胡瑩瑩 尹志強(qiáng)
白細(xì)胞介素36與銀屑病
胡瑩瑩 尹志強(qiáng)
白細(xì)胞介素36主要分布在皮膚、支氣管上皮和腦組織中,通過與受體復(fù)合體(白細(xì)胞介素36受體和白細(xì)胞介素1受體輔助蛋白)結(jié)合作用于上皮細(xì)胞、免疫細(xì)胞等,在固有免疫和適應(yīng)性免疫中發(fā)揮重要作用。白細(xì)胞介素36通過誘導(dǎo)促炎癥細(xì)胞因子、抗菌肽、趨化因子等促進(jìn)炎癥反應(yīng)以抵御外界病原微生物。同時(shí)由于促炎癥細(xì)胞因子及趨化因子等釋放,誘發(fā)銀屑病等自身免疫性疾病或免疫相關(guān)的炎癥性疾病。白細(xì)胞介素36受體廣泛低表達(dá),且未被高度調(diào)控,在皮膚中能與分布廣泛的白細(xì)胞介素36發(fā)揮其免疫學(xué)效應(yīng),因此,抗白細(xì)胞介素36受體的抗體可成為銀屑病的潛在治療。
銀屑??;白細(xì)胞介素36;上皮細(xì)胞;免疫;抗體
Fund program:National Natural Science Foundation of China(81301387)
白細(xì)胞介素36(IL?36)家族包括激動(dòng)性配體IL?36α(IL?1F6)、IL?36β(IL?1F8)、IL?36γ(IL?1F9)和受體拮抗劑IL?36Ra(IL?1F5、IL?36RN)均是IL?1家族成員。3個(gè)激動(dòng)性配體共用異二聚體受體,包括IL?36受體(IL?36R)和IL?1受體輔助蛋白,并引起相同的信號(hào)級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng),激活核因子κB和絲裂原活化蛋白激酶,進(jìn)而招募和激活各種免疫細(xì)胞促進(jìn)炎癥反應(yīng)[1]。IL?36通過誘導(dǎo)上皮細(xì)胞和免疫細(xì)胞特別是角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生多種細(xì)胞因子、趨化因子和抗微生物蛋白,在抵御外界病原微生物的同時(shí),還會(huì)引起自身免疫性疾病及免疫相關(guān)的炎癥性疾病,如銀屑病、SLE、類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎[2]。
IL?36α是IL?36家族中的重要成員,其基因同其他IL?36家族成員一樣位于2號(hào)染色體,與IL?1Ra有24%的同源性[2],主要在銀屑病患者的皮膚中,由角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞和骨髓來源的樹突細(xì)胞分泌[1]。IL?36的結(jié)構(gòu)均有一個(gè)疏水核心和典型的β三葉草結(jié)構(gòu),并且都缺少信號(hào)肽和半胱天冬酶1切割位點(diǎn),因此,不能直接被引導(dǎo)到內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)上分泌[3]。IL?1β和腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)α刺激人類角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞后,IL?36R和IL?36α表達(dá)顯著上調(diào)。TNF?α和IL?17A刺激角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞也可以產(chǎn)生IL?36α,IL?22可以增強(qiáng)這種作用,反之IL?36α在人類上皮細(xì)胞中又可刺激抗菌肽和基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶的產(chǎn)生。脂多糖也可以刺激脂肪組織相關(guān)的巨噬細(xì)胞表達(dá)IL?36α mRNA,并提高其表達(dá)水平。IL?36α在成熟脂肪細(xì)胞中可引發(fā)炎癥基因表達(dá)。有學(xué)者構(gòu)建的皮膚內(nèi)IL?36α過度表達(dá)的轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠出現(xiàn)了與人類銀屑病皮損相似的病變,證明了銀屑病皮損的維持需要IL?36持續(xù)表達(dá)。小鼠模型也表明,IL?36在銀屑病皮損中而非關(guān)節(jié)中發(fā)揮著促炎作用[4]。最新的轉(zhuǎn)錄組分析發(fā)現(xiàn),在銀屑病皮損中IL?36、IL?37、IL?38等細(xì)胞因子被放松調(diào)控,因此加重銀屑病患者的皮損[5]。銀屑病患者皮損中,CXCL1表達(dá)增多,IL?36α可刺激角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞表達(dá)CXCL1。在小鼠中,IL?36α可以引起 CXCL1的水平明顯增高[3]。用 IL?36α 刺激CD11c+T細(xì)胞可以上調(diào)中性粒細(xì)胞趨化因子CXCL1和CXCL2以及TNF?α和CD40,且CD11c+可以誘導(dǎo)CD4+T細(xì)胞的增殖[6]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),IL?36α的表達(dá)強(qiáng)烈依賴于IL?1α,且未經(jīng)過處理的IL?36α與IL?1α?xí)纬梢粋€(gè)自我放大的炎癥環(huán)路,二者的相互作用在銀屑病發(fā)病中起顯著作用[7]。
