李莉莉,范江濤
炎癥與子宮內(nèi)膜癌的相互影響
李莉莉,范江濤△
炎癥與子宮內(nèi)膜癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展密切相關(guān),過(guò)量表達(dá)的炎癥因子往往與疾病密切相關(guān)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),許多惡性腫瘤患者血清中可檢測(cè)到各種炎癥因子的含量超過(guò)正常人,腫瘤微環(huán)境中的各種炎癥介質(zhì)都有利于腫瘤的增殖、遷移以及血管形成,并且通過(guò)炎癥信號(hào)通路抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的凋亡,子宮內(nèi)膜癌亦是如此。炎癥可通過(guò)各種炎癥因子和炎癥細(xì)胞促進(jìn)子宮內(nèi)膜癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展,而子宮內(nèi)膜癌也可表現(xiàn)為多種炎癥特性,這都有助于子宮內(nèi)膜癌的增殖和轉(zhuǎn)移,抑制炎癥通路可能成為治療子宮內(nèi)膜癌的一種干預(yù)措施。因此,探討炎癥與子宮內(nèi)膜癌的相關(guān)性具有重要的臨床意義?,F(xiàn)就炎癥與子宮內(nèi)膜癌的相互影響進(jìn)行綜述,以期為子宮內(nèi)膜癌的治療提供新思路。
炎癥;子宮內(nèi)膜腫瘤;癌;炎癥趨化因子類
(J Int Obstet Gynecol,2016,43:323-326)
現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)的觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為炎癥可以通過(guò)各種炎癥因子刺激導(dǎo)致惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生,同樣,腫瘤微環(huán)境也可促進(jìn)炎癥因子的產(chǎn)生,甚至流行病學(xué)上與炎癥無(wú)關(guān)的腫瘤也呈現(xiàn)出具有炎癥細(xì)胞和炎癥介質(zhì)的特征[1]。且長(zhǎng)期服用非甾體類抗炎藥物(non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs,NSAIDs)可以顯著降低“高危人群”惡性腫瘤的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。例如在結(jié)腸癌的研究中,應(yīng)用阿司匹林可預(yù)防結(jié)腸癌的發(fā)生[2],并且可以降低病死率[3]。阿司匹林作用機(jī)制可能與環(huán)氧化酶1 (COX-1)和COX-2的抑制有關(guān)[4]。在活體惡性腫瘤模型中,阻斷細(xì)胞因子信號(hào)通路可以降低腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)速度甚至使腫瘤消退。
子宮內(nèi)膜癌是西方發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家中最常見(jiàn)的婦科惡性腫瘤[5]。大量的流行病學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)提示雌、孕激素之間的不平衡是導(dǎo)致子宮內(nèi)膜癌的病因,其中未產(chǎn)、晚絕經(jīng)、雌激素替代療法(estrogen hormone replacement therapy,HRT)[6]、初潮早以及體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)高[7]是患子宮內(nèi)膜癌的危險(xiǎn)因素。這些危險(xiǎn)因素具有的共同特征是增加或延長(zhǎng)了對(duì)雌激素的暴露。由于沒(méi)有足夠孕激素的對(duì)抗,在長(zhǎng)期高雌激素水平下發(fā)生子宮內(nèi)膜增生甚至異型增生、癌變。
諸多子宮內(nèi)膜癌的危險(xiǎn)因素可以促進(jìn)炎癥的過(guò)程,而炎癥反應(yīng)的過(guò)程可能與雌激素共同或協(xié)同作用,在子宮內(nèi)膜癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中起重要作用。對(duì)炎癥及炎癥環(huán)境在始發(fā)和促進(jìn)惡性腫瘤,尤其是子宮內(nèi)膜癌的過(guò)程中的作用進(jìn)行綜述,對(duì)炎癥通路的干預(yù)可能成為治療子宮內(nèi)膜癌的靶點(diǎn)之一。
1.1 細(xì)胞因子與惡性腫瘤相關(guān)性炎癥細(xì)胞炎癥因子與惡性腫瘤密切相關(guān)。腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素6(IL-6)和IL-1是惡性腫瘤微環(huán)境中研究較多的炎性細(xì)胞因子。動(dòng)物模型的數(shù)據(jù)證明來(lái)源于惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞的TNF-α能夠促進(jìn)皮膚、卵巢、胰腺和胸膜腔腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)和擴(kuò)散。TNF-α是胃癌腹膜轉(zhuǎn)移的危險(xiǎn)因素[8]。也有研究表明,血清TNF-α和IL-32也可作為胃癌的診斷標(biāo)記,而IL-29對(duì)胃癌卻無(wú)診斷價(jià)值(P=0.627),可能與胃癌預(yù)后有關(guān)[9]??梢?jiàn),并非所有炎癥因子都與惡性腫瘤有關(guān)。
