徐婷婷 湯光宇
MRI在三陰性乳腺癌中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展
徐婷婷 湯光宇*
三陰性乳腺癌(TNBC)具有特殊的生物學(xué)行為及臨床病理學(xué)特征,侵襲性強(qiáng),惡性程度高,臨床缺乏有效的治療方法,預(yù)后較差。TNBC較非TNBC型乳腺癌在MRI上具有一定的特征表現(xiàn)。灌注加權(quán)成像、擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像及磁共振波譜成像等功能MRI技術(shù)運(yùn)用多定量參數(shù)指標(biāo)可以定量評估TNBC血流灌注情況及細(xì)胞代謝狀態(tài),并對TNBC術(shù)前新輔助化療效果具有監(jiān)測作用。就MRI對TNBC與非TNBC的鑒別診斷及TNBC新輔助化療評估及預(yù)后檢測予以綜述。
三陰性乳腺癌;功能磁共振成像;血流灌注;定量參數(shù);新輔助化療
Int J Med Radiol,2016,39(6):633-636
三陰性乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC)即為雌激素受體(estrogen receptor,ER)、孕激素受體(progesterone receptor,PR)和人表皮生長因子受體2(human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,HER-2)均表達(dá)缺失的乳腺癌,占所有乳腺癌的10%~17%,越來越好發(fā)于年輕女性(年齡<50歲)。TNBC具有特殊的生物學(xué)行為及臨床病理學(xué)特征,侵襲性強(qiáng),惡性程度高,可早期轉(zhuǎn)移,易復(fù)發(fā),臨床缺乏有效治療方法,預(yù)后較差[1-2]。功能MRI可以無創(chuàng)、定量地評估腫瘤形態(tài)學(xué)、功能學(xué)及血管生成情況,不僅在TNBC診斷方面顯示出很大潛力,對TNAC的治療效果也具有監(jiān)測作用[3]。
1.1 TNBC的平掃及動(dòng)態(tài)增強(qiáng)MRI影像特征TNBC較其他亞型的乳腺癌在MRI上表現(xiàn)為更大單發(fā)腫塊,Chen等[4]測量29例TNBC,大小為0.40~10.00 cm,其中93%的腫瘤直徑>1.5 cm,明顯大于非TNBC,且多為單發(fā)病灶。腫瘤邊緣光滑一般用來預(yù)測良性病灶,而有些研究[5-6]表明TNBC邊緣光滑。Uematsu等[7]報(bào)道56個(gè)TNBC中,39%的腫瘤邊緣光滑,而非TNBC只有14%有此表現(xiàn)。與非TNBC相比,TNBC形狀一般較規(guī)則,呈圓形或橢圓形,Youk等[6]研究表明,77%的TNBC腫塊表現(xiàn)為圓形或橢圓形,而ER+及HER+的乳腺癌中分別僅有38%和27%表現(xiàn)為圓形或橢圓形腫塊??傊?,TNBC更傾向于良性腫瘤的形態(tài)學(xué)特征[8]。
有研究[5-6]表明,在T2WI上腫瘤內(nèi)部呈高信號
或明顯高信號是增加診斷TNBC準(zhǔn)確性的一個(gè)信號特征。Uematsu等[7]報(bào)道33例TNBC中24例(73%)T2WI上表現(xiàn)為腫瘤中心明顯高信號,其病理基礎(chǔ)為腫瘤內(nèi)纖維化、壞死及淋巴細(xì)胞浸潤;56個(gè)TNBC中有80%表現(xiàn)為環(huán)狀強(qiáng)化,具有光滑邊緣的腫塊較浸潤性邊緣腫塊更易表現(xiàn)為環(huán)形強(qiáng)化,出現(xiàn)率分別為95%與71%。Teifke等[9]認(rèn)為環(huán)狀強(qiáng)化是較為準(zhǔn)確地預(yù)測ER狀態(tài)的指標(biāo),而非TNBC多表現(xiàn)為不均勻強(qiáng)化。因此,環(huán)形強(qiáng)化可以作為TNBC又一鑒別指征。時(shí)間信號強(qiáng)度曲線(time singal intensity curve,TIC)可用于乳腺癌的定性診斷和療效評價(jià)。TIC一般分為3種類型:持續(xù)上升型(Ⅰ型)、平臺(tái)型(Ⅱ型)、廓清型(Ⅲ型)。一般認(rèn)為Ⅰ型及Ⅱ型強(qiáng)化類型是良性腫瘤MRI增強(qiáng)特點(diǎn),Ⅲ型強(qiáng)化為惡性腫瘤特點(diǎn)。關(guān)于TNBC的TIC特征意見不一,有研究者認(rèn)為TNBC病人TIC多表現(xiàn)為廓清型,病理基礎(chǔ)是細(xì)胞外間隙較窄、血管通透性較高[10]。而Uematsu等[7]研究顯示,僅28%的病灶表現(xiàn)為Ⅲ型曲線,認(rèn)為Ⅲ型曲線在TNBC中并不常見,因?yàn)門NBC腫瘤內(nèi)部為非均質(zhì)強(qiáng)化。
