李富,曾健△,李春燕,羅銘,孔震
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MRI對(duì)乳腺癌新輔助化療后腋窩淋巴結(jié)的評(píng)估
李富1,曾健1△,李春燕2,羅銘1,孔震1
摘要:目的探討MRI對(duì)乳腺癌新輔助化療后腋窩淋巴結(jié)(ALN)評(píng)估的價(jià)值。方法對(duì)44例乳腺癌患者進(jìn)行新輔助化療(NAC),比較患者NAC前和NAC4周期后MRI測(cè)量患側(cè)ALN直徑、腫瘤表觀擴(kuò)散系數(shù)(ADC)值變化及其間接相關(guān)性;比較MRI與病理對(duì)患側(cè)腋窩陽性淋巴結(jié)的檢測(cè)結(jié)果。結(jié)果所有患者均完成了4周期的NAC,有反應(yīng)(CR+PR)率為72.73%(32/44),無反應(yīng)(SD+PD)率為27.27%(12/44)。有反應(yīng)組NAC前后的ALN最大直徑由(1.37±1.06)cm縮短為(0.90±0.76)cm,NAC前后的ADC值由(0.91±0.28)×10-3mm2/s增加到(1.01±0.32)×10-3mm2/s (P<0.01);NAC前后的ADC值變化(△ADC)與腋窩淋巴結(jié)NAC前后最大直徑的變化(△L)不相關(guān)(r=0.131,P= 0.413)。NAC后MRI評(píng)估ALN的敏感度100%,特異度62.5%,Kappa值0.68。結(jié)論MRI功能指標(biāo)ADC值不能作為早期間接反映NAC后ALN的療效的獨(dú)立指標(biāo),但MRI仍是評(píng)估NAC后ALN狀態(tài)的敏感指標(biāo)。
關(guān)鍵詞:乳腺腫瘤;化學(xué)療法,輔助;磁共振成像;信號(hào)處理,計(jì)算機(jī)輔助;淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移;治療結(jié)果;新輔助化療;表觀擴(kuò)散系數(shù)
乳腺癌位居女性惡性腫瘤第1位,每年新發(fā)病例約21萬,其發(fā)病率、死亡率呈逐年上升趨勢(shì),治療是以手術(shù)為主的綜合治療[1-2]。新輔助化療(neoadju?vant chemotherapy,NAC)是對(duì)局部進(jìn)展期乳腺癌(1ocally advanced breast cancer,LABC)患者術(shù)前進(jìn)行的全身性輔助化療,以縮小腫瘤,有效清除淋巴結(jié)及遠(yuǎn)處潛在的微轉(zhuǎn)移病灶,使手術(shù)切除甚至保乳成為可能[1]。磁共振擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像(MRI-DWI)的功能參數(shù)腫瘤表觀擴(kuò)散系數(shù)(ADC)值能早期從分子水平反映腫瘤的新輔助化療療效[3]。腋窩淋巴結(jié)(axillary lymph node, ALN)療效是NAC療效評(píng)估不可或缺的一部分,ALN狀態(tài)的評(píng)估是乳腺癌腋窩處理的關(guān)鍵,但NAC后腫瘤ADC值變化能否間接用于ALN化療療效的早期評(píng)估及MRI對(duì)ALN狀態(tài)的評(píng)估與病理的等效性如何是一個(gè)值得探討的臨床問題。
1.1一般資料收集我院2011年1月—2013年12月收治的44例乳腺癌患者NAC前和NAC4個(gè)周期后MRI資料進(jìn)行分析,所有患者均符合NAC標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并簽署相關(guān)的檢查治療同意書。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)經(jīng)空芯針穿刺活檢病理證實(shí)為乳腺癌。(2)均有完整病史、臨床檢查、雙側(cè)乳腺超聲及MRI-DWI相關(guān)檢查資料。(3)經(jīng)肝臟B超、X線胸片和全身骨掃描排除遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移。(4)MRI檢查病灶直徑≥2.5 cm且為單一病灶,增強(qiáng)后病灶表現(xiàn)為團(tuán)塊狀強(qiáng)化。(5)行NAC前、NAC4個(gè)周期后接受2次乳腺M(fèi)RI檢查,每次檢查參數(shù)不變。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):原發(fā)炎性乳腺癌或乳腺出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)移性病灶。所有患者均經(jīng)穿刺病理組織學(xué)確診為乳腺癌并同意接受NAC,年齡26~62歲,平均年齡(49.3±12.4)歲,參考2010年NCCN指南(V.2.2010)的cTNM分期標(biāo)準(zhǔn):T2期14例,T3期25例,T4 期5例。
