張凌霄 王軍奎
?
預(yù)測(cè)心力衰竭患者腎功能惡化血清學(xué)指標(biāo)的研究進(jìn)展
張凌霄王軍奎
心力衰竭(心衰)患者合并腎功能不全與臨床預(yù)后密切相關(guān),腎功能不全傳統(tǒng)的生化標(biāo)志物異常往往出現(xiàn)較晚,不具有早期預(yù)警價(jià)值。該文主要介紹對(duì)心衰患者發(fā)生腎功能惡化具有預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值并和預(yù)后相關(guān)的血清學(xué)指標(biāo)的最新研究進(jìn)展。
心力衰竭;腎功能惡化;血清學(xué)指標(biāo)
心力衰竭(心衰)是各種心臟疾病的終末階段,常合并不同程度的腎功能不全,后者會(huì)進(jìn)一步加重心臟損害,與死亡率、再住院率等臨床事件密切相關(guān)。有研究表明急性腎損傷是急性失代償性心衰患者1年死亡的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[1]。因此,早期發(fā)現(xiàn)心衰患者的腎功能惡化并及早干預(yù),具有重要的臨床意義。目前臨床常用的血肌酐僅在腎功能下降超過50%時(shí)才有明顯變化,且受年齡、性別、種族和體質(zhì)量指數(shù)影響[2],敏感性較低。近年來的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些能反映早期腎功能惡化的指標(biāo)。
以往研究認(rèn)為,慢性心衰患者發(fā)生腎功能惡化的主要機(jī)制是心輸出量不足導(dǎo)致腎灌注減少[3]。心衰時(shí),心輸出量下降引起繼發(fā)性腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)激活和交感神經(jīng)過度興奮,加重體液潴留和血管內(nèi)皮功能障礙,增加后負(fù)荷[4-5]。心輸出量下降難以得到完全代償,容量負(fù)荷加重,促使腎功能惡化[6-7]。近年來研究表明,心衰時(shí)靜脈回流受阻,腎靜脈壓升高致腎淤血、腎小管閉塞、管球反饋受損等病理生理改變?cè)谀I功能惡化中意義重大[8-9]。
2.1中性粒細(xì)胞明膠酶相關(guān)脂質(zhì)運(yùn)載蛋白(neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin,NGAL)
NGAL是一種相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量較小的脂質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白,表達(dá)于中性粒細(xì)胞、肝臟、腎臟、子宮、結(jié)腸和唾液腺上皮等多種組織細(xì)胞,在炎癥或損傷發(fā)生時(shí)可由上皮細(xì)胞、腎小管細(xì)胞和肝細(xì)胞釋放,經(jīng)腎小球自由濾過,被近曲小管完全重吸收[10]。有研究表明,在腎缺血后,主要是腎小管上皮細(xì)胞損傷后,NGAL的表達(dá)顯著升高,在腎小管上皮細(xì)胞修復(fù)與再生過程中發(fā)揮作用[11]。NGAL基線水平與急性心衰患者住院期間發(fā)生腎功能惡化(血肌酐較基線值升高>0.3 mg/dL)相關(guān),血NGAL基線水平>134 ng/mL時(shí),預(yù)測(cè)患者住院期間發(fā)生腎功能惡化的敏感度為92%,特異度為71%,準(zhǔn)確度為78%;而出院時(shí)患者血NGAL>130 ng/mL,與出院后6個(gè)月內(nèi)的死亡率相關(guān)(OR=3.18,95%CI:1.65~6.15,P<0.001)[12]。
2.2腎損傷分子1(kidney injury molecular-1,KIM-1)
KIM-1是 Ⅰ 型跨膜糖蛋白,由人類甲肝病毒受體-1基因編碼,其細(xì)胞外片段由1個(gè)黏液素功能區(qū)連接1個(gè)由6個(gè)半胱氨酸組成的球蛋白樣功能區(qū),細(xì)胞內(nèi)片段參與了酪氨酸激酶信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路[13]。KIM-1蛋白具有多種生物學(xué)活性,可參與腎小管上皮細(xì)胞損傷后的修復(fù)過程,可能的機(jī)制是KIM-1蛋白促使近曲小管上皮細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化為巨噬細(xì)胞以清除壞死細(xì)胞,在損傷發(fā)生后保護(hù)腎小管上皮細(xì)胞并促進(jìn)再生[14]。有研究表明,NGAL較KIM-1預(yù)測(cè)急性腎損傷的價(jià)值大[15],但Damman等[16]認(rèn)為KIM-1能更好地反映容量變化如何使腎小管出現(xiàn)亞臨床損害。另有研究提示,尿KIM-1獨(dú)立于腎小球?yàn)V過率(GFR),與慢性心衰患者病死率和住院率相關(guān)(HR=1.15,95%CI:1.02~1.30)[17]。