1.2 動(dòng)態(tài)增強(qiáng)MR灌注成像原理及對TNBC診斷價(jià)值動(dòng)態(tài)增強(qiáng)MRI(dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging,DCE-MRI)機(jī)制是對比劑的縮短T1效應(yīng),亦稱T1灌注成像,通過運(yùn)用藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)模型(兩室模型、三室模型等)及一系列數(shù)學(xué)擬合,對組織血管內(nèi)對比劑進(jìn)行時(shí)間-濃度與時(shí)間-信號強(qiáng)度之間的轉(zhuǎn)換與分析,計(jì)算出可定量反映腫瘤微血管血流灌注情況的參數(shù)[11],包括:①容量轉(zhuǎn)移常數(shù)(Ktrans):指對比劑從血管內(nèi)擴(kuò)散到血管外的速度常數(shù),單位為min-1;②速率常數(shù)(kep):組織間對比劑經(jīng)擴(kuò)散重新回到血管內(nèi)的速度常數(shù),單位為min-1;③血管外細(xì)胞外間隙容積比(ve),是血管外細(xì)胞外間隙占整個(gè)體素的百分比。三者滿足如下關(guān)系:kep= Ktrans/ve。其中,Ktrans既能反映腫瘤組織的血流量,又能反映局部的滲透率,被認(rèn)為是最能反映腫瘤灌注情況的一個(gè)指標(biāo)[12-13]。
近年,Li等[14]報(bào)道TNBC與其他亞型乳腺癌相比,在DCE-MR灌注成像上顯示出高kep值(0.70∶0.56,P=0.044)及低ve值(0.33∶0.39,P=0.001),高級別TNBC較低級別的具有更高的kep值(0.82∶0.51,P=0.019),雖然Ktrans作為DCE-MR灌注成像的一個(gè)定量參數(shù)已被廣泛接受,但在此研究中,TNBC組與非TNBC組的Ktrans值并未顯示出明顯差異。Li等[14]認(rèn)為任何影響血流灌注的因素(如心臟輸出功能異常及高血壓)均可干擾Ktrans值的測定。Koo等[15]報(bào)道,病理級別越高、高核分級、ER-乳腺癌及TNBC在DCE-MR灌注成像上表現(xiàn)出高Ktrans值、高kep值,低ve值。TNBC組Ktrans值(0.576±0.346)較管腔上皮型乳腺癌組Ktrans值(0.420±0.263,P=0.056)高,TNBC的kep值(1.340±0.743)較管腔上皮型乳腺癌kep值(0.912±0.651,P=0.015)高,TNBC的ve值(0.468± 0.201)較管腔上皮型乳腺癌ve值(0.566±0.217,P=0.043)低。腫瘤通過分泌血管上皮生長因子(vascular endotheial growth factor,VEGF)、血小板源性上皮細(xì)胞生長因子等多種血管活性物質(zhì)并作用于血管內(nèi)皮,導(dǎo)致新生血管的生成,提高腫瘤微血管密度,從而增加血流量[16]。TNBC瘤內(nèi)血管內(nèi)VEGF明顯增多,是ER+PR+型乳腺癌的3倍[17]。TNBC腫瘤供應(yīng)血管在結(jié)構(gòu)及功能上表現(xiàn)為血管迂曲、擴(kuò)張、血管壁通透性增加。TNBC表現(xiàn)為高侵襲性,較非TNBC顯示出更高代謝灌注率[18]。因此,TNBC高灌注及高滲透性在DCE-MRI表現(xiàn)為高Ktrans值、高kep值;而TNBC腫瘤細(xì)胞及血管增多,從而使血管外細(xì)胞外間隙減小,在DCE-MR灌注成像上表現(xiàn)為低ve值。
