陳敏,李昌崇,周海霞,李原,錢江潮,王菊香,黃珍,曾煒煒
(溫州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院育英兒童醫(yī)院 兒童內(nèi)科,浙江 溫州 325027)
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伏立康唑在兒童急性白血病肺曲霉菌感染二級(jí)預(yù)防中的應(yīng)用
陳敏,李昌崇,周海霞,李原,錢江潮,王菊香,黃珍,曾煒煒
(溫州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院育英兒童醫(yī)院兒童內(nèi)科,浙江溫州325027)
目的:探討伏立康唑在兒童急性白血病肺曲霉菌感染二級(jí)預(yù)防中的作用。方法:回顧性分析我院2009年2月-2012年7月住院的兒童急性白血病臨床診斷侵襲性肺曲霉菌感染經(jīng)伏立康唑治療有效的患兒17例,在隨后的化療中應(yīng)用伏立康唑片劑,每12 h口服1次,直至粒細(xì)胞恢復(fù),共58例次(同一患兒在多次化療骨髓抑制期使用),觀察真菌感染情況,綜合評(píng)價(jià)該藥物的療效和安全性。結(jié)果:經(jīng)過伏立康唑片劑二級(jí)預(yù)防,化療后均無真菌感染發(fā)生,無明顯不良反應(yīng)。結(jié)論:應(yīng)用伏立康唑二級(jí)預(yù)防對(duì)兒童急性白血病臨床診斷侵襲性肺曲霉菌感染有效、安全。
伏立康唑;兒童;急性白血??;肺曲霉??;二級(jí)預(yù)防
侵襲性曲霉菌感染尤其是侵襲性肺曲霉菌病(invasive pulmonary aspergillosis,IPA)是兒童血液系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤治療過程中致死的重要原因[1-5]。由于早期診斷技術(shù)的進(jìn)展,有效抗真菌藥物的應(yīng)用,使更多患者獲得再次化療的機(jī)會(huì)[6]。再次接受化療的患者曲霉菌感染復(fù)發(fā)的危險(xiǎn)性增加,且預(yù)后極差[7]。因此,采取措施預(yù)防真菌感染的再發(fā),即真菌感染的二級(jí)預(yù)防成為必然要求。本研究采用伏立康唑片劑對(duì)兒童急性白血病合并IPA病例17例再次化療時(shí)進(jìn)行二級(jí)預(yù)防,共58例次,現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
1.1一般資料 收集2009年2月-2012年7月在我院住院治療的患兒17例,其中男10例,女7例;年齡2~13歲,中位年齡6歲;急性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病6例,急性單核細(xì)胞白血病8例,急性粒-單核細(xì)胞白血病3例。所有病例均經(jīng)GM試驗(yàn)及胸部CT臨床診斷為肺曲霉菌感染[8]。所有白血病患兒都獲得緩解,再次化療后均出現(xiàn)骨髓抑制,外周血中性粒細(xì)胞均低于0.5×109/L,中性粒細(xì)胞低下持續(xù)時(shí)間10~28 d。
1.2方法
1.2.1化療方案:急性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病治療方案按兒童急性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病診療建議(第三次修訂草案)[9],急性髓細(xì)胞白血病治療方案按兒童急性髓細(xì)胞白血病診療建議[10]。
1.2.2二級(jí)預(yù)防方案:伏立康唑片劑,口服劑量[11]:體質(zhì)量<40 kg,每次100 mg,每12 h口服1次;體質(zhì)量≥40 kg,每次200 mg,每12 h口服1次,直至粒細(xì)胞恢復(fù)。
1.3安全性評(píng)價(jià) 所有接受治療的患兒治療前、治療中及治療后行常規(guī)檢查,如肝功能、腎功能、心肌酶譜、電解質(zhì)、心電圖、B超等。觀察癥狀、體征變化,記錄有無皮疹、水腫、惡心、嘔吐、腹瀉、視物模糊等不良反應(yīng)。
2.1療效分析 所有患兒均未出現(xiàn)真菌感染復(fù)燃或突破性真菌感染。
2.2不良反應(yīng) 伏立康唑治療過程中不良反應(yīng)輕微。1例為一過性腹瀉,大便常規(guī)及培養(yǎng)均陰性,經(jīng)對(duì)癥治療后次日腹瀉止。1例治療第1天出現(xiàn)輕微視物模糊,無頭暈、頭痛,無驚厥,未予特殊處理,次日即緩解。未出現(xiàn)影響治療的嚴(yán)重不良反應(yīng)。