1.2方法參考V.2.2010,根據(jù)患者病理結(jié)果選擇相應(yīng)的NAC方案,20例采用紫杉醇類聯(lián)合鉑類化療方案。16例采用紫杉醇類聯(lián)合蒽環(huán)類化療,7例采用紫杉醇類聯(lián)合卡培他濱化療方案,1例采用紫杉醇類、鉑類聯(lián)合赫賽汀化療方案。在出現(xiàn)骨髓抑制時(shí)予以升高白細(xì)胞的支持治療。MRI檢查:采用我院3.0T超導(dǎo)型磁共振儀和雙側(cè)乳腺表面線圈,造影劑為釓噴酸葡胺注射液?;颊卟扇「┡P位,雙側(cè)乳腺自然懸垂于專用乳腺表面線圈內(nèi),使用加壓器。所有研究對(duì)象均進(jìn)行雙側(cè)乳腺常規(guī)MRI和動(dòng)態(tài)增強(qiáng)成像(包括ADC值測(cè)定、時(shí)間-信號(hào)曲線)。
1.3腋窩淋巴結(jié)最大直徑及ADC值以MRI三維重建圖像中最大淋巴結(jié)直徑代表淋巴結(jié)大小?!鰽DC=NAC 4個(gè)周期后腫瘤ADC值(ADC2)-NAC前腫瘤ADC值(ADC1);ALN最大直徑變化(△L)=NAC前ALN最大直徑(L1)-NAC 4個(gè)周期后ALN最大直徑(L2)。
1.4效果判定采用影像學(xué)評(píng)估NAC療效,根據(jù)2009年RECIST標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1.1版[4]:化療4~6個(gè)周期后測(cè)量實(shí)體腫瘤最大徑線。完全緩解(complete response,CR)所有目標(biāo)病灶消失;部分緩解(partial response,PR):基線病灶長(zhǎng)徑總和縮小≥30%;疾病進(jìn)展(progressive disease,PD):基線病灶長(zhǎng)徑總和增加≥20%或出現(xiàn)新病灶;疾病穩(wěn)定(stable disease,SD):基線病灶長(zhǎng)徑總和有縮小但未達(dá)PR或有增加但未達(dá)PD。按照療效將患者分為有反應(yīng)(CR+PR)組和無反應(yīng)(SD+PD)組。
1.5ALN陽性判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)用乳腺專用線圈,并以腋窩淋巴結(jié)>1 cm或者形態(tài)異常為淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[5]。
1.6統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法采用SPSS 17.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)量資料以±s表示,采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以例(%)表示,用χ2檢驗(yàn);定性資料一致性分析采用Kappa檢驗(yàn)。用Pearson相關(guān)分析評(píng)估NAC前后ALN最大直徑變化與MRI功能指標(biāo)△ADC值的相關(guān)性,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1NAC療效44例患者均完成了4個(gè)周期的NAC,患者有反應(yīng)(CR+PR)率為72.73%(32/44),無反應(yīng)(SD+PD)率為27.27%(12/44)。
2.2NAC前和NAC4個(gè)周期后ALN最大直徑的變化與NAC前比較,有反應(yīng)組淋巴結(jié)最大直徑在NAC后縮短,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01);無反應(yīng)組淋巴結(jié)最大直徑在NAC后變化不明顯,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表1、圖1。
Tab.1 The longest diameter changes of ALN before and after four cycles of NAC in two groups表1 NAC前和4個(gè)周期NAC后ALN最大直徑的變化(cm,±s)
Tab.1 The longest diameter changes of ALN before and after four cycles of NAC in two groups表1 NAC前和4個(gè)周期NAC后ALN最大直徑的變化(cm,±s)
**P<0.01
n t組別有反應(yīng)組無反應(yīng)組32 12 NAC前1.37±1.06 1.34±0.65 NAC后4個(gè)周期0.90±0.76 1.35±1.00 3.575**0.035
2.3NAC前和NAC4個(gè)周期后腫瘤ADC值的變化與NAC前比較,有反應(yīng)組ADC值在NAC后顯著增加,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01);無反應(yīng)組ADC值在NAC后與NAC前比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表2、圖1。
Tab.2 The changes of tumor ADC value before NAC and after four cycles of NAC in two groups表2 NAC前和4個(gè)周期NAC后腫瘤ADC值的變化(×10-3mm2/s,±s)
Tab.2 The changes of tumor ADC value before NAC and after four cycles of NAC in two groups表2 NAC前和4個(gè)周期NAC后腫瘤ADC值的變化(×10-3mm2/s,±s)