1.3 DWI對TNBC診斷價(jià)值MR擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像(diffusion-weighted imaging,DWI)是通過檢測活體組織水分子擴(kuò)散運(yùn)動(dòng),反映組織水分子擴(kuò)散快慢的MRI技術(shù),具有敏感性高、檢查時(shí)間短的優(yōu)勢。DWI量化指標(biāo)表觀擴(kuò)散系數(shù)(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)值用于描述不同擴(kuò)散梯度(b值)作用下,水分子擴(kuò)散力大小的定量指標(biāo),DWI通過測量ADC值來進(jìn)行量化分析,細(xì)胞增殖越旺盛,組織的細(xì)胞密度越大,ADC值就越低[19]。Martincich等[20]比較不同乳腺癌亞型間的ADC值,發(fā)現(xiàn)其與ER+細(xì)胞百分比之間有較弱相關(guān)性,但具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(r=-0.168,P=0.020),激素受體陰性的腫瘤較激素受體陽性的腫瘤表現(xiàn)出更高的ADC值(1.110×10-3mm2/s∶1.050×10-3mm2/s,P=0.015),且其差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。分子分型不同的乳腺癌,其ADC值也有差異,Youk等[6]研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)TNBC組平均ADC值(1.034× 10-3mm2/s)明顯高于ER+(0.891×10-3mm2/s,P= 0.002)及HER+(0.839×10-3mm2/s,P<0.000 1),腫瘤中心T2WI的高信號與ADC值顯著相關(guān),且這種相關(guān)性TNBC組較其他亞型乳腺癌表現(xiàn)更顯著,病理證實(shí)為腫瘤內(nèi)部壞死,壞死區(qū)域的細(xì)胞內(nèi)密度減低,使水分子更易擴(kuò)散,ADC值增高。
1.4 MR波譜成像對TNBC診斷價(jià)值MR波譜成像(MRS)是目前能夠無創(chuàng)性檢測活體組織內(nèi)化學(xué)物質(zhì)、反映組織代謝信息的唯一方法。通過1H-MRS檢測活體乳腺惡性病變中的總膽堿(Cho)等代謝物含量,對鑒別良惡性乳腺腫瘤的敏感性與特異性較高[21]。MRS是一種研究惡性細(xì)胞代謝狀態(tài)的獨(dú)特工具。Cao等[22]比較了TNBC與三陽性乳腺癌(triple-positive breast cancer,TPBC)的MRS結(jié)果,發(fā)現(xiàn)TNBC較TPBC顯示出較高的Cho值(P=0.08)。Chen等[23]研究也得出類似結(jié)果,TNBC的Cho明顯高于非TNBC,與TNBC表現(xiàn)為更高的增殖活性、膽堿激酶過表達(dá)有明顯關(guān)聯(lián)。而另一研究[24]則得出相反結(jié)論,TNBC較非TNBC表現(xiàn)出明顯低的Cho含量,認(rèn)為雖然相當(dāng)一部分TNBC腫瘤屬于基底樣疾病,但它并不是同質(zhì)性疾病。對于Cho代謝物含量水平與不同亞型乳腺癌的關(guān)系尚需進(jìn)一步探討。
1.5 MRI評估TNBC新輔助化療效果及預(yù)測病理完全緩解率新輔助化療(neoadjuvant chemotherapy,NAC)是對局部晚期乳腺癌病人術(shù)前進(jìn)行的全身性輔助化療,以縮小腫瘤、有效清除淋巴結(jié)及遠(yuǎn)處微轉(zhuǎn)移病灶,使手術(shù)切除甚至保乳成為可能。由于MRI的軟組織分辨力高、無輻射,對多中心病灶的檢出率較高,近年來被越來越多地應(yīng)用于乳腺癌NAC的療效評價(jià)。許多研究[24-26]報(bào)道NAC后MRI測量殘存腫瘤大小與病理相關(guān)性好,Loo等[25]認(rèn)為,TNBC在MRI上形態(tài)學(xué)主要表現(xiàn)為單發(fā)、腫塊樣病變,較容易測量NAC前后殘留體積改變及觀察病理完全緩解率(pathological complete response,pCR),所以NAC后MRI測量殘存腫瘤大小與病理相關(guān)性好。