侵襲性真菌病(invasive fungal disease,IFD)是急性白血病患者主要的感染并發(fā)癥,其中IPA最常見也最嚴(yán)重,是重要的死亡原因。盡管有合適的抗真菌藥物的治療和隨著中性粒細(xì)胞的恢復(fù),IFD通常獲得好轉(zhuǎn),但患者再次接受化療時(shí)曲霉菌感染復(fù)發(fā)的危險(xiǎn)性增加,而且預(yù)后極差。
惡性血液病患者真菌感染高復(fù)發(fā)率的機(jī)制尚不明確,可能包括:①病原菌因素,與早期抗真菌治療不徹底有關(guān),因?yàn)榧词褂跋駥W(xué)征象和臨床癥狀消失,深部定植仍然可能存在;②感染局部的滲透性也是重要原因,曲霉菌感染的病理基礎(chǔ)是菌絲浸潤和阻塞小和(或)中等大小血管,導(dǎo)致組織梗死,藥物難以到達(dá)局部;③臨床因素,包括糖皮質(zhì)激素的使用、大劑量阿糖胞苷的使用、初次抗真菌治療不充分、大于3種抗生素的使用以及抗生素使用的時(shí)間、粒細(xì)胞減少的時(shí)間、巨細(xì)胞病毒的激活、惡性血液病的復(fù)發(fā)、T細(xì)胞免疫抑制治療或放療,而高效的空氣過濾則是其保護(hù)因素[12-13]。
以前對(duì)既往有IFD的患者沒有進(jìn)行二級(jí)預(yù)防,再次化療后,真菌感染有很高的復(fù)發(fā)率(為62%),隨著對(duì)真菌二級(jí)預(yù)防的認(rèn)識(shí),對(duì)既往IFD的患者,再次化療時(shí)應(yīng)用了二級(jí)預(yù)防,真菌感染復(fù)發(fā)率僅為16%[14-16],說明二級(jí)預(yù)防能有效地減少真菌感染的復(fù)發(fā)率。隨著有更多的新型抗真菌藥物問世,使得選擇最優(yōu)藥物變得困難。Masamoto等[17]比較了各種抗真菌藥物包括二性霉素B、伊曲康唑、大扶康、伏立康唑等作為二級(jí)預(yù)防藥物對(duì)IFD復(fù)發(fā)率的效果。結(jié)果表明,伏立康唑作為二級(jí)預(yù)防藥物,其復(fù)發(fā)率僅10%左右,顯示了特別良好的前景,可以認(rèn)為是最有效的藥物。
伏立康唑是三唑類廣譜抗真菌藥,口服和靜脈給藥均有很好的抗菌活性,對(duì)曲霉菌有效,顯示比二性霉素B更有效,耐受性也更好?;谄湟驯蛔C實(shí)的安全性以及作為對(duì)傳統(tǒng)療法無效或不耐受的補(bǔ)救治療的有效性,伏立康唑已允許用于兒童和青少年。美國感染性疾病協(xié)會(huì)(IDSA)2008年曲霉菌病治療指南[18]認(rèn)為,一旦臨床確診IPA,首選治療藥物是伏立康唑,而且是作為二級(jí)預(yù)防的潛在有效的藥物[19-21]。
迄今為止,國內(nèi)外關(guān)于兒童伏立康唑二級(jí)預(yù)防的報(bào)道尚少。本研究采用伏立康唑片劑對(duì)兒童急性白血病合并肺曲霉菌感染病例再次化療時(shí)進(jìn)行二級(jí)預(yù)防,共58例次,所有病例均經(jīng)GM試驗(yàn)及胸部CT臨床診斷為肺曲霉菌感染,結(jié)果表明17例肺曲霉菌感染病例,無一例出現(xiàn)感染復(fù)發(fā),提示伏立康唑在肺曲霉菌感染二級(jí)預(yù)防的有效性。關(guān)于兒童伏立康唑片口服的劑量,歐盟推薦2~12歲兒童為200 mg,每12 h口服1次,而不考慮年齡和體質(zhì)量因素。兒童伏立康唑的藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)研究證實(shí),兒童對(duì)伏立康唑呈線性清除,其清除能力高于成人,這可能與兒童代謝旺盛以及肝臟首過效應(yīng)更強(qiáng)有關(guān),而更多的研究則提出相比于固定的200 mg的口服劑量,體質(zhì)量為基礎(chǔ)的劑量會(huì)更合適[22-23]。本組患者劑量則依據(jù)兒童侵襲性肺部真菌感染診治指南(2009版),體質(zhì)量<40 g,每次100 mg,每12 h口服1次;體質(zhì)量≥40 kg,每次200 mg,每12 h口服1次。58例次患兒二級(jí)預(yù)防療效滿意,認(rèn)為伏立康唑在肺曲霉菌感染二級(jí)預(yù)防時(shí)劑量以體質(zhì)量計(jì)算較為合理。