**P<0.01
n t組別有反應(yīng)組無反應(yīng)組32 12 NAC前0.91±0.28 0.94±0.30 NAC后4個(gè)周期1.01±0.32 0.80±0.20 4.521**1.919
2.4△ADC與△L的相關(guān)性有反應(yīng)組△ADC與△L無相關(guān)關(guān)系(r=0.131,P=0.413)。
2.5NAC后MRI與病理對(duì)患側(cè)ALN狀態(tài)的評(píng)估NAC后病理對(duì)患側(cè)ALN狀態(tài)的評(píng)估為金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),MRI評(píng)估患側(cè)ALN狀態(tài)的敏感度100%,特異度62.5%,Kappa值0.68,見表3。
Tab.3 Consistency analysis of pathology andmRI evaluation for ALN after NAC表3 病理和MRI對(duì)NAC后患側(cè)ALN狀態(tài)評(píng)估的一致性分析 (例)
進(jìn)展期乳腺癌的新輔助化療已經(jīng)在臨床上廣泛開展,如何評(píng)估NAC后腋窩淋巴結(jié)狀態(tài)是腋窩外科處理的關(guān)鍵。MRI是NAC前評(píng)估腋窩淋巴結(jié)狀態(tài)[6-7]及NAC后評(píng)估腫瘤大小的有效方法[8-10]。NAC后早期評(píng)估腋窩淋巴結(jié)狀態(tài)對(duì)于全面評(píng)估NAC療效及決定腋窩淋巴結(jié)外科處理策略均有很強(qiáng)的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。DWI功能參數(shù)ADC值可早期從細(xì)胞或分子水平上間接反映化療的療效,為乳腺癌NAC后療效的評(píng)估提供了新的方法和途徑。目前研究證實(shí)ADC值較腫瘤大小出現(xiàn)變化的時(shí)間要早且敏感度和特異度較高,提示其可以用于早期評(píng)估化療效果[11-14]。臨床實(shí)踐中由于常規(guī)乳腺線圈的局限性和較小的腋窩淋巴結(jié)不能獲得準(zhǔn)確的腋窩淋巴結(jié)ADC值,不易直接評(píng)估NAC后腋窩淋巴結(jié)的狀態(tài)。Belli等[15]認(rèn)為腫瘤的ADC值與腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移等預(yù)后因素有關(guān)。本研究試圖用腫瘤ADC值作為間接評(píng)估NAC后腋窩淋巴結(jié)狀態(tài)的量化指標(biāo),探討用腫瘤ADC值代替腋窩淋巴結(jié)ADC值早期間接評(píng)估NAC后腋窩淋巴結(jié)的狀態(tài),為全面評(píng)估乳腺癌NAC療效提供新的途徑。本研究中有反應(yīng)組腫瘤ADC值的變化和腋窩淋巴結(jié)大小的變化不相關(guān),說明腫瘤ADC值尚不能早期間接反映腋窩淋巴結(jié)大小變化,腫瘤ADC值還不能作為獨(dú)立因素評(píng)估NAC后的腋窩淋巴結(jié)狀態(tài),與Belli等[15]的研究結(jié)果有所不同,可能與本研究的樣本量較小及納入新輔助化療患者的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不同有關(guān)。雖然本研究沒有證實(shí)ADC值作為獨(dú)立因素可以早期間接評(píng)估NAC后的腋窩淋巴結(jié)狀態(tài),但大量研究通過綜合應(yīng)用MRI多參數(shù)證實(shí)了MRI作為評(píng)估NAC后腋窩淋巴結(jié)狀態(tài)的有效性[16-17],多為中度敏感[18]。本研究中患者NAC后腋窩淋巴結(jié)狀態(tài)與術(shù)后病理結(jié)果比較一致,可能和患者的選取有關(guān),在后續(xù)的研究中需要擴(kuò)大樣本量并采用計(jì)算機(jī)輔助探測(cè)[19]等新技術(shù)手段進(jìn)行更深入的探討。目前,前哨淋巴結(jié)活檢(SLNB)在乳腺癌NAC后腋窩處理中的應(yīng)用是國內(nèi)外關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)問題,NAC后腋窩淋巴結(jié)的有效評(píng)估是開展SLNB的前提和保證[20-21]?;趪鴥?nèi)外的共識(shí)和本研究的結(jié)論,筆者認(rèn)為MRI是臨床上評(píng)估NAC腋窩淋巴結(jié)狀態(tài)的可靠方法,可以為NAC后腋窩淋巴結(jié)的外科處理提供準(zhǔn)確的信息。
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(2015-06-08收稿2015-08-18修回)
(本文編輯魏杰)
Evaluation ofmRI for axillary lymph node in breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy
LI Fu1, ZENG Jian1△, LI Chunyan2, LUOming1, KONG Zhen1