而ER+/HER-2-型在MRI上形態(tài)學(xué)往往較多表現(xiàn)為非腫塊樣病變,使評估體積改變更具挑戰(zhàn)性,所以導(dǎo)致NAC后MRI測量殘存腫瘤大小與病理相關(guān)性較差。DCE-MRI不僅可以顯示病變的大小,還可以通過監(jiān)測瘤體內(nèi)的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù),了解病灶的血流灌注情況,且血流動(dòng)力學(xué)變化明顯早于腫瘤體積大小的變化。Marcos de Paz等[27]對69例TNBC病人的75個(gè)病灶NAC早期的MRI形態(tài)學(xué)及動(dòng)態(tài)增強(qiáng)改變進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)對NAC有反應(yīng)的腫瘤最大的改變是病灶中心信號減低(75%)及流出型曲線的減少(64.2%)。Drisis等[28]研究報(bào)道,DCE-MRI定量參數(shù)(Ktrans、kep、ve)可以較好地預(yù)測TNBC組的pCR,治療前Ktrans值較高的腫瘤對化療的反應(yīng)較好,pCR與非pCR組間Ktrans值差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.03),NAC治療后TNBC中pCR組ve值明顯增高。近年Bufi等[29]發(fā)現(xiàn),NAC治療前ADC值可預(yù)測TNBC及HER-2+亞型乳腺癌pCR情況,pCR與較非pCR組治療前平均ADC值低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(1.034× 10-3mm2/s∶1.114×10-3mm2/s,P=0.05)。
2.1 乳腺X線攝影成像表現(xiàn)乳腺X線攝影是最便捷、價(jià)廉的乳腺癌檢查方法,常用于高危人群篩選,對微鈣化的顯示優(yōu)于超聲和MRI,在乳腺癌早期診斷及篩查中有重要意義。多項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)TNBC的X線表現(xiàn)為:①主要為腫塊型病變,且邊緣較清晰光滑。腫塊型病變占所有TNBC病變的58.2%~100%,腫塊的形態(tài)多為圓形、橢圓形或分葉形,很少表現(xiàn)為不規(guī)則形,邊緣毛刺少見。②少有鈣化或?yàn)榱夹遭}化,其發(fā)生率僅為4.7%~29.0%。③腺體局限性不對稱性致密或局限性腺體結(jié)構(gòu)扭曲。Yang等[30]研究顯示,TNBC組33例全部為腫塊樣病變,其中TNBC腫塊表現(xiàn)為圓形橢圓形的占48%,表現(xiàn)為分葉型的占27%,僅5例(15%)伴有鈣化,并認(rèn)為TNBC組很少伴有微鈣化,可能與TNBC免疫亞型組的導(dǎo)管內(nèi)原位癌發(fā)生率低有關(guān)。Shin等[31]認(rèn)為TNBC多表現(xiàn)為圓形可能是由于生長迅速,腫瘤還未產(chǎn)生乳腺癌周反應(yīng)。
2.2 超聲成像表現(xiàn)傳統(tǒng)超聲只能從形態(tài)學(xué)上進(jìn)行診斷,且易受操作者技術(shù)影響。與非TNBC相比,TNBC表現(xiàn)為明顯的低回聲腫塊,少伴微鈣化;邊緣呈淺分葉、邊緣僵硬邊緣少有毛刺征;周邊無高回聲暈;后方回聲不變等。Ko等[32]研究報(bào)道TNBC高度去分化、快速生長易導(dǎo)致壞死囊變,因此在超聲上表現(xiàn)為明顯低回聲。Wojcinski等[33]研究顯示,TNBC邊緣環(huán)形回聲較非TNBC少見,腫瘤快速增長,影響腫瘤表面,所以在超聲上粘連表現(xiàn)較少見。
彈性超聲及3D超聲成像能克服傳統(tǒng)超聲二維影像的局限性,但彈性超聲一般用于乳腺良惡性腫瘤的鑒別,很少用于乳腺癌亞型的鑒別,Kojima等[34]評估40例TNBC彈性超聲成像特點(diǎn),研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)TNBC多表現(xiàn)為較硬的腫瘤,TNBC的彈性分?jǐn)?shù)多為4~5分,表明TNBC是富細(xì)胞、少纖維組織的腫瘤,彈性分?jǐn)?shù)與浸潤性導(dǎo)管癌一致。Li等[35]研究顯示,TNBC在3D超聲冠狀面上缺乏匯聚征。
