蔡琴,王杰(.沈陽醫(yī)學院基礎醫(yī)學院204級病理學與病理生理學研究生,遼寧 沈陽0034;2.沈陽醫(yī)學院繼續(xù)教育學院)
Raf激酶抑制蛋白在惡性腫瘤中的研究進展
蔡琴1,王杰2*
(1.沈陽醫(yī)學院基礎醫(yī)學院2014級病理學與病理生理學研究生,遼寧沈陽110034;2.沈陽醫(yī)學院繼續(xù)教育學院)
Raf激酶抑制蛋白(Raf kinase inhibitor protein,RKIP)屬于磷脂酰乙醇胺結合蛋白超家族,在調節(jié)細胞內多種信號轉導通路中具有重要作用。研究表明,RKIP是惡性腫瘤抑制因子之一,其低表達是導致前列腺癌、肺癌、乳腺癌、結直腸癌、急性髓系白血病等惡性腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展的重要原因,但是其低表達的機制仍不十分清楚。通過對RKIP的進一步研究不僅可以為診斷惡性腫瘤提供新方法,也可以為治療惡性腫瘤提供新思路和新靶點,還可以為預測惡性腫瘤的復發(fā)和預后提供依據。
Raf激酶抑制蛋白;信號通路;惡性腫瘤;甲基化
doi:10.16753/j.cnki.1008-2344.2016.04.020
[Abstract]Raf kinase inhibitor protein(RKIP)belongs to the family of phosphatidyle ethanolamine?binding protein,which plays an important role in the regulation of multiple signaling pathways in cells.Researches showed that RKIP was one of the malignant tumor suppressor factors,and its low expression was the important reason for the occurrence and development of malignant tumors,such as prostate cancer,lung cancer,breast cancer,colorectal cancer,acute myeloid leukemia,but the mechanism of RKIP low expression was still not very clear.Further research about RKIP not only can provide a new method for the diagnosis of malignant tumors,but also can provide a new way for the treatment of malignant tumors,also can provide a basis for predicting the recurrence and prognosis of malignant tumors.
[Key words]Raf kinase inhibitor protein;signaling pathway;malignant tumor;methylation
Raf激酶抑制蛋白(Raf kinase inhibitory protein,RKIP)屬于磷脂酰乙醇胺結合蛋白(phosphatidyle ethanolamine-binding protein,PEBP)超家族,在真核生物界分布十分廣泛,在大部分組織細胞中都有表達,但在血液、唾液、前列腺液、精液等中并未檢測到RKIP的存在。
Yeung等[1]證明RKIP通過與Raf-1結合,阻止其下游信號有絲分裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase,MEK)的自身磷酸化,從而抑制了Raf/MEK/細胞外信號調節(jié)激酶(extracellular regulated protein kinase,ERK)信號通路的激活。隨后相繼發(fā)現RKIP在G蛋白偶聯受體(G protein coupled receptors,GPCR)信號通路[2]和核因子κB(nuclear factor κB,NF?κB)信號通路[3]中也具有重要調控作用。由于RKIP有參與細胞信號轉導調節(jié)的重要作用,在惡性腫瘤發(fā)病、進展中的重要作用,因此本文著重介紹RKIP在惡性腫瘤中的研究進展。
1.1RKIP的基因定位RKIP基因高度保守,人RKIP mRNA與牛、鼠的相似性分別為95%和85.5%[4]。人RKIP基因位于12號染色體q24,23,由4個外顯子組成,長約10 000 bp,其mR NA為1 507 bp[5]。
1.2RKIP的蛋白結構RKIP是由4個α螺旋與9個β折疊組成,中間序列高度保守,N端和C端序列變異性較大,RKIP蛋白表面有淺的結合袋,只能容納磷脂分子的極性端口[6]。
2.1RKIP與有絲分裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)信號通路研究表明RKIP能與Raf-1、MEK及ERK-2結合,但是結合ERK-2的作用較弱[7],RKIP主要是通過抑制Raf-1活性來阻斷MAPK信號通路。大量研究表明RKIP表達與細胞信號通路的存在無關,與信號通路的活性狀態(tài)有關[8]。
2.2RKIP與GPCR信號通路G蛋白偶聯受體激酶2(G protein coupled receptor kinase 2,GRK-2)是GPCR主要的負反饋抑制因子,RKIP是GRK-2的生理性抑制因子[9]。RKIP對GPCR信號轉導通路具有正向調節(jié)作用,RKIP可以介導2條信號通路:與GRK-2結合,增強GPCR信號轉導;與Raf-1結合,抑制MAPK信號通路[10]。但是GPCR介導的蛋白激酶C(PKC)又可以使RKIP磷酸化。