關(guān)于二級(jí)預(yù)防的療程,目前亦尚無統(tǒng)一方案,按照2011血液病/惡性腫瘤侵襲性真菌感染的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與治療原則中建議:二級(jí)預(yù)防的起始時(shí)間為化療前1~2 d,結(jié)束時(shí)間為化療后粒細(xì)胞缺乏恢復(fù)。本組患者從化療后出現(xiàn)粒細(xì)胞減少開始,應(yīng)用至粒細(xì)胞缺乏恢復(fù)為止,比推薦的用藥時(shí)間要短,但所有患兒均未出現(xiàn)真菌感染復(fù)燃或突破性真菌感染。
本組病例伏立康唑治療中主要的不良反應(yīng)為消化道癥狀、感覺異常,予相應(yīng)處理后癥狀可消失,不影響總體治療,與以往的報(bào)道一致。應(yīng)用伏立康唑二級(jí)預(yù)防對(duì)兒童急性白血病臨床診斷侵襲性肺曲霉菌感染有效、安全。
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(本文編輯:趙翠翠,丁敏嬌)
Application of voriconazole on secondary prophylaxis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in childhood acute leukemia
CHEN MinLI ChangchongZHOU HaixiaLI YuanQIAN JiangchaoWANG Juxiang,HUANG ZhenZENG Weiwei.Department of Pediatric Medicinethe Second Affiliated & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325027
ObjectiveTo investigate the role of voriconazole in secondary prophylaxis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in childhood acute leukemia.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted to evaluate efficiency and safety of voriconazole as secondary antifungal prophylaxis in 17 patients with acute leukemia who were hospitalized in hematology department from February 2009 to July 2012.All the patients had been previously clinical diagnosed of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and confirmed by CT and GM test.When the phenomenon of myelosuppression came outthese patients would be given oral voriconazole per 12 hours until hematopoietic recovery.ResultsAltogether there were 58 prophylaxis courses.All the patients successfully completed planned treatment without relapse IFD or significant side-effect.ConclusionVoriconazole appears to be safe and effective for secondary prophylaxis of previous clinical proven invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in childhood acute leukemia.
voriconazole; childhood; acute leukemia; invasive pulmonary aspergillosis; secondary prophylaxis
R725.5
BDOI10.3969/j.issn.2095-9400.2016.06.014
2015-03-30
陳敏(1980-),女,山東濰坊人,住院醫(yī)師。
李昌崇,教授,主任醫(yī)師,Email:wzlichch@21cn.com。
溫州醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)2016年6期