由此可見,TNBC在乳腺X線攝影及超聲檢查中形態(tài)學(xué)與常規(guī)MRI平掃類似,更傾向于良性腫瘤的影像特點(diǎn)。MRI具有良好的軟組織分辨力,不受乳腺腺體致密度的影響,而且極少受操作者技術(shù)影響,
能夠提供傳統(tǒng)超聲及乳腺X線攝影無法顯示的病灶細(xì)節(jié)信息,最大優(yōu)勢是可以提高微小病灶及多發(fā)病灶的檢出率,可以運(yùn)用定量參數(shù)指標(biāo)對乳腺癌進(jìn)行定量分析[36]。將MRI與乳腺X線攝影、多模式超聲攝影結(jié)合,能進(jìn)一步提高TNBC的檢測準(zhǔn)確性。
綜上所述,MRI是目前準(zhǔn)確診斷TNBC的影像檢查技術(shù),TNBC較非TNBC型乳腺癌易表現(xiàn)為體積大、單一病灶、邊緣光滑、環(huán)形強(qiáng)化、T2WI呈高信號,高Ktrans值、高kep值、低ve值,高ADC值的特征。而且,MRI功能成像在TNBC新輔助化療療效的評估中具有較高的價(jià)值,具體表現(xiàn)為測量殘余腫瘤的范圍與病理符合率高,DCE-MRI定量參數(shù)(Ktrans、kep、ve)及ADC值可以較好地預(yù)測TNBC組的pCR,為臨床工作提供有效補(bǔ)充。
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(收稿2016-01-11)
Application progress of MRI in triple-negative breast cancer
XU Tingting,TANG Guangyu.
Department of Radiology,Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital,School of Medicine,Tongji University,Shanghai 200072,China
Triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC)is characterized by distinct biological and clinical pathological features.Due to its high aggressive and malignant,and lack of effective therapeutic targets,it has a worse prognosis. Compared with Non-TNBC,TNBC shows some characteristics in magnetic resonance imaging.Functional MR imaging,such as perfusion weighted imaging,diffusion-weighted imaging,and magnetic resonance spectroscopy,can quantitatively evaluate the tumor microvascular perfusion and cellular metabolism,and can also monitor neoadjuvant chemotherapy effect on TNBC. Here,we summarized the MRI application status on identifying of TNBC and assessing of neoadjuvant chemotherapy efficacy.
Triple-negative breast cancer;Functional magnetic resonance imaging;Blood perfusion;Quantitative parameter;Neoadjuvant chemotherapy
10.19300/j.2016.Z4079
R737.9;R445.2
A
同濟(jì)大學(xué)附屬第十人民醫(yī)院放射科,上海200072
湯光宇,E-mail:tgy17@126.com
*審校者