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右美托咪定預(yù)防小兒扁桃體切除術(shù)后蘇醒期躁動(dòng)及其血流動(dòng)力學(xué)反應(yīng)的臨床研究

2016-04-07 21:05王偉華李亞蓉宋全紅
中國(guó)當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥 2016年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:右美托咪定小兒

王偉華 李亞蓉 宋全紅

[摘要] 目的 探討右美托咪定對(duì)小兒扁桃體切除術(shù)后蘇醒期躁動(dòng)的預(yù)防效果及其對(duì)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的影響。 方法 收集2013年8月~2015年4月也門荷臺(tái)達(dá)革命醫(yī)院擇期行扁桃體切除術(shù)的患兒50例,隨機(jī)將其分為右美托咪定組(D組)和對(duì)照組(C組),每組25例。麻醉誘導(dǎo)插管后,D組靜注右美托咪定0.5 μg/kg,注射時(shí)間10 min。C組輸注相同容量的0.9%氯化鈉注射液,其余麻醉方法相同。觀察兩組的拔管時(shí)間、出室時(shí)間、蘇醒期Riker鎮(zhèn)靜躁動(dòng)評(píng)分,比較兩組患兒麻醉前(T0)、拔管前(T1)、拔管后(T2)的收縮壓(SBP)、舒張壓(DBP)、心率(HR),計(jì)算各觀察時(shí)點(diǎn)的二重指數(shù)(RPP)。 結(jié)果 兩組患兒拔管時(shí)間、出室時(shí)間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);D組患兒Riker鎮(zhèn)靜躁動(dòng)評(píng)分優(yōu)于C組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);與T0比較,D組T1、T2時(shí)SBP、DBP、HR、RPP略有增加,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);C組T1、T2時(shí)SBP、DBP、HR和RPP升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);T1、T2時(shí)C組SBP、DBP、HR、RPP高于D組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 右美托咪定對(duì)扁桃體切除術(shù)后小兒蘇醒期躁動(dòng)有明顯的預(yù)防效果,患兒血流動(dòng)力學(xué)更穩(wěn)定。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 右美托咪定;小兒;蘇醒期躁動(dòng);血流動(dòng)力學(xué)反應(yīng)

[中圖分類號(hào)] R726.1 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2016)02(b)-0098-03

Clinical research of Dexmedetomidine for prevention of emergence agitation and hemodynamic responses in pediatric patients undergoing tonsillectomy

WANG Wei-hua1 LI Ya-rong2 SONG Quan-hong3

1.Department of Anesthesiology,Dalian Second People′s Hospital,Dalian 116011,China;2.Department of Anesthesiology,Dalian Fifth People′s Hospital,Dalian 116021,China;3.Department of Nursing,Dalian Second People′s Hospital,Dalian 116011,China

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of Dexmedetomidine on emergence agitation and hemodynamic responses in pediatric patients. Methods From August 2013 to April 2015,Yemen Hudaydah Revolution Hospital,50 pediatric patients undergoing elective tonsillectomy,were randomly allocated to dexmedetomi dine group (group D,n=25) and control group (group C,n=25).After anesthetic induction,group D was given the Dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg,intravenous injection during 10 minutes,group C was given the same capacity of 0.9% normal saline intravenous injection during 10 minutes.Parameters records including time of tracheal extubation and out of operating theatre;riker calmrestless score;noninvasive heart rate (HR),systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) before anesthetic induction (T0) and before (T1) and after tracheal extubation (T2);rate-pressure product (RPP) were calculated. Results There was no difference in time of tracheal extubation and out of operating theatre (P>0.05);riker calmrestless score in group D was significantly better than group C,there was significant difference (P<0.05);the SBP,DBP,HR and RPP compared preinduction (T0) with before(T1) and after (T2) tracheal extubation in group D, there were no significant differences (P>0.05);the SBP,DBP,HR and RPP compared preinduction (T0) with before (T1) and after (T2) tracheal extubation in group C,there were significant differences (P<0.05).In group D,SBP,DBP,HR and RPP at T1 and T2 were significant lower than those in group C with significant differences (P<0.05). Conclusion Dexmedetomidine can reduce the occurrence of emrgence agitation and hemodynamic responses in pediatric patients undergoing tonsillectomy.