胱抑素C是半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制劑,在體內(nèi)經(jīng)有核細(xì)胞以恒定速度分泌,其相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量較小,可經(jīng)腎小球自由濾過,被腎小管完全重吸收并在細(xì)胞內(nèi)降解,不重新回到血液,也不被腎小管分泌,且不受蛋白攝入量、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)和炎癥的影響[18]。研究表明,血胱抑素C的半衰期約1.5 h(血肌酐半衰期為4 h),急性腎損傷時(shí),血胱抑素C的升高早于血肌酐,能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)早期急性腎損傷[19]。有研究表明,住院期間血胱抑素C升高>1.3 mg/dL時(shí),預(yù)測(cè)發(fā)生急性腎損傷的敏感度為88%,特異度為96%[20]。對(duì)于發(fā)生腎功能惡化的心衰患者,血胱抑素C的預(yù)后判斷價(jià)值,包括住院天數(shù)、住院期間死亡率和遠(yuǎn)期全因死亡率,均要優(yōu)于血肌酐[21-22]。
4.1血尿素氮/血肌酐
血尿素氮/血肌酐升高可能與靜脈淤血、血管內(nèi)容量相對(duì)不足有關(guān)。研究表明血尿素氮/血肌酐>25.5、估算的腎小球?yàn)V過率(eGFR)<45.8 mL/min與慢性穩(wěn)定性心衰患者腔靜脈淤血相關(guān);在平均31個(gè)月的隨訪期間,血尿素氮/血肌酐>25.5是慢性穩(wěn)定性心衰患者全因死亡的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[23]。Brisco等[24]研究表明,血尿素氮/血肌酐比值升高可能與腎灌注下降導(dǎo)致腎臟局部神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)激活、尿素氮和肌酐不成比例重吸收有關(guān)。血尿素氮代謝受3方面因素影響:機(jī)體產(chǎn)生的總量、在腎臟內(nèi)髓的濃縮和在遠(yuǎn)端小管的重吸收[25]。血尿素氮水平遠(yuǎn)高于肌酐,并且在利尿過程中能反映腎血流灌注狀態(tài),有明顯水鈉潴留的患者,在血肌酐變化不明顯的情況下,血尿素氮變化能夠較好的反映血管內(nèi)容量的相對(duì)不足。所以血尿素氮/血肌酐升高可在早期提示心衰患者體內(nèi)水鈉潴留和血管內(nèi)容量相對(duì)不足,以及因腎灌注不足和腎臟內(nèi)壓升高引起的腎功能惡化。血尿素氮/血肌酐升高的具體機(jī)制仍不明確,但其升高與患者腎功能惡化和預(yù)后相關(guān)已被證實(shí)[23-24,26],且可以用于急性充血性心衰患者發(fā)生急性腎功能衰竭的危險(xiǎn)分層[27]。
4.2血清堿性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)
ALP是心衰患者發(fā)生腎功能惡化的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(OR=1.01,95%CI:1.00~1.02,P=0.028)[28]。以ALP<203 IU/L為對(duì)照組,對(duì)腎功能惡化其他危險(xiǎn)因素進(jìn)行校正后,得出ALP 203~278 IU/L組OR=1.69,95%CI:1.02~2.79,P=0.04;ALP>278 IU/L組OR=1.95,95%CI:1.20~3.21,P=0.008[28]。心衰患者血ALP升高可能與右心系統(tǒng)充盈壓升高有關(guān)[29];亦有研究認(rèn)為心衰患者發(fā)生腎功能惡化與靜脈淤血密切相關(guān)[8],血ALP升高可能代表肝臟與腎臟的淤血狀態(tài)。Karabulut等[30]的研究認(rèn)為血ALP升高可能預(yù)示著腎臟的亞臨床損害,Yamazoe等[28]的研究結(jié)果亦認(rèn)為尿蛋白量與血ALP水平相關(guān)。
研究表明,多種機(jī)制及多重因素參與了心衰患者的腎功能惡化[1,5],不同機(jī)制及危險(xiǎn)因素的血清學(xué)指標(biāo)聯(lián)合檢測(cè)可能對(duì)于預(yù)測(cè)心衰患者腎功能惡化、了解其發(fā)生機(jī)制和判斷遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后具有更加積極的意義。在1項(xiàng)N端腦利鈉肽前體(NT-proBNP)、B型利鈉肽(BNP)、NGAL和可溶性ST2蛋白聯(lián)合檢測(cè)的研究中,利鈉肽聯(lián)合NGAL檢測(cè)對(duì)于心衰患者發(fā)生腎功能惡化的預(yù)測(cè)能力最強(qiáng)(ORNT-proBNP+NGAL=2.79,ORBNP+NGAL=3.11,P=0.04),而NT-proBNP/BNP、NGAL指標(biāo)均升高的患者腎功能惡化的發(fā)生率最高[31]。Haase等[32]的研究表明,血NGAL聯(lián)合血胱抑素C是心臟手術(shù)后發(fā)生急性腎損傷的最強(qiáng)預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)。
