冷同敏綜述,陳慶偉審校(重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院老年醫(yī)學(xué)科,重慶400010)
糖尿病與原發(fā)性肝癌的相關(guān)性研究進(jìn)展
冷同敏綜述,陳慶偉△審校
(重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院老年醫(yī)學(xué)科,重慶400010)
糖尿??;肝腫瘤;肝炎;血糖;綜述
原發(fā)性肝癌是全球男性癌癥相關(guān)死亡的第二大原因,東亞地區(qū)每年大約分別有46.6萬和44.4萬新發(fā)病例及死亡病例,而其中絕大部分均發(fā)生在中國[1-2]。亞洲地區(qū)原發(fā)性肝癌發(fā)病危險(xiǎn)因素主要為乙型肝炎(乙肝)、丙型肝炎(丙肝)、黃曲霉素,而酒精性肝硬化、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎、肥胖、2型糖尿病在西方國家為肝癌的主要高發(fā)因素[1]。近年來肝癌發(fā)病率逐年上升,尤以歐美國家顯著,這與糖尿病及肥胖發(fā)病率升高密切相關(guān)。大量研究證實(shí),糖尿病為肝癌發(fā)生的協(xié)同或獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。本文將從糖尿病對(duì)肝癌發(fā)生、治療、預(yù)后的影響及其機(jī)制等方面進(jìn)行綜述。
1.1合并肝癌高危因素人群
1.1.1丙肝Huang等[3]開展的隊(duì)列研究中,納入慢性丙肝(CHC)合并新發(fā)糖尿病1 100例,未合并糖尿病組1 087例,分別隨訪6 226人年及6 446人年,各發(fā)生肝癌50例及32例,提示CHC合并糖尿病組較對(duì)照組累積發(fā)病率更高,相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度為1.5,校正年齡、性別、肝硬化、高脂血癥、CHC治療、糖尿病治療、共患病指數(shù)、肥胖、他汀類藥物治療等危險(xiǎn)因素后,糖尿病仍為肝癌發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比為1.91。Arase等[4]實(shí)施的隊(duì)列研究納入4 302例結(jié)束干擾素治療的CHC患者,平均隨訪8.1年,結(jié)果提示,糖尿病增加肝癌發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)近1.7倍;同時(shí),Hung等[5]納入1 470例CHC患者的隊(duì)列研究顯示,糖尿病僅增加CHC未合并肝硬化患者發(fā)生肝癌的危險(xiǎn),風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比為4.32;而來自歐洲和加拿大的一項(xiàng)多中心隊(duì)列研究顯示,糖尿病為CHC合并肝硬化(Ishak評(píng)分為6分)患者發(fā)生肝癌的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比為3.28。
1.1.2乙肝Fu等[6]納入4 179例慢性乙肝(CHB)的隊(duì)列研究顯示,合并糖尿病組較對(duì)照組累積發(fā)病率更高,相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度1.63,校正年齡、性別、肝硬化、高脂血癥、CHB治療、糖尿病治療、共患病指數(shù)、肥胖、他汀類藥物治療等危險(xiǎn)因素后,糖尿病仍為肝癌發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比為1.80;Li等[7]納入6 275例CHB病例的對(duì)照研究結(jié)果顯示,校正年齡、家族史、肝硬化、居住城市等因素后,合并糖尿病的女性患者發(fā)生肝癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高,優(yōu)勢比1.9,而其中無肝硬化的女性糖尿病患者風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最高,優(yōu)勢比為5.6。
1.2無肝癌高危因素人群Lai等[8]在早期的前瞻性隊(duì)列研究中納入了54979例參加者,其中糖尿病5 732例,隨訪期間發(fā)生肝癌105例,結(jié)果提示,糖尿病增加丙肝病毒(HCV)陰性及高膽固醇血癥人群肝癌發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),其校正后風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比分別為2.08及2.81;Polesel等[9]報(bào)道的一項(xiàng)納入185例肝癌的病例對(duì)照研究顯示,在乙肝病毒(HBC)、HCV陰性人群,糖尿病及肥胖與肝癌發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)密切相關(guān),二者優(yōu)勢比均為3.5,且糖尿病與肥胖共存時(shí)優(yōu)勢比為11.8。
1.3不同種族人群Setiawan等[10]開展了一項(xiàng)大規(guī)模前瞻性隊(duì)列研究,納入168 679例不同種族人群,平均隨訪15.7年,新發(fā)肝癌470例。結(jié)果顯示,糖尿病增加所有種族人群肝癌發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)近2.62倍,校正性別、教育程度、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)、吸煙、飲酒后,合并糖尿病的拉丁美洲人、土著夏威夷人、非裔美國人、日裔美國人、白人肝癌發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)率比(RRs)分別為3.36、2.50、2.02、2.34、2.15。其內(nèi)嵌病例對(duì)照研究顯示,HBV、HCV陰性的糖尿病患者發(fā)生肝癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)仍增加,優(yōu)勢比為2.03;此外,拉丁美洲人、土著夏威夷人、非裔美國人、日裔美國人、白人的肝癌發(fā)生歸因于糖尿病者(歸因危險(xiǎn)度百分比),分別占27%、18%、13%、12%、6%。