[Key words] Dexmedetomidine;Pediatric patients;Emergence agitation;Hemodynamic response

小兒扁桃體切除術(shù)后出現(xiàn)躁動(dòng)的概率很高,術(shù)后躁動(dòng)會(huì)增加傷口裂開(kāi)、創(chuàng)面出血甚至患兒意外拔管窒息的危險(xiǎn)性,加大了麻醉風(fēng)險(xiǎn),降低了患兒及家屬對(duì)麻醉的滿意度。右美托咪定是一種高度選擇性α2腎上腺受體激動(dòng)劑,具有鎮(zhèn)靜鎮(zhèn)痛、抑制交感神經(jīng)活性、抗寒戰(zhàn)等特點(diǎn),并且能夠防止成人全麻術(shù)后蘇醒期躁動(dòng)的發(fā)生[1]。作為鎮(zhèn)靜鎮(zhèn)痛藥,右美托咪定不同于其他的鎮(zhèn)靜劑,能夠保證呼吸穩(wěn)定而不引起通氣障礙[2],當(dāng)連續(xù)輸注時(shí),它與可預(yù)測(cè)和穩(wěn)定的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)反應(yīng)相關(guān)聯(lián)[3]。因其在治療劑量?jī)?nèi)無(wú)呼吸抑制的優(yōu)點(diǎn),現(xiàn)已廣泛應(yīng)用于小兒麻醉[4]。本研究旨在評(píng)價(jià)右美托咪定對(duì)小兒扁桃體切除術(shù)后蘇醒期躁動(dòng)的預(yù)防效果并觀測(cè)其在穩(wěn)定患兒血流動(dòng)力學(xué)中的作用。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

選取2013年8月~2015年4月筆者于也門援外期間的也門荷臺(tái)達(dá)革命醫(yī)院耳鼻喉科擇期行雙側(cè)扁桃體切除術(shù)患兒50例,ASAⅠ級(jí),男29例,女21例;年齡3~12歲;體質(zhì)量12~35 kg;手術(shù)時(shí)間15~25 min。排除哮喘、先天性心臟病、肝腎功能異常和智力異常的患兒。按隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分為右美托咪定組(D組)和對(duì)照組(C組),每組25例。兩組一般資料比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。

1.2 麻醉方法

術(shù)前禁食8 h,禁水4 h,入室前建立靜脈通道,入室后常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè)心電圖、無(wú)創(chuàng)血壓、脈搏血氧飽和度。面罩吸氧6 L/min,麻醉誘導(dǎo)用藥:按順序靜注阿托品0.02 mg/kg,丙泊酚3 mg/kg,琥珀膽堿1 mg/kg。1 min后經(jīng)口氣管插管。術(shù)中吸入1%氟烷和50%N2O+50%O2維持麻醉。D組根據(jù)患兒體質(zhì)量按0.5 μg/kg抽取鹽酸右美托咪定注射液(江蘇恒瑞醫(yī)藥股份有限公司生產(chǎn),批號(hào)13071134,劑型200 μg/ml)用0.9%氯化鈉注射液稀釋到10 ml,手術(shù)開(kāi)始后以60 ml/h速度泵入,泵注時(shí)間10 min;對(duì)照組以同等速度泵入0.9%氯化鈉注射液10 ml。術(shù)后待患兒意識(shí)清醒,自主呼吸恢復(fù)后,拔除氣管導(dǎo)管。

1.3 觀察指標(biāo)

1.3.1 一般情況指標(biāo) 年齡、性別、體質(zhì)量、脈搏血氧飽和度、心率(HR)等生命體征。

1.3.2 蘇醒期躁動(dòng)指標(biāo) 采用Riker鎮(zhèn)靜躁動(dòng)評(píng)分[5],范圍為1~7分,1分:不能喚醒,對(duì)軀體強(qiáng)烈刺激無(wú)或僅有輕微反應(yīng);2分:非常鎮(zhèn)靜,對(duì)軀體刺激有反應(yīng);3分:鎮(zhèn)靜、嗜睡,語(yǔ)言刺激或輕輕搖動(dòng)可喚醒,但又迅速入睡;4分:安靜合作,易喚醒;5分:躁動(dòng)、焦慮、身體扭動(dòng);6分:非常躁動(dòng),咬氣管導(dǎo)管,四肢強(qiáng)烈扭動(dòng),需保護(hù)性束縛;7分:危險(xiǎn)躁動(dòng),試圖拔除氣管導(dǎo)管,在床上輾轉(zhuǎn)掙扎,翻越床欄,攻擊醫(yī)護(hù)人員。