盡早發(fā)現(xiàn)心衰患者的腎功能惡化,及時(shí)干預(yù),能夠大大改善臨床預(yù)后。腎功能傳統(tǒng)指標(biāo)不能反映早期腎功能惡化時(shí),尋找敏感性和特異性強(qiáng)、并能對(duì)腎功能損害發(fā)生機(jī)制有所提示的指標(biāo)就顯得尤為重要。目前對(duì)腎功能惡化發(fā)生機(jī)制的認(rèn)識(shí)仍較局限,需要進(jìn)一步研究。多指標(biāo)聯(lián)合檢測(cè)對(duì)預(yù)測(cè)腎功能惡化和判斷預(yù)后的價(jià)值可能更大。
[1]Palazzuoli A,McCullough PA,Ronco C,et al.Kidney disease in heart failure:the importance of novel biomarkers for type 1 cardio-renal syndrome detection [J].Intern Emerg Med,2015,10(5):543-554.
[2]Coca SG,Parikh CR.Urinary biomarkers for acute kidney injury:perspectives on translation[J].Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2008,3(2):481-490.
[3]Ljungman S,Laragh JH,Cody RJ,et al,Role of the kidneyin congestive heart failure:relationship of cardiac index to kidneyfunction [J].Drugs,1990,39 (Suppl4):10-24.
[4]Ruggenenti P,Remuzzi G.Worsening kidney function in decompensated heart failure:treat the heart don’t mind the kidney [J].Eur Heart J,2011,32(20):2476-2478.
[5]Parrinello G,Torres D,Paterna S.Salt and water imbalance in chronic heart failure [J].Intern Emerg Med,2011,6(suppl 1):S29-S36.
[6]Ronco C,Cicoira M,McCullough PA.Cardiorenal syndrome type 1:pathophysiological crosstalk leading to combined heart and kidney dysfunction in thesetting of acutely decompensated heart failure [J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2012,60(12):1031-1042.
[7]郭俊,馮燦,陸陽,等.心腎綜合征的診治及研究進(jìn)展[J].國際心血管病雜志,2015,42(1):19-22.
[8]Sinkeler SJ,Damman K,van Veldhuisen DJ,et al.A re-appraisal of volume status and renal function impairment in chronic heart failure:combined effects of pre-renal failure and venous congestion on renal function [J].Heart Fail Rev,2012,17(2):263-270.
[9]Bongartz LG,Cramer MJ,Doevendans PA,et al.The severe cardiorenalsyndrome:‘Guyton revisited’ [J].Eur Heart J,2005,26(1):11-17.
[10]Bouquegneau A,Krzesinski JM,Delanaye P,et al.Biomarkers and physiopathology in the cardiorenal syndrome [J].Clinica Chimica Acta,2015,443(30):100-107.
[11]Kashiwagi E,Tonomura Y,Kondo C,et al.Involvement of neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin and osteopontin in renal tubular regeneration aninterstitial fibrosis after cisplatin-induced renal failure[J].Exp Toxicol Pathol,2014,66(7):301-311.
