蔡世嬌,李玉皓
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白細(xì)胞介素7受體在淋巴細(xì)胞發(fā)育和多發(fā)性硬化中的研究進(jìn)展
蔡世嬌,李玉皓△
摘要:白細(xì)胞介素7受體(IL7R)屬于Ⅰ型細(xì)胞因子受體家族成員的跨膜受體,由特異性α鏈和γ鏈組成,在淋巴前體細(xì)胞、祖B細(xì)胞、T細(xì)胞、胸腺細(xì)胞、樹突狀細(xì)胞、髓樣細(xì)胞及單核細(xì)胞中均可表達(dá)。生理情況下,IL7R是淋巴細(xì)胞發(fā)育中的關(guān)鍵調(diào)控分子。IL7R在多發(fā)性硬化(MS)的發(fā)生中發(fā)揮了重要的作用,其多態(tài)性與MS密切相關(guān);IL7Rα中和抗體可顯著改善實(shí)驗(yàn)性變態(tài)反應(yīng)腦脊髓炎小鼠模型的表型。上述研究提示IL7R可能是MS新的治療靶點(diǎn)。
關(guān)鍵詞:受體,白細(xì)胞介素7;淋巴細(xì)胞;多發(fā)性硬化;綜述
白細(xì)胞介素7受體(interleukin 7 receptor, IL7R)屬于Ⅰ型細(xì)胞因子受體家族成員的跨膜受體,生理情況下是淋巴細(xì)胞增殖和分化過程中的必需因子。病理情況下,IL7R與人類多種免疫性疾病有關(guān),如IL7R缺失會造成重癥聯(lián)合免疫缺陷病,IL7R功能獲得型突變可引起急性T淋巴細(xì)胞白血病等[1-2]。近年來,IL7R與多發(fā)性硬化(multiple sclerosis,MS)的關(guān)系越來越受到關(guān)注,IL7R的多態(tài)性是MS的重要危險因素[3-4]。本文主要就IL7R在淋巴細(xì)胞發(fā)育和MS中的研究進(jìn)展綜述如下。
IL7R由α鏈(IL7Rα,CD127)和γ鏈(γc,CD132)組成,α鏈包含219個氨基酸的胞外段、25個氨基酸的跨膜段以及195個氨基酸的胞內(nèi)段,主要由淋巴樣細(xì)胞表達(dá),是IL7R的特異性組分;γ鏈?zhǔn)荌L2、IL4、IL7、IL9、IL15、IL21等細(xì)胞因子受體的共同組分,因此也被稱為共有γ鏈,多種細(xì)胞均可表達(dá),是啟動IL7R下游信號表達(dá)的必需成分[5-6]。IL7R是免疫系統(tǒng)中必不可少的多效性受體,通過IL7通路或胸腺基質(zhì)淋巴生成素(thymic stromal lymphopoietin,TSLP)通路發(fā)揮功能。在IL7信號通路中,無配體結(jié)合情況下,IL7Rα呈同型二聚體結(jié)構(gòu),胞外段區(qū)域晶體結(jié)構(gòu)呈X形,兩條鏈的C末端相距110?,無生物活性;當(dāng)IL7與IL7R的胞外段結(jié)合時,α鏈和γc形成異質(zhì)二聚體蛋白,經(jīng)過至少90°的旋轉(zhuǎn)遠(yuǎn)離細(xì)胞表面,使IL7Rα和γc的C末端從110 ?的距離移動到27 ?的距離,形成具有生物活性的IL7/IL7Rα-γc三元絡(luò)合物[7]。α鏈與JAK1相互作用,γc鏈酪氨酸殘基位點(diǎn)與JAK3結(jié)合促使α鏈磷酸化,進(jìn)一步通過磷酸化方式激活信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)與轉(zhuǎn)錄活化因子5 (signal transducer and activator of transcription-5,STAT5)、Src激酶、PI3K等,STAT5能夠激活B細(xì)胞和T細(xì)胞發(fā)育中多種下游基因,并可能通過改變?nèi)旧|(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)促進(jìn)基因重排,影響細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)重塑、B細(xì)胞和T細(xì)胞的發(fā)育及內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)[8-9]。在TSLP通路中,IL7Rα與TSLP與其受體TSLPR形成信號復(fù)合物,但與IL7通路不同的是,TSLPR激活STAT蛋白時需要與JAK2介導(dǎo)而非JAK3的作用,TSLP通路誘導(dǎo)樹突狀細(xì)胞的活化和B細(xì)胞的發(fā)育[10]。
2.1IL7R在T細(xì)胞發(fā)育中的作用IL7R對胸腺中T細(xì)胞發(fā)育、記憶性T細(xì)胞、初始性T細(xì)胞、輔助性T細(xì)胞的存活和增殖不可或缺,在IL7R敲除小鼠中上調(diào)抗凋亡基因Bcl-2的表達(dá)以抑制細(xì)胞凋亡,只對T細(xì)胞有效,但不能阻止早期B細(xì)胞的凋亡,這表明IL7R在T細(xì)胞系中具有促生存作用[11-12]。在小鼠和人類,IL7或IL7R缺失會導(dǎo)致T細(xì)胞發(fā)育和功能的嚴(yán)重缺陷[13]。
淋巴細(xì)胞來自骨髓多能造血干細(xì)胞(hematopoietic stem cell,hSC),HSC首先分化為多能前體細(xì)胞(multipotent pro?genitor cells ,mPP),再分化為髓系干細(xì)胞和淋巴系干細(xì)胞。IL7R對維持處于早期雙陰性階段(CD44+CD25-DN1期和CD44+CD25+DN2期)的T細(xì)胞的存活和增殖是必需的。DN2期后,IL7R的表達(dá)量平穩(wěn)下降,直至β選擇和陽性選擇檢驗(yàn)點(diǎn)后則不再表達(dá)[14-15]。在T細(xì)胞的陽性選擇階段(CD4+CD8+過渡到CD4+CD8-或CD4-CD8+的單陽性細(xì)胞的過程),IL7R基因的表達(dá)選擇性上調(diào),促使單陽性細(xì)胞在隨后的增殖階段中可接受由IL7/IL7R介導(dǎo)的信號調(diào)控。研究表明,不表達(dá)IL7R的細(xì)胞可以從雙陽性細(xì)胞分化到單陽性細(xì)胞,但在增殖階段,這些細(xì)胞的數(shù)量會急劇下降[16]。
