卷首語

自2001年俄羅斯率先提交外大陸架劃界案以來，截至2016年6月30日，大陸架界限委員會共收到81個劃界案，完成審議并通過委員會建議的有24個。方銀霞等學(xué)者介紹了全球外大陸架劃界案的提交情況、委員會對劃界案的處理模式及審議時重點關(guān)注的問題，并分析了當(dāng)前外大陸架劃界實踐的特點與未來發(fā)展趨勢。文章建議，應(yīng)加大相關(guān)科學(xué)技術(shù)和法理問題研究，及時總結(jié)大陸架制度理論與實踐的最新發(fā)展，以為我國今后外大陸架劃界和積極應(yīng)對侵害我國海洋權(quán)益的他國劃界主張?zhí)峁﹨⒖己徒梃b。

地球上大部分的海洋都位于特定國家和地區(qū)的海岸或邊界之外，各國有必要也有法定義務(wù)來制定國家管轄范圍以外海域的管理方式和方法。在此背景下，第一屆聯(lián)合國籌備委員會會議在紐約召開，討論了旨在保護(hù)國家管轄范圍以外海洋生物多樣性的新國際條約的主要內(nèi)容。尼日利亞學(xué)者Theodore Okonkwo在其文章中討論了這一重要進(jìn)展，并希望在提高公眾對這些問題的意識的同時，填補海域管理中的一些空白。

中日釣魚島爭端中，日方極力撇開《馬關(guān)條約》和其取得釣魚島所謂“主權(quán)”之間的關(guān)聯(lián)，并認(rèn)為釣魚島列嶼的行政編制隸屬琉球，而琉球是日本的領(lǐng)土，所以釣魚島的主權(quán)應(yīng)歸日本。學(xué)者劉丹著重對琉球地位問題“去偽”，即通過探究近代琉球（1609-1879）在歷史和國際法上的地位，以及中琉歷史上的海上自然疆界，進(jìn)一步印證釣魚島屬于中國，為我國釣魚島主權(quán)主張?zhí)峁┯辛φ摀?jù)。

學(xué)術(shù)界與實務(wù)界對航空器與航空行為的混淆使用，以及國家航空行為的概念研究缺失，使得國家航空行為以及國家航空行為的國際運行的研判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不明。學(xué)者李亞凝通過對既有概念與定義的梳理，厘清了“航空器”與“航空行為”的區(qū)別，并在此基礎(chǔ)上，通過分析國家航空器的目的屬性與行為屬性，界定了國家航空行為的概念，并闡明了國家航空行為的國際運行的合法性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

水下文化遺產(chǎn)作為研究歷史和人類祖先文明的有力工具，應(yīng)該得到有力保護(hù)。《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》和《保護(hù)水下文化遺產(chǎn)公約》都對水下文化遺產(chǎn)的保護(hù)做出了相關(guān)規(guī)定，后者更是水下文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)方面的專門法。南海水下藏有豐富的考古文物，但相關(guān)保護(hù)卻遭到了忽視。在此背景下，泰國學(xué)者巫曉發(fā)指出了南海水下文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)所面臨的3個挑戰(zhàn)，并建議南海周邊各國批準(zhǔn)《保護(hù)水下文化遺產(chǎn)公約》，締結(jié)區(qū)域協(xié)定，并協(xié)調(diào)各自的國內(nèi)法。

2016年10月15日，由廈門大學(xué)南海研究院與海南省國際文化交流中心、海南省南海政策與法律研究中心聯(lián)合主辦的“第四屆南海區(qū)域合作論壇暨海峽兩岸在南海的合作研討會”在海南省陵水縣成功舉辦。來自大陸和臺灣高校及科研機構(gòu)的著名學(xué)者以及漁業(yè)界的知名業(yè)者，圍繞海峽兩岸在南海進(jìn)行合作的主旨，就南海諸島的史料、南海海域及島嶼法律地位、南海漁業(yè)管理、海洋環(huán)境保護(hù)及南海博弈中的中美日關(guān)系以及臺灣的角色等議題進(jìn)行了深入的討論。作者張琳萍匯總了此次研討會的發(fā)言內(nèi)容。