1.3.3 血流動(dòng)力學(xué)指標(biāo) 分別記錄兩組患者麻醉前(T0)、氣管拔管前(T1)、氣管拔管后(T2)時(shí)的收縮壓(SBP)、舒張壓(DBP)、HR,計(jì)算各觀察時(shí)點(diǎn)的二重指數(shù)(RPP)。

1.3.4 拔管時(shí)間 手術(shù)結(jié)束至拔出氣管導(dǎo)管的時(shí)間。

1.3.5 出室時(shí)間 手術(shù)結(jié)束至患兒離開(kāi)手術(shù)室的時(shí)間。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件,計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本的t檢驗(yàn);組內(nèi)比較采用重復(fù)測(cè)量單因素方差分析。計(jì)數(shù)資料以率表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 兩組患兒一般資料的比較

兩組患兒在性別、年齡、體質(zhì)量、脈搏血氧飽和度、HR方面比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(表1)。

表1 兩組患兒一般資料的比較(x±s)

2.2 兩組患兒蘇醒期鎮(zhèn)靜效果及拔管時(shí)間、出室時(shí)間的比較

D組患兒蘇醒期躁動(dòng)程度明顯低于C組,Riker鎮(zhèn)靜躁動(dòng)評(píng)分兩組間比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);D組患兒拔管時(shí)間略長(zhǎng)于C組,出室時(shí)間C組患兒略長(zhǎng)于D組,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(表2)。

表2 兩組患兒蘇醒期鎮(zhèn)靜效果及拔管時(shí)間、出室時(shí)間的比較(x±s)

與D組比較,★P<0.05

2.3 兩組患兒拔管前后血流動(dòng)力學(xué)指標(biāo)的比較

與T0比較,D組患兒T1、T2的SBP、DBP、HR、RPP略有增加,但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);C組患兒T1、T2 SBP、DBP、HR和RPP升高明顯,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);T1、T2 C組SBP、DBP、HR、RPP都高于D組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表3)。

3 討論

全麻術(shù)后蘇醒期躁動(dòng)是指患兒在全麻恢復(fù)期出現(xiàn)的一種意識(shí)障礙,其在小兒全麻術(shù)后的發(fā)生概率比在成人中高,導(dǎo)致小兒蘇醒期躁動(dòng)的發(fā)生機(jī)制不明,可能原因有麻醉后快速蘇醒、術(shù)后疼痛、耳鼻喉科手術(shù)、學(xué)齡前兒童、術(shù)前焦慮、小兒內(nèi)在性格等[6],麻醉蘇醒期躁動(dòng)導(dǎo)致復(fù)蘇室護(hù)士工作量增加和小兒父母的不滿,而且也增加了創(chuàng)面出血、意外拔管等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率[7]。

右美托咪定是一種新型的、高選擇性的α2腎上腺受體激動(dòng)劑,主要通過(guò)激動(dòng)突觸后α2腎上腺受體并激活G蛋白耦聯(lián)受體而發(fā)揮對(duì)各器官的作用。右美托咪定通過(guò)作用于腦干藍(lán)斑核內(nèi)的α2腎上腺受體而產(chǎn)生鎮(zhèn)靜作用;通過(guò)激動(dòng)脊髓背角α2受體,抑制感覺(jué)神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的釋放而產(chǎn)生鎮(zhèn)痛作用[8-10];通過(guò)抑制去甲腎上腺素釋放而產(chǎn)生抗交感作用[11-12],減少血漿兒茶酚胺的產(chǎn)生,降低小兒全麻蘇醒期的血壓和HR[13]。

筆者在也門工作期間,當(dāng)?shù)毓⑨t(yī)院條件有限,醫(yī)院藥房在相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間內(nèi)缺少芬太尼等阿片類鎮(zhèn)痛藥。本研究中,由于C組小兒扁桃體切除術(shù)后缺少適度的鎮(zhèn)痛,導(dǎo)致蘇醒期躁動(dòng)發(fā)生率極高,而由于右美托咪定本身具有鎮(zhèn)痛、鎮(zhèn)靜作用,D組患兒躁動(dòng)發(fā)生率明顯降低,這證明了術(shù)后疼痛在蘇醒期躁動(dòng)的發(fā)生機(jī)制中占有重要作用[14-15]。在C組中,由于氣管導(dǎo)管以及拔管操作對(duì)氣道的強(qiáng)烈刺激,導(dǎo)致拔管期間SBP、DBP、HR、RPP均明顯升高,而由于右美托咪定的抗交感作用,D組患兒在拔管期間的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)反應(yīng)更加平穩(wěn)。兩組患兒在拔管時(shí)間和出室時(shí)間兩項(xiàng)指標(biāo)上未見(jiàn)明顯差異。