2.3RKIP與NF-κB信號通路NF-κB屬于REL轉錄因子家族,在無刺激的條件下,NF-κB與Iκ B結合,以無活性的二聚體復合物存在于胞漿中;當受到外界刺激,IκB被IκB激酶(IκB kinase,IKK)磷酸化、泛素化,促使二聚體分離,NF-κB呈游離激活狀態(tài),進而轉入核內調節(jié)轉錄[3]。研究表明RKIP和IKK復合物及其上游因子IKKα(I κB kinase α)、IKKβ(IκB kinase β)、NF-κB誘導激酶(NF?κB inducing kinase,NIK)、活化的轉化生長因子β激酶(TGF-β activated kinase 1,TAK1)以及泛素連接酶(TARF6)相互作用,從而抑制NF-κB的激活[11]。
綜上所述,多種信號通路的交叉對話使刺激信號持續(xù)存在,導致細胞產生相應的生物學效應。RKIP通過與信號分子結合,抑制或阻斷多種細胞信號轉導通路,降低或消除了細胞異常生物學功能發(fā)生。
3.1RKIP與前列腺癌Keller等[12]在研究前列腺癌時,首次發(fā)現RKIP表達與腫瘤有關,RKIP mRNA和蛋白表達隨著轉移的發(fā)生呈下調趨勢。Ben等[13]利用前列腺非腫瘤組織、原發(fā)腫瘤組織、轉移腫瘤組織的組織芯片來測定RKIP的表達水平,也表明RKIP在前列腺非腫瘤組織中高表達,在原發(fā)前列腺癌組織中低表達,在轉移腫瘤組織中表達幾乎缺失。隨后研究證實了RKIP的表達與前列腺癌的復發(fā)有一定的關系,RKIP高表達、低表達的患者術后復發(fā)分別為10%和50%,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義[14]。
3.2RKIP與乳腺癌實驗表明RKIP表達缺失是乳腺癌細胞對化療抵抗的原因之一[15]。Sun等[16]證實RKIP表達與乳腺癌的類型、分化程度、腫瘤大小、雌激素水平有關,與年齡、性別、淋巴結轉移無關。Lee等[17]研究證實RKIP表達隨著乳腺癌轉移逐漸下調,且是乳腺癌進展和預后的獨立因素。隨后,姚志強等[18]研究顯示RKIP在乳腺癌組織中的陽性表達率為66%,明顯低于癌旁乳腺組織(78%)和乳腺增生癥組織(100%),推斷RKIP表達下調可能參與了乳腺癌的發(fā)生。
3.3RKIP與肺癌齊戰(zhàn)等[19]研究顯示肺癌組織中RKIP蛋白的陽性表達率明顯低于正常肺組織,在轉移的肺癌細胞中的表達顯著下調,其表達與肺癌的分化程度、TNM分期、淋巴結轉移有關,提示RKIP低表達或缺失在肺癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展及侵襲轉移過程中起著重要的作用。楊大運等[20]研究提示RKIP基因表達與肺癌分期呈負相關,肺癌發(fā)生轉移或預后不良的患者RKIP呈低表達狀態(tài)。
3.4RKIP與結直腸癌Koelzer等[21]研究發(fā)現在結直腸癌組織中RKIP表達高低與患者的生存有關,RKIP高表達、低表達患者術后平均生存期分別為93個月和61個月,5年無病生存率分別為79%和47%,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義。Zlobec等[22]研究發(fā)現RKIP表達水平與淋巴結轉移無相關性,與浸潤轉移呈負相關。但是Kim等[23]研究發(fā)現RKIP的缺失與結直腸癌進展和轉移有關。
3.5RKIP與肝癌Lee等[24]實驗發(fā)現RKIP表達下調能增強肝癌細胞增殖、浸潤轉移;研究表明RKIP基因可能有抑制肝癌細胞生長、增殖作用[25];侯艷紅等[26]研究提示RKIP能顯著降低肝癌細胞的侵襲力。
綜上所述,RKIP與惡性腫瘤發(fā)生、轉移、侵襲、遷移密切相關,在多種腫瘤組織中,RKIP表達有一定的相似性:RKIP在正常組織、癌組織、轉移灶中呈逐步下調趨勢。RKIP表達降低或沉默,使腫瘤呈現侵襲性強、轉移性強、預后差等生物學特性,但是RKIP低表達的機制仍不清楚。隨著表觀遺傳學的提出及發(fā)展,RKIP低表達的表觀遺傳學機制的研究逐漸引起人們的重視。
隨著表觀遺傳學的提出及逐步深入研究,使我們首次認識到在不改變基因序列的情況下,機體會發(fā)生一系列可遺傳的變化[27]。Bird[28]總結提出了表觀遺傳學的表現方式主要在DNA、蛋白質、染色質、RNA 4個方面,這幾個方面成為研究臨床藥物治療的新靶點[29]。這里的DNA水平的改變后來經證實表現為DNA甲基化,甲基化主要發(fā)生在多種基因5'端啟動子區(qū)的CpG島,可能提示甲基化可能抑制基因表達[30]。之后研究證實了DNA甲基化與基因的沉默有關,非甲基化與基因的激活相關,而去甲基化與一個沉默基因的重新激活相關[31]。因此,在腫瘤的發(fā)生與發(fā)展的進程中,DNA甲基化有著重要的作用,不僅和腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、轉移等有關[32-33],而且與腫瘤復發(fā)、生存率有關[34-35]。
自RKIP被發(fā)現以來,其作用也逐步明顯。目前對RKIP的研究主要集中在其參與調節(jié)細胞信號轉導作用上,從而RKIP進一步調節(jié)細胞周期、影響腫瘤進展的作用,這可以為治療惡性腫瘤提供新靶點,同時也可以檢測RKIP的水平來預測疾病的復發(fā)率和無病生存率等。但是在惡性腫瘤研究中,影響RKIP表達的機制還不清楚。深入研究RKIP在各系統(tǒng)、疾病中的作用,可以使RKIP的作用更明確,使各類疾病的發(fā)展進程逐漸明確,從而為臨床治療相關性疾病提供堅實的依據,為治愈疾病、提高生存質量提供保障。
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(文敏編輯)
Research Progress of Raf Kinase Inhibitor Protein in Malignant Tumor
CAI Qin1,WANG Jie2?
(1.Postgraduate of Grade 2014,Shenyang Medical College,Shenyang 110034,China;2.Shenyang Medical College)
R730.2
A
1008-2344(2016)04-0284-03
王杰(1964—),男(漢),教授,碩士研究生導師,研究方向:腫瘤轉移機制及抗腫瘤治療研究.E-mail:wangjie19932002 @163.com
2015-12-31