1 Department of Gastrointestine and Gland Surgery, 2 Department of Radiology, the First Affiliatedhospital, Guangximedical University, Nanning 530021, China△Corresponding Author E-mail: zengjian125@hotmail.com
Abstract:Objective To explore and evaluate the clinical value ofmRI for status of axillary lymph node after neoadju?vant chemotherapy (NAC) in patients with breast cancer.Methods Forty-four patients with 1ocally advanced breast cancer (LABC) were underwent NAC for four cycles.The longest diameter of axillary lymph node (ALN)measured bymRI scan.Val?ue of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and their correlation were compared before NAC and four cycles after NAC.Re?sults ofmRI and pathological data for ALN were compared between two groups of patients.Results All patients finished four cycles of NAC.The total response rate (CR+PR) was 72.7% (32/44), and the total non-response rate (SD+PD) was 27.3% (12/44).The longest diameter of ALN was significantly shortened in response group.The longest diameter was (1.37± 1.06) cm before NAC and (0.90±0.76) cm after NAC (P<0.01).The ADC value of the tumor was significantly increased in re?sponse group [(0.91±0.28)×10-3mm2/s before NAC and (1.01±0.32)×10-3mm2/s after NAC, P<0.01)].There was no signifi?cant correlation between ADC value change (△ADC) and the longest diameter change of ALN (△L, r=0.131, P=0.413).The sensitivity, specificity and Kappa value of ALN evaluation after NAC were 100%, 62.5% and 0.68measured bymRI.Con?clusionThe change of tumor longest diameter reflects the effect of chemotherapy directly.The tumor ADC value ofmRI can not be used as an independent indicator of chemotherapy effect of ALN, eventhouthmRI was the sensitive index for eval?uating the status of axillary lymph node after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer.
Key words:breast neoplasms; chemotherapy, adjuvant;magnetic resonance imaging; signal processing, computer-as?sisted; lymphaticmetastasis; treatment outcome; neoadjuvant chemotherapy; apparent diffusion coefficient
通訊作者△E-mail:zengjian125@hotmail.com
作者簡(jiǎn)介:李富(1979),男,主治醫(yī)師,碩士,主要從事乳腺癌基礎(chǔ)與臨床研究
基金項(xiàng)目:廣西壯族自治區(qū)衛(wèi)生廳自籌經(jīng)費(fèi)科研課題(Z2011328)
中圖分類號(hào):R445.2,R737.9
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
DOI:10.11958/59011
作者單位:1廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院胃腸腺體外科(郵編530021),2放射科