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非謂語動詞對比教學

2016-04-10 07:28泰來縣第三中學徐桂玲
黑龍江教育(教育與教學) 2016年3期
關鍵詞:時性動名詞分詞

?泰來縣第三中學 徐桂玲

非謂語動詞對比教學

?泰來縣第三中學 徐桂玲

非謂語動詞的用法在高考題中所占比重很大,如何讓學生輕松掌握它們的用法,在考試中能熟練應用呢?作為教師,我通過分析例句,采用對比的方法來引導學生理解和應用,經過多年的實踐總結,教學效果非常好。

非謂語動詞包括動名詞、現在分詞、不定式、過去分詞?,F依據它們在句子中的成分來進行對比分析:

一、動名詞、不定式做主語

1.時間上有區(qū)別

Playingwith fire is dangerous.(動名詞具有泛時性、經常性。)

To playwith firewillbe dangerous.(不定式具有一次性、后時性。)

(2014湖南卷)______(understand)yourown needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey youraffection and emotions.(答案Understanding,動名詞做主語。)

2.形式上有區(qū)別

To learn Englishwell isnoteasy.

=It isnoteasy to learn Englishwell.(不定式可以轉化為it做形式主語。)

(2015吉林模擬卷)Ithink itisagreathonor___(invite)tovisityourcountry.(答案to be invited,不定式做主語。)

(2014山東卷)It’sstandard practice fora company like thisone__(employ)a security officer.(答案to employ,不定式做主語。)

注意:It is+adjof/for sb.to do——形容詞是修飾人的,用介詞of;是修飾事物的,用for,常用的修飾人的詞有careless,clever,considerate,stupid,nice,silly,foolish, good,impolite,kind,naughty.

eg.①Itis very kind ofyou to tellme the truth.

②Hisarriving added to our excitement.

注意:動名詞除以下幾種句型外,不可轉為it做形式主語。

It isno use/no good/no fun doing...

二、動名詞、現在分詞、不定時、過去分詞做表語

My job is cleaning all the desks.(動名詞做表語表示泛時性和經常性,主語和表語可互換。)

He is cleaning all the desks.(現在分詞表示正在進行的動作。)

My next task is to clean all the desks.(不定式表示后時性。)

No one is paid at the end ofeverymonth.(過去分詞表示被動,但也有不表示被動而表示狀態(tài)或動作、結果的,如:bemarried,be dressed,be changed。)

注意:下列詞做主語時常用不定式做表語,wish,aim, goal,hope,idea,plan,purpose,suggestion,next.

eg.The nextmeasure is to match kinds of food with animals.

三、動名詞、不定式做賓語

(2014江西卷)When it comes to____(speak)in public,noone canmatch him.(答案speaking,做介詞賓語。)

(2014陜西卷)It’s quite hot today.Do you feel like ____(go)for aswim.(答案going,做fell like的賓語。)

1.后接不定式做賓語的動詞

2.接不定式和動名詞沒有區(qū)別的

begin/continue/like/love/prefer/start/hate,但begin,start在以下三種情況下接不定式:①主語是事物,②本身是進行時be starting to do,③不定式是表示心理狀態(tài)的start to see/realize/understand.

3.接不定式和動名詞在意義上有區(qū)別的

四、動名詞、現在分詞、過去分詞、不定式做定語,一般都是單詞做定語置前,短語做定語置后

1.thewaiting room(動名詞表用途。)

thesleepingboy(現在分詞表主動或正在進行。)

a broken glass(過去分詞表被動或動作完成。)

2.Thehouse tobebuiltnext year.(將要發(fā)生的動作。)

Thehouse built lastyear.(已經完成的動作。)

Thehouse beingbuiltnow.(正在進行的動作。)

(2014浙江卷)Amie Salmon,disabled,is attended throughout her school days by a nurse_______(appoint)to guard her.(答案appointed,做anurse的定語。)

(2014北京卷)Lastnight,thereweremillionsof people_____(watch)the opening ceremony live on TV.(答案watching,現在分詞做定語。)

(2014北京卷)There are stillmany problems_______ (solve)beforewe are ready for a long stay on themoon.(答案to be solved,做problem的定語,表后時性。)

(2015鄭州模擬卷)ShanghaiDisneyland Park,_______ (complete)in 2015,will attract tourists from all over China then.(答案to be completed,做定語,表后時性。)

3.havesth.todo/have sth.tobe done(主語是施動者用主動,否則用被動。)

eg.①The baby’smotherhad some clothes towash.