IL?36β主要由樹突細(xì)胞(DC)和T淋巴細(xì)胞表達(dá),γδT細(xì)胞在一定情況下也能產(chǎn)生IL?36β[8]。表皮生長因子可以調(diào)節(jié)IL?36α和IL?36β在皮膚內(nèi)的表達(dá),在成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子受體缺陷的小鼠中,其皮膚屏障的缺陷會(huì)激活角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞和γδT細(xì)胞,并在表皮中大量表達(dá)IL?36β。IL?36β可以促進(jìn)自身分泌,形成一個(gè)類似于IL?1自分泌或旁分泌環(huán)境[4]。微生物和外界環(huán)境因素可以通過Toll樣受體激活DC,使其釋放IL?12和IL?23,兩種炎癥因子可以促進(jìn)T細(xì)胞極化為效應(yīng)T細(xì)胞,并分泌TNF?α、IFN?γ、IL?17和(或)IL?22,這些炎癥因子相互協(xié)作刺激角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞,產(chǎn)生大量生長因子和炎癥介質(zhì),最終形成一個(gè)病理性的惡性循環(huán)[9]。在人類單核細(xì)胞來源的樹突細(xì)胞中,IL?36β可以提高IL?12和IL?18的表達(dá)水平,同時(shí)導(dǎo)致能產(chǎn)生IFN?γ的Th1細(xì)胞增殖,這在固有免疫中發(fā)揮重要作用[10]。Th1細(xì)胞在銀屑病中占主要優(yōu)勢(shì)并抑制Th2增殖,兩種T細(xì)胞的失衡對(duì)銀屑病發(fā)病起到重要作用[11]。同時(shí)IL?36β可通過提高細(xì)胞表面主要組織相容性復(fù)合體Ⅱ和CD83、CD86的表達(dá)而促進(jìn)單核細(xì)胞來源的樹突細(xì)胞成熟。在IL?1基因座發(fā)現(xiàn)包括編碼IL?36β和IL?38基因的單核苷酸多態(tài)性與銀屑病性關(guān)節(jié)炎有較高的易感性相關(guān)[12]。
IL?36γ與IL?1Ra只有20%的同源性[2]。銀屑病皮損中IL?36γ的mRNA水平明顯升高[13]。角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞受到TNF?α和IFN?γ的刺激后,IL?36γ的表達(dá)增加并通過IL?1Rap2激活核因子κB通路。在過度表達(dá)IL?1Rrp2的Jurkat T淋巴細(xì)胞中,IL?36Ra可抑制IL?36γ激活核因子κB[14]。有學(xué)者提出,IL?36γ的釋放和轉(zhuǎn)錄具有半胱天冬氨酸酶1依賴性。外周血單核細(xì)胞在煙曲霉的培養(yǎng)下,可誘發(fā)產(chǎn)生IL?36γ和IL?36Ra,且IL?36γ的產(chǎn)生依賴于dectin?1/Syk和Toll樣受體4信號(hào)通路[15]。IL?36γ可誘導(dǎo)抗菌肽LL37產(chǎn)生,而LL37在人類表皮角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞中可作為警報(bào)素,因LL37可引起多種細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生,如CXCL2、CXCL8(IL?8)、CXCL10(IP10)和CXCL20(MIP3a)[16]。在用抗TNF治療Crohn病患者所引起的銀屑病樣皮損時(shí),IL?36γ和IL?17C可以協(xié)同形成并維持一個(gè)促炎自擴(kuò)環(huán)。在角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞中,成熟的IL?36γ能夠建立一個(gè)炎癥基因表達(dá)譜,提高TNF?α、CCL20、S100A7、誘導(dǎo)型一氧化氮合酶以及IL?36γ自身的mRNA表達(dá)水平。在骨髓細(xì)胞中,IL?36γ可作為固有轉(zhuǎn)錄因子T?bet靶[17]。近期通過免疫組化分析,IL?36γ可作為銀屑病患者重要的生物標(biāo)記,不僅可用于疾病診斷而且可用于臨床上對(duì)疾病活動(dòng)性的評(píng)估[18]。
IL?36Ra是與IL?1Ra擁有最高同源性的IL?36家族成員,其同源性達(dá)到了52%,因而其是繼IL?1α、IL?1β、IL?1Ra和IL?18發(fā)現(xiàn)后,首先被發(fā)現(xiàn)的IL?36成員。IL?36Ra主要由角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞表達(dá),IL?36Ra與IL?1Ra有很高的同源性,卻無類似IL?1Ra的生物活性。IL?36Ra需經(jīng)去除N?端甲硫氨酸才能獲得完全的生物拮抗活性,但發(fā)揮此作用的酶尚未被發(fā)現(xiàn)[3,8]。IL?36Ra通過與IL?36R的結(jié)合來阻止第二受體IL?1受體輔助蛋白的招募[3],在IL?36Ra存在時(shí),IL?17和IL?22的表達(dá)水平會(huì)出現(xiàn)下調(diào)[4]。泛發(fā)性膿皰性銀屑病是一種威脅生命的類型,有學(xué)者在突尼斯銀屑病患者中,發(fā)現(xiàn)了由IL?36Ra突變導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)生少量不穩(wěn)定的與IL?36R親和力降低的IL?36Ra,因此,不能抑制IL?36R介導(dǎo)的炎癥反應(yīng)。但并非所有泛發(fā)性膿皰性銀屑病患者的IL?36Ra都會(huì)發(fā)生突變,特別是伴尋常性銀屑病患者[19?20]。最近,有學(xué)者指出,單獨(dú)的泛發(fā)性膿皰性銀屑病是一種不同的亞型,特別是在病因?qū)W上應(yīng)區(qū)別于泛發(fā)性膿皰性銀屑病伴尋常性銀屑病的患者,且單發(fā)的泛發(fā)性膿皰性銀屑病大部分病因是IL?36Ra突變導(dǎo)致的IL?36Ra不足[12]。日本學(xué)者研究表明,半胱天冬酶招募區(qū)家族成員14短臂的基因突變所產(chǎn)生的變體是泛發(fā)性膿皰性銀屑病伴隨尋常性銀屑病的易感因素,且在患泛發(fā)性膿皰性銀屑病的日本人中并未發(fā)現(xiàn)半胱天冬酶招募區(qū)家族成員的突變[21]。
