文/五花肉

五環(huán)漫談

第一運動是怎樣煉成的

How the Most Popular Game was Tempered

文/五花肉

2004年，國際足聯(lián)確認足球起源于中國，古稱“蹴鞠”或“蹋鞠”。《戰(zhàn)國策?齊策》記載：“臨淄甚富而實，其民無不……蹋鞠者?！边@是現(xiàn)今關于足球運動最早的文字紀錄。

In 2004, FIFA verif i ed that the very earliest form of football game originated from ancient China, called Cuju or Taju. In the section Volume of State of Qi in Stratagems of the Warring States, it mentioned that Linzi is a very rich city, where all the people play... Cuju to entertain themselves, which is the earliest written record about football.

訓練標準初成體系 Initial Training Standard System

從漢代起，蹴鞠成為當時士兵訓練的重要內(nèi)容之一。東漢文學家李尤所著《鞠城銘》，短短48字概況了當時的球場形制、競技方式和比賽規(guī)則，規(guī)定球場為東西方向的長方形，兩端各設六個對稱的月牙形“鞠域”也稱“鞠室”，各由一人把守，場地四周設有圍墻；比賽分為兩隊，互有攻守，以踢進對方鞠室的次數(shù)決定勝負，初步形成了蹴鞠標準形態(tài)。

Cuju had been an important course in soldier training program since Han Dynasty. An Inscription about Cuju written by literator Li You in East Han Dynasty generally desribed the fi eld shape and rules in just 48 words, stating that the fi eld was a rectangle with eastwest direction; on each end of the court, there was six crescent-shaped goals; there were two teams, both sides had the offense and defense mutually, the winner was the team with the most shots at the opponent's goal, which had initially developed the Standard Cuju match.

唐宋時期，蹴鞠進一步發(fā)展。南宋《武林舊事》曾列出了“筑球三十二人”競賽時兩隊的名單與位置，這被認為是歷史上的第一份足球“首發(fā)名單”。蹴鞠用球也制定了嚴格的工藝標準，從唐代的“八片尖皮”進化為宋代的“十二片香皮”，規(guī)定球必須“正重十二兩”，“密砌縫成，不露線角”。

Cuju further developed in the Tang and Song Dynasties. In Southern Song Dynasty, "Anecdotes of Martial Arts"listed the total 32 players’ names and positions, which was considered as the first football initial lineup in history. The ball also had a very strict crafting standard, in which the shell was developed from eight piece leather in Tang Dynasty to twelve pieces leather in the Song Dynasty, and must conform to the requirement of dense stitching with no lint and weighed 0.6 kg.

到了清代，蹴鞠在中國逐漸衰落，而現(xiàn)代足球卻開始在歐洲蓬勃興起。

In Qing Dynasty, Cuju was on the wane in China. Meanwhile, modern football was booming in Europe.

競賽標準日益完善 The Improvement of Competition Standard

現(xiàn)代足球運動起源于19世紀中葉的英國。1863年10月26日，世界上第一個正式的足球組織——英格蘭足球協(xié)會在倫敦成立，這一天也被視為現(xiàn)代足球運動的誕生日。

Modern football originated in the mid-nineteenth century in Britain. The Football Association, the fi rstofficial football association in the world, formed in London on 26 October 1863, the day was also regarded as the birthday of modern football.

1904年5月21日，國際足球聯(lián)合會在法國巴黎成立，進一步帶動了足球運動在世界范圍的蓬勃發(fā)展，足球的硬件標準（足球設施）和軟件標準（足球比賽規(guī)則）日益完善。比如，規(guī)定標準足球場的長度105米、寬度68米，球門寬7.32米、高2.44米，比賽時間、賽程設置、裁判執(zhí)法等競技規(guī)則也日趨標準化。

FIFA was founded in Paris, France on May 21st, 1904, has further stimulated the fl ourishing of football games in the worldwide. The hardware standard (facility) and software standard (rules) has been improved. For example, the full-size football fi eld specif i es the length of the fi eld is 105 m, the width is 68 m; the width of goal is 7.32 m and the height is 2.44 m. Competition rules, such as playing time, agenda for competition and refereeing, has been increasingly standardized.

大數(shù)據(jù)助力發(fā)展 Big Data Support the Development

隨著科技的發(fā)展，大數(shù)據(jù)在現(xiàn)代足球運動中的應用越來越得到重視，最典型的個案莫過于2014年世界杯。

With the development of technology, the application of big data is more and more important in the modern football games. The 2014 World Cup is a typical case.

當時，德國隊采用大數(shù)據(jù)技術備戰(zhàn)，根據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)分析統(tǒng)計不斷優(yōu)化訓練方案，制定相應的球隊訓練、營養(yǎng)和康復標準，為幫助球隊一路闖關、最終奪冠奠定了重要的基礎。此后，世界各國紛紛效仿，并進一步把這種技術延伸到球探領域，形成了一套獨特的潛力球員選拔和發(fā)掘標準。

German national team applied big data to prepare the World Cup Games. They optimized the training program according to the data analysis and developed a series of standards for training, nutrition and recovery, which helped them to defeat all the opponents and fi nally won the game. After that, other countries follow German experience, then extend big data technology to scouting network, and develop a unique standard to spot and select potential player.

結(jié)語 Conclusion

一場精彩的足球比賽，離不開場上酣暢淋漓的競技對抗，更離不開場下看不見的標準技術支撐。從硬件設施到競技規(guī)則，從球隊管理到球員挖掘，正是這些環(huán)節(jié)的標準化體系不斷完善，才合力成就了足球“世界第一運動”的美譽。

A great football game depends on steep competition with ease and verve and also the invisible technical standards support. From the hardware to rules, from team management to potential player, the standardization system has been improved continuously, which facilitate football to acquire the reputation of the most popular game in the world.

（支持單位：上海市質(zhì)量和標準化研究院）