗粒數(shù)Grainsperspike千粒重1000-grainweight(g)產(chǎn)量Yield(kg/hm2)N1572 85aA31 67cB42 27bA7649 53cCN2588 45aA33 49bAB42 46abA8336 63bBCN3598 80aA36 10aA44 45aA9540 15aAN4601 50aA34 68aAB43 05aA8980 24bAB
研究表明,在一定范圍內(nèi),小麥干物質(zhì)的積累量隨施氮量的增加而增大,但超出這個范圍時,干物質(zhì)的積累量不增反降[14-15]。研究結(jié)果顯示,增加施氮量可以提高滴灌冬小麥群體干物質(zhì)積累量,但施氮量過高干物質(zhì)積累量反而降低,尤其是生育后期,與施氮量為300 kg/hm2的處理差異逐漸增大,這與前人研究結(jié)果一致。適量增施氮肥能夠促進開花前營養(yǎng)器官貯存的干物質(zhì)在花后向籽粒的轉(zhuǎn)運,從而提高籽粒產(chǎn)量[16]。屈會娟等[17]研究表明,小麥開花前光合同化的干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運對籽粒的貢獻占21%~37%,而花后干物質(zhì)對籽粒的貢獻率均在60%以上,研究結(jié)果與其吻合。研究結(jié)果表明,不同施氮量條件下,滴灌冬小麥花前同化物對籽粒的貢獻率在27.41%~38.12%,花后為61.88%~72.59%,滴灌冬小麥籽粒產(chǎn)量的形成同樣以花后同化物轉(zhuǎn)移貢獻為主,但適當(dāng)增施氮肥可以有效促進花前營養(yǎng)器官儲存的同化物向籽粒的轉(zhuǎn)移。
氮肥對滴灌冬小麥的干物質(zhì)積累、轉(zhuǎn)運及產(chǎn)量的形成均有明顯的影響,隨著施氮量的增加,不同生育時期,各處理冬小麥干物質(zhì)積累基本呈N3>N4>N2>N1變化規(guī)律,且處理間干物質(zhì)在莖鞘、葉及穗分配規(guī)律一致。增施氮肥能促進花前干物質(zhì)向籽粒轉(zhuǎn)運,進而提高籽粒產(chǎn)量。試驗條件下,滴灌冬小麥的適宜的施氮量為300 kg/hm2(N3處理),產(chǎn)量最高為9 540.15 kg/hm2。
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Fund project:Supported by Training Program for Youth Science and Technology Innovation Talents of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "Research into Accumulation and Translocation Characteristics of Dry Matter in Wheat Canopy under Drip Irrigation by Different Water and Nitrogen Regulations (2013721029); Open Subject of Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Desert Oasis Region, Ministry of Agriculture "The Effects of the Amount of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on the Regulation System of Quality Formation of Winter Wheat under Drip Irrigation", The Science and Technology Support Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region " Research into the Key Technology for the Production of High Yield and Efficiency Wheat under Drip Irrigation" (201231103), and the Special Fund for the Modern Agricultural Technology System Construction "The Comprehensive Experimental Station in Xinjiang of the National Wheat Industry Technology System" (CARS-3-65).
Effects of Different Nitrogen Application Rates on Dry Matter Accumulation, Distribution and Translocation in Winter Wheat under Drip Irrigation
LEI Jun-jie1,2, ZHANG Yong-qiang1,2, SAI Li han Sai1,2, XUE Li-hua1,2, QIAO Xu1,2,ZHANG Hong-zhi2,3, YU Jian-xin4, FENG Bing4, LIANG Yu-chao5,WANG Cheng5, CHEN Xing-wu1,2
(1.ResearchInstituteofGrainCrops,XinjiangAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Urumqi830091,China; 2.KeyLaboratoryofCropEcophysiologyandFarmingSysteminDesertOasisRegion,MinistryofAgriculture,Urumqi830091,China;3.ResearchInstituteofNuclearandBiotechnologies,XinjiangAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Urumqi830091,China; 4.CenterofAgriculturalTechniquesExtensionofQitaiArea,QitaiXinjiang831800,China;5.CollegeofAgronomy,XinjiangAgriculturalUniversity,Urumqi830052,China)
【Objective】 In order to reveal the effect of different nitrogen application rates on dry matter accumulation, distribution and translocation in winter wheat under drip irrigation in Xinjiang.【Method】The pot experiment with four different treatments of 180 kg/hm2(N1), 240 kg/hm2(N2),300 kg/hm2(N3)and 360 kg/hm2(N3) was carried out to study the effects of four different amounts of nitrogen on winter-wheat dry matter accumulation, distribution, transportation and yield.【Result】The results showed that with the increasing of nitrogen application, the amount of dry matter accumulation of the winter wheat colony presented a trend of N3>N4>N2>N1in the whole growing process; the yield formation was mainly contributed by assimilative matter translocation, which accounted for from 61.88% to 72.59%, while the contribution rate of assimilative matter translocation before anthesis varied from 27.41% to 38.12%; the difference in yield among treatments was significant or very significant, and the grain yield was the highest by treatment N3(9,540.15 kg/hm2), which was 24.72%, 14.44% and 6.23% higher than those by N1,N2and N4treatment, respectively.【Conclusion】The suitable nitrogen quota was 300 kg/hm2for winter wheat under drip irrigation in local conditions.
nitrogen fertilizer rate; winter wheat; dry matter accumulation; translocation; yield
10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2016.01.010
2015-09-04
自治區(qū)青年科技創(chuàng)新人才培養(yǎng)工程項目“不同水氮調(diào)控下滴灌小麥冠層干物質(zhì)積累與運轉(zhuǎn)特征研究”(2013721029);農(nóng)業(yè)部荒漠綠洲作物生理生態(tài)與耕作重點實驗室開放課題“施氮量對滴灌冬小麥品質(zhì)形成的調(diào)控機制” ;自治區(qū)科技支撐項目“新疆小麥滴灌高產(chǎn)高效關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究”(201231103);現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系建設(shè)專項資金“國家小麥產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系新疆綜合試驗站”(CARS-3-65)
雷鈞杰(1972-),男,甘肅古浪人,研究員,研究方向為作物高產(chǎn)栽培,(E-mail)leijunjie@sohu.com
陳興武(1960-),男,陜西山陽人,研究員,研究方向為作物高產(chǎn)栽培,(E-mail)cxw0723@sina.com
S512.1+1;
A
1001-4330(2016)01-0077-07