IL-6是另外一種調(diào)節(jié)急性炎癥的主要因子,同樣在一系列惡性腫瘤模型實(shí)驗(yàn)中顯示出具有腫瘤促進(jìn)的作用[10-11],體內(nèi)子宮內(nèi)膜癌動(dòng)物模型成瘤實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,IL-6過(guò)表達(dá)可使成瘤體積增大[12],被認(rèn)為與多種人類惡性腫瘤有關(guān),如胃癌[13]。在血液來(lái)源的惡性腫瘤中IL-6可作為一種自分泌或旁分泌的生長(zhǎng)因子,通過(guò)激活的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)和轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子3(STAT3)途徑阻斷細(xì)胞凋亡過(guò)程,抑制STAT3活性則可抑制腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)[13]。另外,IL-6具有促血管形成的特性[10],晚期惡性腫瘤患者血清中高水平的IL-6與患者預(yù)后有關(guān)。結(jié)腸炎體內(nèi)的IL-8和TNF-α可誘導(dǎo)和刺激甲殼質(zhì)酶蛋白40(YKL-40)產(chǎn)生,從而使YKL-40通過(guò)核因子κB(NF-κB)信號(hào)通路促進(jìn)結(jié)腸炎向腫瘤發(fā)展[14]。
1.2 NF-κB在炎癥與惡性腫瘤關(guān)聯(lián)中的作用實(shí)驗(yàn)室數(shù)據(jù)表明,惡性腫瘤與炎癥關(guān)系中的分子通路涉及到了NF-κB及其抑制因子IκB激酶(IKK)復(fù)合物[15]。NF-κB是調(diào)節(jié)凋亡、細(xì)胞增生、細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)捕獲,以及通過(guò)血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(VEGF)的表達(dá)增強(qiáng)血管形成的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子。在惡性腫瘤中,NF-κB被激活后呈現(xiàn)出許多炎癥的特征。在慢性炎癥組織中,NF-κB已被證明參與了腫瘤的發(fā)展。例如,在膠質(zhì)瘤中,NF-κB RelB蛋白調(diào)節(jié)YKL-40促進(jìn)腫瘤的增長(zhǎng)[16],NF-κB RelB蛋白表達(dá)水平高的腫瘤患者生存期短。這些數(shù)據(jù)表明,由促炎細(xì)胞因子激活的NF-κB通過(guò)抑制細(xì)胞凋亡和刺激更多的促炎細(xì)胞因子產(chǎn)生發(fā)揮促腫瘤作用。這些促炎細(xì)胞又可以反饋性地通過(guò)NF-κB通路,進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)增生、抗凋亡和促炎癥過(guò)程。因此,暴露于慢性炎癥或促炎環(huán)境中的組織更易向惡性轉(zhuǎn)化。
2.1 子宮內(nèi)膜的周期性變化與慢性炎癥過(guò)程子宮內(nèi)膜的周期性變化也與慢性炎癥的形成有關(guān)[17]。人類月經(jīng)周期由Finn在1986年首次被闡釋為如同炎癥創(chuàng)傷的愈合過(guò)程,包括血流和血管通透性增加,間質(zhì)組織的分化(蛻膜化),與創(chuàng)傷愈合過(guò)程中的肉芽組織形成及免疫細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)相仿。
在月經(jīng)期,大量免疫細(xì)胞如自然殺傷(NK)細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞、中性粒細(xì)胞、嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞匯聚,是月經(jīng)期中顯著的炎癥特點(diǎn)[18]。月經(jīng)期中,炎性趨化因子(如巨噬細(xì)胞炎性蛋白1α)從裸露的上皮中釋放,促進(jìn)巨噬細(xì)胞的浸潤(rùn),在組織破壞和促凋亡中起作用。在子宮內(nèi)膜的增生期內(nèi),逐漸增加的雌激素和局部產(chǎn)生的血管生成和生長(zhǎng)因子促進(jìn)了子宮內(nèi)膜生長(zhǎng)。這些細(xì)胞因子的上調(diào)可導(dǎo)致巨噬細(xì)胞和中性粒細(xì)胞的浸潤(rùn)。中性粒細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)在脈管系統(tǒng)周圍,產(chǎn)生VEGF,因此參與了脈管的重塑。在分泌中期,子宮內(nèi)膜處于準(zhǔn)備接受受精卵的時(shí)期。在這個(gè)階段,眾多細(xì)胞因子的表達(dá)上調(diào),包括IL-11、白血病抑制因子(LIF)和IL-6[19]。這些因子被認(rèn)為有助于受精卵黏附和侵入子宮內(nèi)膜。
2.2 子宮內(nèi)膜癌中的性激素和炎癥越來(lái)越多的數(shù)據(jù)表明雌、孕激素通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)子宮內(nèi)膜中的細(xì)胞因子和生長(zhǎng)因子的生成發(fā)揮對(duì)子宮內(nèi)膜、間質(zhì)和血管周圍的影響。雌激素可以影響炎癥過(guò)程,上調(diào)IL-6的表達(dá)。雌激素通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)VEGF和堿性成纖維細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子(bFGF)的產(chǎn)生激活絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信號(hào)通路促進(jìn)子宮內(nèi)膜癌細(xì)胞的發(fā)生、發(fā)展[20]。體外實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,外源性雌激素可誘導(dǎo)NF-κB的活化,增加子宮內(nèi)膜癌Ishikawa細(xì)胞的增殖和遷移能力[21]。雌激素撤退引起子宮內(nèi)膜基質(zhì)細(xì)胞的周期性變化以及炎癥因子的聚集[17]。