2.1糖尿病病程Hassan等[11]報(bào)道了一項(xiàng)納入420例肝癌的病例對(duì)照研究,結(jié)果顯示糖尿病病程與肝癌發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)密切相關(guān),與病程2~5年相比,病程為6~10年及大于10年的患者校正后的優(yōu)勢比分別為1.8、2.2;而一項(xiàng)來自歐洲納入363 426例參與者的前瞻性隊(duì)列研究示,患者糖尿病病程小于及大于6年其肝癌發(fā)生的相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度并無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,分別為2.80、2.38[12];同時(shí)Polesel等[9]的研究也證實(shí),糖尿病病程小于及大于5年組間肝癌發(fā)生優(yōu)勢比并無差異。
2.2糖尿病的治療大量研究證實(shí),不同糖尿病治療藥物對(duì)肝癌發(fā)生可產(chǎn)生不同影響,飲食療法、胰島素及磺脲類藥物可增加肝癌發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),其中飲食療法及磺脲類藥物致肝癌發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加7倍,而二甲雙胍、噻唑烷二酮類可顯著降低肝癌發(fā)生率,最高可減低70%[11-13]。此外,El-Serag等[14]研究提示,他汀類藥物也可降低肝癌發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),校正后優(yōu)勢比為0.74;同時(shí)Yang等[15]通過對(duì)1 319例糖尿病患者的研究證實(shí),他汀類藥物用于CHB患者可使肝癌發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比從64.94降至16.99,但值得一提的是,胰島素的應(yīng)用也可降低肝癌發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比,與其他作者結(jié)論相反。
2.3血糖控制水平[糖化血紅蛋白(HbA1c)值]Li等[16]對(duì)51 705例糖尿病患者的回顧性隊(duì)列研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與肝癌發(fā)生密切相關(guān),與HbA1c<7%比較,當(dāng)HbA1c≥9%時(shí)肝癌發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比為1.20(校正多因素后),且HbA1c值與肝癌發(fā)生率呈線性趨勢;此外,HbA1c≥9%與酒精性肝病、肝硬化、肝炎等因素具有協(xié)同作用,前兩者風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比分別達(dá)8.63、5.02。有學(xué)者也得出相同結(jié)論,指出將HbA1c值控制在7%水平以下,可相對(duì)降低肝癌發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[4,15]。
3.1臨床特征目前關(guān)于糖尿病對(duì)肝癌臨床特征的影響相關(guān)研究較少。Connolly等[17]通過回顧性分析191例肝移植患者的臨床資料,發(fā)現(xiàn)糖尿病組(84例)較對(duì)照組患者大血管更易受腫瘤浸潤(經(jīng)組織學(xué)確診),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),且校正腫瘤大小、數(shù)量、年齡、肥胖、相關(guān)病因后其優(yōu)勢比仍達(dá)3.2。此外,作者在另一回顧性研究中指出,糖尿病組肝癌發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的比例更高,較對(duì)照組其優(yōu)勢比為4.5,且校正其他臨床差異后,優(yōu)勢比達(dá)10.0[18]。
3.2術(shù)后發(fā)病率、死亡率Tsai等[19]通過分析2 962例糖尿病合并肝癌行肝切除術(shù)患者的隊(duì)列研究發(fā)現(xiàn),糖尿病組術(shù)后30 d死亡率校正后的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比為1.17,術(shù)后發(fā)生敗血癥及急性腎功能衰竭較對(duì)照組更高,校正后的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比分別為1.45、1.70;進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),糖尿病與其他共患疾?。ㄈ绺哐獕骸⒙宰枞苑渭膊?、心臟病、肝硬化等)對(duì)術(shù)后30 d死亡率的影響并無協(xié)同作用,同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)前糖尿病并發(fā)癥并不影響術(shù)后30 d死亡率。Huo等[20]的前瞻性研究也證實(shí),糖尿病患者術(shù)后發(fā)生腎功能不全的概率增加。此外也有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn),糖尿病也是術(shù)后發(fā)生肝功能不全的危險(xiǎn)因素[21]。