綜上所述,右美托咪定對(duì)小兒扁桃體切除術(shù)后蘇醒期躁動(dòng)具有明顯的預(yù)防效果,而且患兒的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)更加穩(wěn)定,未延長(zhǎng)患兒術(shù)后的恢復(fù)時(shí)間,在小兒麻醉中具有良好的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

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[2] 陳克研,周錦,刁玉剛,等.右美托咪定在臨床麻醉中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展[J].現(xiàn)代生物醫(yī)學(xué)進(jìn)展,2015,15(3):569-572.

[3] Bollucuoglu K,Hanci V,Yurtlu S,et al.Comparison of propofol-dexmedetomidine,thiopental-dexmedetomidine and etomidate-dexmedetomidine combinations′effects on the tracheal intubation conditions without using muscle relaxants[J].Bratisl Lek Listy,2013,114(9):514-518.

[4] Hammer GB,Drover DR,Cao H,et al.The effects of dexme-detomidine on cardiac electrophysiology in children[J].Anesth Analg,2008,106(1):79-83.

[5] 馬孝武,張宜林,伍軍,等.右美托咪定對(duì)小兒全麻蘇醒期的影響[J].中國(guó)現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2012,22(3):82-84.

[6] Vlajkovic GP,Sindjelic RP.Emergence delirium in children: many questions,few answers[J].Anesth Analg,2007, 104(1):84-91.

[7] Voepel-Lewis T,Malviya S,Tait AR.A prospective cohort study of emergence agitation in the pediatric postanesthesia care unit[J].Anesth Analg,2003,96(6):1625-1630.

[8] Tobias JD.Dexmedetomidine applications in pediatric critical care and pediatric anesthesiology[J].Pediatr Crit Care Med,2007,8(2):115-131.

[9] Hunter JC,F(xiàn)ontana DJ,Hedley LR,et al.Assessment of the role of alpha 2–adrenoceptor subtypes in the aminociceptive sedative and hypothemic action of dexmedetomidine in transgenic mice[J].Br J Pharmacol,1997,122(7):1339-1344.

[10] Eisenach JC.Alpha-2 agonists and analgesia[J].Exp Opin Invest Drugs,1994,3(1):1005-1010.

[11] Wilams JT,Henderson G,North RA.Characterization of alpha-2 adrenoceptors which increase potassium conductance in rat locus coeruleus neurones[J].Neuroscience,1985,14(1):95-101.

[12] Schwartz DD.Activation of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors inhibits norepinephrine release by a pertussis toxin-insensitive pathway independent of changes in cytosolic calcium in cultured rat sympathetic neurons[J].J Pharmacol Exp Ther,1997,282(9):248-255.

[13] Shukry M,Clyde MC,Kalarickal PL,et al.Does dexmedetomidine prevent emergence delirium in children after sevoflurane-based general anesthesia?[J].Padiatr Anaesth,2005,15(12):1098-1104.

[14] Cravero JP,Beach M,Thyr B,et al.The effect of small dose fentanyl on the emergence characteristics of pediatric patients after sevoflurance anesthesia without surgery[J].Anesth Analg,2003,97(2):364-367.

[15] Davis PJ,Greenberg JA,Gendelman M,et al.Recovery characteristics of sevoflurance and halothane in preschool-aged children undergoing bilateral myringotomy and pressure equalization tube insertion[J].Anesth Analg,1999,88(1):34-38.

(收稿日期:2015-12-22 本文編輯:衛(wèi) 軻)

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右美托咪定用于婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)的臨床研究
腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉中右美托咪定的應(yīng)用及意義評(píng)析
觀察右美托咪定腰硬麻醉在子宮肌瘤切除術(shù)中的臨床鎮(zhèn)靜效果
小兒驚厥緊急處理
話說(shuō)小兒常的肛直腸疾病
容易混淆的兩種小兒紫癜
小兒厭食的簡(jiǎn)易療法
警惕小兒事故