《中國海洋法學(xué)評論》始終秉持大海法的概念，本期一如既往，涉獵面廣，內(nèi)容豐富，材料翔實。我們誠邀國內(nèi)外業(yè)界人士不斷來搞支持。

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EDITOR’S NOTE

Russia made the frst submission concerning its outer continental shelf to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) in 2001. As of 30 June 2016, the CLCS had received 81 submissions, and had reviewed and released recommendations on 24 of them. After systematically outlining the situation of the submissions that have been, are being, or will be fled by States, the modes that the CLCS adopts to treat submissions, the primary issues that the CLCS examines during its consideration of submissions, FANG Yinxia et al. explore, from both scientifc and legal perspectives, the features of current practice with respect to extended continental shelf delineation, as well as its development tendency. In this connection, the authors suggest that greater ef f orts should be invested in the study of relevant scientifc, technical and legal issues, and the latest developments regarding the theories and practice of the continental shelf regime should be learned and summarized in a timely manner, which could be used for reference by China in the delineation of its extended continental shelf, or when China’s maritime rights and interests are undermined by other States’ claims of continental shelf.

The greater number of the earth’s oceans are situated beyond the seashore or border of particular States and territories. In that case, there is a necessity and legal burden on States to fashion out ways and means of managing the oceans beyond national jurisdiction. Against this backdrop, world governments recently met in New York for the First Session of the United Nations Preparatory Committee to discuss the elements of a new international treaty to protect biodiversity in oceans beyond national jurisdiction. Discussing this momentous process, Theodore Okonkwo from Nigeria hopes to address some of the gaps in the management of the ocean commons and raise public awareness of some critical issues facing ocean commons governance.

In the Sino-Japanese dispute over the Diaoyu Islands, Japan, on the one hand, strives to evade the relations of its acquisition of “sovereignty” over these islands with the Treaty of Shimonoseki; on the other hand, it assumes that the Diaoyu Islands is a part of Ryukyu under its administrative system, and Ryukyuconstitutes a part of Japanese territory, therefore, Japan has the sovereignty of the Diaoyu Islands. LIU Dan attempts to eliminate the misstatements about the status of Ryukyu, by examining the status of pre-modern Ryukyu (1609-1879) in history and international law, and the marine boundaries between China and Ryukyu in history. In doing so, the author further demonstrates that the Diaoyu Islands is an inherent part of China, thereby providing compelling evidences to support China’s claim to the sovereignty of these islands.

Currently, the two concepts, “aircraft” and “aviation behaviors”, are confused and used interchangeably both in the academic and practitioner circles. In addition, studies on the notion of state aviation behavior are few. Therefore, there is no clear standard to identify state aviation behaviors or state aviation behaviors performed in foreign or international airspace. LI Yaning, by collating and examining the existing concepts and defnitions, clarifes the dif f erences between “aircraft” and “aviation behavior.” Further, he defnes the notion of state aviation behavior after reviewing the purpose and behavioral attributes of state aircraft. Lastly, he sorts out the standards which can be applied to decide the legality of state aviation behaviors performed in foreign or international airspace.

Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) is a useful tool for the study of history and our ancestors’ civilization. Because of such importance, UCH should be well protected. UCH protection has been provided in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 and the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (hereinafter“2001 Convention”), which is known as a specific law for protecting UCH. It is predicted that the South China Sea (SCS) may be rich in submerged archaeological objects. However, the protection of UCH in the SCS sometimes seems to be overlooked. Against this backdrop, Yodsapon Nitiruchirot points out three challenges facing UCH protection in the SCS. Considering these challenges, the author suggests that, in order to enhance UCH protection in the SCS, the States bordering the SCS should ratify the 2001 Convention, conclude regional agreements, and harmonize their national laws.

On 15 October 2016, the 4th Forum on Regional Cooperation in the South China Sea - the Symposium on Cross-Strait Cooperation in the South China Sea, was successfully co-hosted by South China Sea Institute of Xiamen University, Hainan International Culture Exchange Center, and Hainan Provincial Research Center for Policy and Law of the South China Sea inLingshui, Hainan. More than 30 people from both sides of the Taiwan Strait attended the symposium. With the purport of cross-Strait cooperation in the SCS in mind, the participants conducted in-depth discussions on the following aspects: historical records and data in respect of the SCS islands, legal status of the SCS waters and islands, fishery management in the SCS, marine environmental protection, the relationship between China, the U.S. and Japan in the SCS game and the role Taiwan plays in this game. Given the signifcance of this symposium, ZHANG Linping wrote a review for it.

Consistently adhering to the concept of “maritime and ocean law”, this Issue is rich in content as always, and the topics are varied with full and accurate data. Experts and practitioners from home and abroad are cordially invited to contribute their papers to our Journal.

COLR Editorial

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