②The babyhad some clothes to bewashed.

4.當名詞被the first/thesecond/thenext/the last/theonly修飾時,常用todo做定語。

eg.①She isalways the firstone to come.

②Hewas theonlywaiter toknow the truth.

五、過去分詞、現在分詞、不定式做賓補(看賓語與賓補的關系。)

The ladywentout,with housework finished.(過去分詞與賓語是被動關系。)

The ladywentout,with the baby crying.(現在分詞與賓語是主動關系。)

The ladywentout,with the dooropen.(形容詞表賓語的狀態(tài)。)

The ladywentout,with some food to buy.(不定式表后時性。)

(2015石家莊模擬卷)Marry received an invitation to the Christmas party,butwith her homework______(finish), she refused itunwillingly.(答案unfinished,做賓補。)

六、過去分詞、現在分詞、不定式做狀語

(2014福建卷)______(spend)the pastyear asan exchange student in Hongkong,Linda appears more mature than those ofherage.(答案Having spent,做狀語。)

1.過去分詞轉化的形容詞做狀語,多為反身動詞

Dressed in red,she looksyoung for herage.

Dressingherself in red,she looks young forher age.

2.分詞的懸垂現象

The book has sold onemillion a year,making it themostpopular.(making與句子之間是主動關系。)

3.不定式做狀語

eg.To catch the early bus,he gets up early every day.(目的狀語。)

I’m glad to seeyou.(原因狀語。)

The book ishard tounderstand.(方式狀語。)

He hurried to the station,only to find the train had left.(結果狀語,出乎意料的結果。)

七、非謂語動詞的特殊用法

1.獨立主格

Spring coming,the fields are fullof life.(com ing與邏輯主語spring之間是主動關系。)

Themanwentoutof the room,food inmouth.

Theworkerswent home from work,with their task finished.(finished與task之間是被動關系。)

Ihave no time to see a film,with a lotofclothes towash.(to wash表示要做的事。)

2.compare的用法(compare to只用過去分詞做定語;com pare...to...做狀語依據和句子主語的關系,主動關系用現在分詞,被動關系用過去分詞。)

eg.①Compared to/with his car,my car can stand long distance.

②Comparing my car with yours,I can’t find the dif ference.

3.分詞的連詞化。以下分詞起到連詞的作用:considering/granted/granting/provided/providing/supposing/ assuming/seeing that.

eg.Supposing I have free time,I will go to see my grandmother.

4.分詞的介詞化。以下分詞起到介詞的作用:concerning/considering/including/counting/saving/given

eg.Mostyoungmen like popular stars,includingme.

5.評價性狀語(有些分詞和不定式可以做獨立成分,用來解釋整個句子,不受句子主語的限制。)

generally speaking/strictly speaking/personally speaking/exactly speaking/judging from/judgingby/taking everything into consideration/not to say/to say nothing of.../not to mention/tobe frank/tobe honest/strange tosay/tomakemattersworse/etc.

eg.①Judging from hisactions,Jim’swords is true.

②Generallyspeaking,girlsaremorecarefulthanboys.

以上是我對非謂語動詞的對比教學內容,高考題可以逐年更新,教法很明顯地體現出來了:通過例句對比分析,有助于學生對用法的理解和應用,在用中學,才能更好地學以致用。

編輯/丁俊玲

E-mail:563102683@qq.com

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