鄭楠
摘 要:隱喻是一種思維方式,英語中的很多文化現(xiàn)象都以隱喻的方式呈現(xiàn)出來。隱喻不僅體現(xiàn)在詞匯、句法層面,也體現(xiàn)在語篇層面。通過隱喻,學(xué)生既可以從宏觀上把握語篇主旨大意、作者的寫作意圖以及謀篇布局,還可以從微觀上準(zhǔn)確把握語篇的具體細(xì)節(jié),進(jìn)而提高閱讀理解的準(zhǔn)確性。
關(guān)鍵詞:隱喻;語義解釋;推理判斷;態(tài)度觀點(diǎn);主旨大意
隱喻無處不在,不但在語言中,也在思維和行動中[1]4。隱喻的實(shí)質(zhì)就是通過另一事物來理解和體驗(yàn)?zāi)骋活愂挛颷1]6。2012~2015年全國各地英語高考閱讀理解語篇中出現(xiàn)了大量的隱喻。對隱喻的正確理解有助于學(xué)生解讀閱讀文本中的隱含信息和語篇信息,提高閱讀理解的解題能力。
一、隱喻
(一)隱喻的分類
隱喻是人們思維、行為和表達(dá)思想的一種系統(tǒng)的方式,分為結(jié)構(gòu)隱喻、空間隱喻和實(shí)體隱喻。
結(jié)構(gòu)隱喻指以一種概念的結(jié)構(gòu)來構(gòu)造另一種概念,將談?wù)撘环N概念的各方面的詞用于談?wù)摿硪桓拍頪1]15。比如,人們在談?wù)搕ime時常會用到與money有關(guān)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來理解和認(rèn)識time,常見的相關(guān)隱喻有:All this saves time./Teams take time to get things right./Wasting time is a crime./People spend a lot of time pointing out bad manners./We invest little time in a person.這些隱喻都是在“TIME IS MONEY”這一結(jié)構(gòu)隱喻的基礎(chǔ)上產(chǎn)生的。
空間隱喻指將上下、前后、里外、深淺、中心—邊緣等具體空間方位概念投射于情緒、身體狀況、數(shù)量、社會地位等抽象的概念上[1]15。比如,on top of the world(很高興), let us down(讓我們不高興)等是將上—下空間概念“HAPPY IS UP, SAD IS DOWN”運(yùn)用于情緒的空間隱喻。
實(shí)體隱喻指人們將抽象和模糊的思想情感、心理活動、事件、狀態(tài)等無形的概念看作是有形的、具體的實(shí)體。實(shí)體隱喻又分為物質(zhì)隱喻、容器隱喻和擬人隱喻[1]26。比如,meat and potatoes(最基本的部分), out of sight, out of mind(眼不見,心不煩), actions speak louder than words(行動勝于語言)等分別屬于物質(zhì)隱喻、容器隱喻和擬人隱喻。
(二)隱喻的理解
語境影響和支配著語篇意義,隱喻的理解離不開語境。隱喻不僅僅體現(xiàn)在詞匯、句子層面,也體現(xiàn)在語篇層面。
1. 詞匯層面的隱喻理解
語境有著消除歧義的作用,因此對詞匯層面的隱喻的識別和理解必須依據(jù)語篇的言語語境即上下文進(jìn)行。比如:(1)We eat with knife and fork.依據(jù)上文的eat,此句中的knife and fork就是其字面意義,即“刀叉”,指“餐具”這個實(shí)體。(2)An odometer without a speedometer is like a fork without a knife.依據(jù)上文出現(xiàn)的odometer, speedometer可知,fork, knife就超出了其字面義。根據(jù)常識,吃飯時需要一副刀叉,有叉而沒有刀是無法正常吃飯的。所以本句中的a fork without a knife由字面義投射到隱喻義“不完整的,沒有用的”。
2. 語篇層面的隱喻理解
作為一種語用現(xiàn)象,隱喻是一種語篇組織的重要手段,它起著語篇構(gòu)建、銜接和連貫的功能。語篇的中心主題在很大程度上都是隱喻性的。作者選定一個隱喻,以這個隱喻作為語篇主題,以此支配整個語篇的脈絡(luò),這就是隱喻的語篇主題功能[2]。主題隱喻為理解語篇提供了語境。比如,2014年福建卷D篇就是以“House of Life”作為主題隱喻展開話題的,2013年湖南卷B篇是以“Bloom where you are planted”這句諺語作為主題展開話題的。
二、隱喻在英語高考閱讀理解解題中的運(yùn)用
高考閱讀理解語篇中的大量隱喻,其超出字面義的特殊語義對學(xué)生在閱讀理解過程中掌握中心主題,分析、推理、判斷語篇的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)以及理解作者的觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度和寫作意圖等都有影響。筆者對最近幾年各地高考閱讀理解語篇中出現(xiàn)的隱喻進(jìn)行了歸納和解析,希望對考生的閱讀理解解題有所幫助。
(一)實(shí)體隱喻
實(shí)體隱喻可以用于解答語義解釋題、推理判斷題。少數(shù)實(shí)體隱喻還可以用來同時解答兩道閱讀理解題。
1. 語義解釋題
在閱讀過程中,語篇通過語境構(gòu)建意義,語境對隱喻的理解起關(guān)鍵作用。隱喻的字面義與上下文語境沖突,但其在語篇中的隱喻義必須與上下文語境相一致。因此,詞匯脫離了具體語境是構(gòu)不成隱喻的。
例1(2013年江西卷C篇)Listening well also requires total concentration upon someone else. An essential part of listening well is the rule known as“bracketing”. Bracketing includes the temporary giving up or setting aside of your own prejudices and desires, to experience as far as possible someone elses world from the inside, stepping into his or her shoes ...