IL?36R表達(dá)在單核細(xì)胞和DC細(xì)胞表面,且DC細(xì)胞占絕大部分。IL?36R廣泛低水平表達(dá),且未被高度調(diào)節(jié)[1]。人類T細(xì)胞和中性粒細(xì)胞不表達(dá)IL?36R,因而T細(xì)胞和中性粒細(xì)胞對(duì)IL?36不產(chǎn)生效應(yīng),因此,IL?36并不直接作用于CD4+T細(xì)胞、CD8+T細(xì)胞與中性粒細(xì)胞。DC和單核細(xì)胞表達(dá)IL?36R可被IL?36激活,產(chǎn)生生物學(xué)效應(yīng),表達(dá)和產(chǎn)生炎癥細(xì)胞因子。IL?36R除了能與以上4種配體結(jié)合之外,最新發(fā)現(xiàn)的IL?1家族成員IL?1F10(IL?38)同樣能與其結(jié)合,并發(fā)揮著與IL?36Ra相似的生物學(xué)拮抗效應(yīng)[22]。IL?36α 、IL?36β與IL?36γ均可通過IL?36R和IL?1受體輔助蛋白激活核因子κB、絲裂原活化蛋白激酶、ERK1/2與JNK通路而靶向作用于IL?8,導(dǎo)致了IL?6、IL?12與IL?18的分泌[3]。近年來,已研發(fā)出抗IL?36R抗體的藥物以治療銀屑病,這正是利用了IL?36R在銀屑病病程中的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)作用[23]。
綜上所述,IL?36家族各成員在調(diào)節(jié)銀屑病炎癥和銀屑病的維持過程中起重要作用,目前對(duì)IL?36的研究越來越深入,特別是在調(diào)節(jié)皮膚疾病的炎癥過程中的作用。隨著IL?36在銀屑病發(fā)病中的作用被逐步闡明,針對(duì)IL?36特別是抗IL?36R的抗體的生物制劑,將很可能成為銀屑病治療的新希望。
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Interleukin?36 and psoriasis
Hu Yingying,Yin Zhiqiang.Department of Dermatology,The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University,Nanjing 210029,China
Yin Zhiqiang,Email:yzq2802@sina.com
Interleukin?36(IL?36)is mainly expressed in the skin,bronchial epithelium and brain tissues,and plays an important role in innate immunity and adaptive immunity by acting on epithelial cells and immune cells via binding to a heterodimer receptor comprised of IL?36 receptor(IL?36R)and IL?1 receptor accessory protein.IL?36 can induce the expressions of pro?inflammatory cytokines,antimicrobial peptides and chemokines to defend against pathogens in the environment.The release of pro?inflammatory cytokines and chemokines can also cause the occurrence of autoimmune diseases or immune?related inflammatory diseases,such as psoriasis.IL?36R,which is widely expressed at low levels and does not seem to be highly regulated,exerts immunological effects via binding to widely distributed IL?36.Therefore,anti?IL?36R antibodies are expected to be a potential therapy for psoriasis.
Psoriasis;Interleukin?36;Epithelial cells;Immunity;Antibodies
國家自然科學(xué)基金(81301387)
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673?4173.2016.06.006
210029南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院皮膚科
尹志強(qiáng),Email:yzq2802@sina.com
2015?12?01)