孕激素可以下調(diào)許多炎癥介質(zhì)的水平。許多體外研究證明孕激素能夠抑制細(xì)胞因子從鼠及人子宮內(nèi)膜癌細(xì)胞中釋放。孕激素同樣能夠刺激前列腺素脫氫酶生成,抑制細(xì)胞因子誘導(dǎo)的COX-2轉(zhuǎn)錄,從而降低前列腺素生成以及隨之發(fā)生的炎癥反應(yīng)。這在動(dòng)物月經(jīng)周期模型中得到證實(shí)[22]。
反之,子宮內(nèi)膜癌中的促炎環(huán)境可以直接促進(jìn)雌二醇的產(chǎn)生。IL-6能夠刺激雌二醇的合成,與TNF-α協(xié)同作用增加芳香化酶、17β羥基脫氫酶和硫酸雌酮的活性,TNF-α能夠以潛在的自分泌或旁分泌調(diào)節(jié)因子的作用影響子宮內(nèi)膜類固醇的合成。因此,促炎環(huán)境同樣可以在雌、孕激素失衡方面起作用,從而促進(jìn)子宮內(nèi)膜的惡性轉(zhuǎn)化。
2.3 炎癥介質(zhì)在子宮內(nèi)膜癌中的作用
趨化因子是細(xì)胞因子家族中的亞類,子宮內(nèi)膜癌中趨化因子受體CXCR4表達(dá)上調(diào),這種受體被趨化因子CXCL12(又稱間質(zhì)細(xì)胞源性因子-1)激活。在子宮內(nèi)膜癌的裸鼠移植瘤模型中可以檢測(cè)到CXCR4表達(dá)上調(diào),盡管其高表達(dá)與腫瘤高轉(zhuǎn)移率有關(guān),但并不是趨化因子表達(dá)高者其生存期皆短。
子宮內(nèi)膜癌表現(xiàn)出多種炎癥特性,如細(xì)胞因子表達(dá)、白細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)和組織重塑。炎癥同樣可以促進(jìn)子宮內(nèi)膜癌的發(fā)展。炎癥與子宮內(nèi)膜癌之間的關(guān)系尚需進(jìn)一步探索。炎癥可能通過(guò)特定的信號(hào)通路對(duì)子宮內(nèi)膜癌進(jìn)行干預(yù),因此,正如阿司匹林可用來(lái)預(yù)防結(jié)腸癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展[31],抑制和干擾炎癥形成過(guò)程中的信號(hào)因子,以及在炎癥消退過(guò)程中進(jìn)行操控,可能成為子宮內(nèi)膜癌的治療方向。
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The Relationship between Inflammation and Endometrial Cancer
LI Li-li,F(xiàn)AN Jiang-tao.Department of Gynecology,
The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University,Nanning 530021,China
FAN Jiang-tao,E-mail:jiangtao_fan1969@163.com
Recent evidences show that inflammation plays a significant role in the development of endometrial cancer. Overexpressing of inflammatory factors is often closely related to the diseases.Studies detected that serum inflammatory factor level in cancer patients is higher than normal people.Inflammatory mediators in the tumor microenvironment are conducive to the tumor proliferation,migration and angiogenesis.And the chemokine might inhibit the apoptosis of tumor cells through the inflammatory signaling pathways.So is in endometrial cancer.Inflammation can promote the development of the endometrial cancer through a variety of inflammatory factors and inflammation cells,and endometrial cancer also shows a variety of inflammatory features,which can help the cancer cells to proliferate and metastasize.Inhibiting inflammatory pathways may become a kind of interventions for the treatment of endometrial cancer.So it is important to explore the correlation between inflammation and endometrial cancer.This paper reviewed the relationship between inflammation and endometrial cancer,providing a new method for the treatment of endometrial cancer.
Inflammation;Endometrial neoplasms;Carcinoma;Chemokines
2015-11-20)
[本文編輯 王昕]
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81360388)
530021南寧,廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院婦科
范江濤,E-mail:jiangtao_fan1969@163.com
△審校者