66. The phrase“stepping into his or her shoes” in Paragraph 2 probably means _______.
A. preparing a topic list first
B. focusing on ones own mind
C. directing the talk to the desired results
D. experiencing the speakers inside world
【解析】例1中上文的語境“experience someone elses world from the inside”表明本段意在說明“體驗(yàn)他人的情感”,因此,“step into his or her shoes”不是其字面義“踏進(jìn)他或她的鞋子里”,而由“情感”這個語境投射出其隱喻義為“experience the speakers inside world(站在他人的角度,設(shè)身處地)”。所以,選項(xiàng)D正確。
2. 推理判斷題
例2(2013年浙江卷D篇)“You had nothing to say to them.” he repeated.“No wonder theyre bored. Why not get to the meat of the literature and stop talking about symbolism. Talk with them, not at them. And more important, why do you ignore their bad behavior?” We talked. He named my problems and offered solutions. We role-played. He was the bad student, and I was the forceful, yet, warm, teacher.
59. The students behaved badly in the writers classes because .
A. they were eager to embarrass her
B. she didnt really understand them
C. they didnt regard her as a good teacher
D. she didnt have a good command of English
【解析】例2中的“You had nothing to say to them. No wonder theyre bored, why not get to the meat of the literature and stop talking about symbolism”提供了語境“作者在教授文學(xué)”。meat的字面義為“肉”,肉是有營養(yǎng)的食物,也是人類的主食,“the meat of literature”由其字面義“文學(xué)的主食”通過“文學(xué)課”這個語境投射出其隱喻義為“文學(xué)的主要的最有趣的內(nèi)涵”,推斷出“作者不了解學(xué)生的需求”,正確選項(xiàng)為B。
(二)結(jié)構(gòu)隱喻
隱喻作為語篇主題,支配語篇并實(shí)現(xiàn)語篇的連貫。隱喻標(biāo)題以及該隱喻形成的詞匯鏈?zhǔn)拐Z篇段落緊密聯(lián)系、層次分明和脈絡(luò)連貫。
1. 態(tài)度觀點(diǎn)題
例3(2015年浙江卷A篇)This is exactly what reading should be and in school so seldom is—an exciting, joyous adventure. Find something, dive into it, take the good parts, skip the bad parts, get what you can out of it, go on to something else. How different is our mean-spirited, picky insistence that every child get every last little scrap of “understanding” that can be dug out of a book.
45. From the teachers point of view,________.
A. children cannot tell good parts from bad parts while reading
B. children should be left to decide what to read and how to read
C. reading is never a pleasant and inspiring experience in school
D. reading involves understanding every little piece of information
【解析】例3中的第一句話提出了隱喻“READING IS AN ADVENTURE”,然后將“adventure”的特征全部投射到“reading”之上,find, dive into, take the good parts, skip the bad parts, get what you can out of it和go on to something else均為對adventure過程的隱喻表達(dá),即“decide what to read and how to read”,正確選項(xiàng)為B。
2. 主旨大意題
例4(2014年福建卷D篇)Real riches consist of well-developed and hearty capacities(能力)to enjoy life. Most people are already swamped(淹沒) with things. They eat, wear, go and talk too much. They live in too big a house with too many rooms, yet their house of life is a hut.
Your house of life ought to be a mansion(豪宅), a royal palace. Every new taste, every additional interest, every fresh enthusiasm adds a room. Here are several rooms your house of life should have ...
Literature, classic literature, is a beautiful,richly furnished room where you might find many an hour of rest and refreshment ...
Sports, without which you remain poor,mean a lot in life. No matter who you are, you would be more human, and your house of life would be better supported against the bad days.
Whatever rooms you might add to your house of life, the secret of enjoying life is to keep adding.
71. What would be the best title for the passage?
A. House of Life
B. Secret of Wealth
C. Rest and Refreshment
D. Interest and Enthusiasm
【解析】例4以結(jié)構(gòu)隱喻“LIFE IS A HOUSE”展開。該主題隱喻貫穿整個語篇,各個段落的主題art, literature, music和sports充當(dāng)主題隱喻“House of Life”的組成部分的rooms,形成統(tǒng)一的、連貫的整體。正確選項(xiàng)為A。
隱喻是一種思維方式,英語中的很多文化現(xiàn)象都以隱喻的方式反映出來。隱喻不僅體現(xiàn)在詞匯、句法層面,也體現(xiàn)在語篇層面。通過隱喻,建構(gòu)詞匯、語句的具體意義與抽象意義之間的聯(lián)系。通過隱喻,學(xué)生既可以從宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)上把握語篇主旨大意、作者的寫作意圖以及謀篇布局,還可以從微觀結(jié)構(gòu)上準(zhǔn)確把握語篇的具體細(xì)節(jié),進(jìn)而提高閱讀理解的準(zhǔn)確性。在閱讀教學(xué)中,教師要重視培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的隱喻意識和隱喻思維,以提高他們的閱讀理解能力和語言思維能力。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1] LAKOFF G, JOHNSEN M.Metaphors we live by[M]. London: The University of Chicago Press,2003.
[2] 魏在江. 隱喻的語篇功能——兼論語篇分析與認(rèn)知語言學(xué)的界面研究[J]. 外語教學(xué),2006(5):14.