3.3長期預(yù)后大量研究表明,糖尿病致肝癌的長期預(yù)后更差,包括總生存期、無病生存期、術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)等。Raffetti等[22]納入552例肝癌的研究提示,糖尿病與肝癌死亡率密切相關(guān),多變量回歸模型的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比為1.25;Chiang等[23]報(bào)道了一項(xiàng)納入50 080例參與者(中老年、肝炎標(biāo)志物陰性)的前瞻性隊(duì)列研究,隨訪期間有235例死于肝癌,且糖尿病為肝癌死亡的危險(xiǎn)因素,校正后的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比為3.38。
Shau等[24]通過研究931例接受根治手術(shù)或局部消融治療的肝癌患者發(fā)現(xiàn),糖尿病為肝癌術(shù)后預(yù)后的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,其總生存期校正后的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比為1.69。Komura等[25]還報(bào)道糖尿病為肝癌術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的危險(xiǎn)因素,尤其是在HCV相關(guān)性肝癌;同時(shí)Kawamura等[26]指出,在非肝炎性肝癌術(shù)后患者,糖尿病仍為腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)的危險(xiǎn)因素,其優(yōu)勢比為4.61,但該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)糖尿病組總生存期與對(duì)照組并無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。
目前糖尿病作為肝癌發(fā)生及預(yù)后危險(xiǎn)因素的觀點(diǎn)已得到廣泛認(rèn)同,大量高質(zhì)量的隊(duì)列研究也相繼證實(shí)這一觀點(diǎn)。Chen等[27]關(guān)于21個(gè)隊(duì)列研究的meta分析也得出相同結(jié)論,研究提示糖尿病合并慢性肝病、HCV、HBV、肝硬化患者發(fā)生肝癌的總相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度分別為 1.86、1.90、1.69、1.93。同時(shí),Wang等[28]的meta分析結(jié)果顯示,糖尿病作為肝癌術(shù)后預(yù)后的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,其總生存期、無病生存期校正后的合并風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比分別為1.55、2.15。
當(dāng)前的研究大多集中于糖尿病與肝癌發(fā)生、預(yù)后等相關(guān)性的現(xiàn)象研究,關(guān)于糖尿病促進(jìn)肝癌發(fā)生的具體機(jī)制尚不清楚。其中從非酒精性脂肪肝、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎、隱源性肝硬化,逐漸發(fā)展到肝癌的途徑受到廣泛關(guān)注[29],糖尿病也許可通過該途徑促進(jìn)肝癌發(fā)生。Fujii等[30]利用鏈脲霉素及高脂飲食誘導(dǎo)新生雄性小鼠發(fā)生糖尿病及脂肪肝,隨后發(fā)生非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH),最終進(jìn)展為肝癌,而沒有發(fā)生NASH的小鼠均未發(fā)生肝癌,提示NASH可能為糖尿病促進(jìn)肝癌發(fā)生的中間環(huán)節(jié);但是Baba等[31]利用鏈脲霉素及正常飲食誘導(dǎo)小鼠發(fā)生糖尿病,最終進(jìn)展為肝癌,但均未發(fā)生脂肪變性或纖維化,與Fujii等[30]的結(jié)論沖突。此外,Niwa等[32]通過誘導(dǎo)小鼠產(chǎn)生不同血糖水平及胰島素抵抗發(fā)現(xiàn),高糖血癥并未介導(dǎo)肝癌發(fā)生,而可能是胰島素抵抗和飲食因素致腸道菌群改變誘發(fā)肝癌。
綜上所述,糖尿病可增加肝癌發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),尤其是合并其他肝癌高危因素時(shí),眾多學(xué)者建議加強(qiáng)肝癌的篩查,提高肝癌早診率,但是目前相關(guān)研究報(bào)道較罕見,篩查該類高危人群的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益未知,篩查目標(biāo)人群尚無共識(shí);同時(shí),糖尿病作為肝癌預(yù)后的危險(xiǎn)因素,確診肝癌或手術(shù)治療后應(yīng)加強(qiáng)隨訪,降低死亡率,延長其生存期。此外,不同降糖藥的應(yīng)用及血糖控制水平等對(duì)肝癌的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)影響不一,可指導(dǎo)糖尿病的治療用藥及血糖控制,但其有效性及相關(guān)機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步隊(duì)列研究證實(shí)。
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10.3969/j.issn.1009-5519.2016.05.029
A
1009-5519(2016)05-0720-03
△,E-mail:chenqwcq@163.com。
(2015-11-06)