[12]Palazzuoli A,Ruocco G,Beltrami M,et al.Admission plasma neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) predicts worsening renal function during hospitalization and post discharge outcome in patients with acute heart failure[J].Acute Card Care,2014,16(3):93-101.
[13]Medic' B,Rovcˇanin B,Basta Jovanovic' G,et al.Kidney injury molecule-1 and cardiovascular diseases:from basic science to clinical practice[J].Biomed Res Int,2015(2015):854070.
[14]Bonventre JV.Kidney injury molecule-1:a translational journey[J].Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc,2014,125:293-299.
[15]Aghel A,Shrestha K,Mullens W,et al.Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in predicting worsening renal function in acute decompensated heart failure[J].J Card Fail,2010,16(1):49-54.
[16]Damman K,Masson S,Hillege HL,et al.Clinical outcome of renal tubular damage in chronic heart failure[J].Eur Heart J,2011,32(21):2705-2712.
[17]Damman K,Van Veldhuisen DJ,Navis G,et al.Tubular damage in chronic systolic heart failure is associated with reduced survival independent of glomerular filtration rate[J].Heart,2010,96(16):1297-1302.
[18]Séronie-Vivien S,Delanaye P,Piéroni L,et al.Cystatin C:current position andfuture prospects[J].Clin Chem Lab Med,2008,46(12):1664-1686.
[19]Shlipak MG,Mattes MD,Peralta CA.Update on cystatin C:incorporation into clinical practice[J].Am J Kidney Dis,2013,62(3):595-603.
[20]Cruz DN,Fard A,Clementi A,et al.Role of biomarkers in the diagnosis and management of cardio-renal syndromes[J].Semin Nephrol,2012,32(1):79-92.
[21]Naruse H,Ishii J,Kawai T,et al.Cystatin C in acute heart failure without advanced renal impairment[J].Am J Med,2009,122(6):566-573.
[22]吳敏,韓素霞.血清胱抑素C與心力衰竭[J].國際心血管病雜志,2014,41(6):356-358.
[23]Parrinello G,Torres D,Testani JM,et al.Blood urea nitrogen to creatinine ratio is associated with congestion and mortality in heart failure patients with renal dysfunction[J].Intern Emerg Med,2015,10(8):965-972.
[24]Brisco MA,Coca SG,Chen J,et al.Blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio identifies a high-risk but potentially reversible form of renal dysfunction in patients with decompensated heart failure[J].Circ Heart Fail,2013,6(2):233-239.
[25]Kazory A.Emergence of blood urea nitrogen as a biomarker of neurohormonal activation in heart failure[J].Am J Cardiol,2010,106(5):694-700.
[26]Sood MM,Saeed M,Lim V,et al.The urea-to-creatinine ratio is predictive of worsening kidney function in ambulatory heart failure patients[J].J Card Fail,2015,21(5):412-418.
[27]Takaya Y,Yoshihara F,Yokoyama H,et al.Risk stratification of acute kidney injury using the blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio in patients with acute decompensated heart failure[J].Circ J,2015,79(7):1520-1525.
[28]Yamazoe M,Mizuno A,Nishi Y,et al.Serum alkaline phosphatase as a predictor of worsening renal function in patients with acute decompensated heart failure[J].J Cardiol,2016,67(5):412-417.
[29]Lau GT,Tan HC,Kritharides L.Type of liver dysfunction in heart failure and its relation to the severity of tricuspid regurgitation[J].Am J Cardiol,2002,90(12):1405-1409.
[30]KarabulutA,Sahin I,Ilker Avci I,et al.Impact of serum alkaline phosphatase level on the pathophysiologic mechanism of contrast-induced nephropathy[J].Kardiol Pol,2014,72(10):977-982.
[31]De Berardinis B,Gaggin HK,Magrini L,et al.Comparison between admission natriuretic peptides,NGAL and sST2 testing for the prediction of worsening renal function in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure[J].Clin Chem Lab Med,2015,53(4):613-621.
[32]Haase M,Bellomo R,Devarajan P,et al.Accuracy of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in diagnosis and prognosis in acute kidney injury:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Am J Kidney Dis,2009,54(6):1012-1024.
(收稿:2016-04-12修回:2016-05-08)
(本文編輯:胡曉靜)
710068西安醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬陜西省人民醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)一科
王軍奎,Email:cardiowang@163.com
10.3969/j.issn.1673-6583.2016.04.005