2.2IL-7R在B細(xì)胞發(fā)育中的作用IL7R在促使向B細(xì)胞系定向分化、祖B細(xì)胞的增殖和存活、祖B細(xì)胞向前B細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槌墒霣細(xì)胞等方面發(fā)揮著重要的作用[17]。在小鼠,IL7或IL7R的定向缺失會嚴(yán)重阻礙早期祖B細(xì)胞的發(fā)育,但在人類B細(xì)胞還可由胎兒的骨髓基質(zhì)及臍帶血產(chǎn)生,F(xiàn)lt-3L(fms-related tyrosine kinase-3 ligand)能促進(jìn)不依賴于IL7 的B淋巴細(xì)胞生成[11, 18]。
在B細(xì)胞發(fā)育中,IL7R主要通過調(diào)控抗凋亡因子(Bcl-2、Bcl-xL、Mcl-1)和促凋亡因子(Bax、Bad、Bim)發(fā)揮促進(jìn)細(xì)胞存活的作用。IL7R信號能增加Bcl-2和Bax的比值來增強(qiáng)祖B細(xì)胞的存活,相應(yīng)的,IL7R-/-或JAK3-/-小鼠中Bax水平增加。Mcl-1的表達(dá)直接受STAT5調(diào)控,Mcl-1-/-小鼠表現(xiàn)出B淋巴細(xì)胞的顯著減少和祖B細(xì)胞的發(fā)育阻滯。此外,IL7R信號誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞周期素D2(ccnd2)和ccnd3的轉(zhuǎn)錄,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞周期蛋白D2和D3的表達(dá),兩者通過激活細(xì)胞周期依賴性蛋白激酶(cdks)促進(jìn)細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程[19]。
MS是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)最常見的慢性脫髓鞘疾病,屬于自身免疫性疾病。在遺傳因素和(或)環(huán)境因素作用下,髓鞘組織受到損傷發(fā)生脫失,進(jìn)而神經(jīng)軸突退化,患者出現(xiàn)不同程度的感覺、運(yùn)動和識別等功能障礙[20]。近年來,臨床和實(shí)驗(yàn)研究都顯示,IL7Rα與MS存在密切的關(guān)系。在不同人種的患者都發(fā)現(xiàn)了IL7Rα的突變,IL7Rα基因第6號外顯子的一個非同義單核苷酸多態(tài)性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNP,rs6897932;T244I)與MS顯著相關(guān),被認(rèn)為是MS研究領(lǐng)域取得的重要進(jìn)展[21-22]。rs6897932位點(diǎn)為MS的危險等位基因,為C者比為T者在IL7R基因轉(zhuǎn)錄時跳過6號外顯子的概率增加2倍,導(dǎo)致可溶性的IL7Rα表達(dá)增高,并影響IL7Rα的信號傳導(dǎo),最終導(dǎo)致調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞在胸腺的成熟障礙。但是,在復(fù)發(fā)性MS患者,IL7R的拷貝數(shù)明顯增加[23-24]。
在實(shí)驗(yàn)研究中,實(shí)驗(yàn)性變態(tài)反應(yīng)腦脊髓炎(experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis,EAE)是一種廣泛應(yīng)用的研究MS病理過程的嚙齒類動物模型,以髓鞘少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞糖蛋白(MOGp35-55)和弗氏完全佐劑誘導(dǎo)建立,該模型可以導(dǎo)致髓鞘脫失,當(dāng)少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞受到免疫攻擊損傷后,會立即有新的少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞分化形成,因此,可以對髓鞘脫失以及再生進(jìn)行連續(xù)研究。IL7Rα缺失小鼠(IL7Rα-/-)對MOGp35-55誘導(dǎo)的EAE有一定的抵抗性,與C57BL/6相比較,IL7Rα-/-小鼠中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)炎癥和髓鞘脫失的情況相對較輕,而這種表型緩解與中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和淋巴器官的輔助性T細(xì)胞(Th1)以及Th17細(xì)胞的反應(yīng)性降低有關(guān)。同時,Th2細(xì)胞反應(yīng)性和CD4+Foxp3+調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞增加。因此,IL7Rα通過影響自身免疫Th1/Th17反應(yīng)性而影響MS的病程[25]。另一項(xiàng)EAE模型研究進(jìn)一步揭示了IL7R在MS發(fā)生中的作用,該研究通過基因工程方法在IL7R-/-小鼠中構(gòu)建了胸腺正常表達(dá)IL7Rα的IL7RTgIL7R-/-小鼠,IL7RTgIL7R-/-EAE小鼠的麻痹癥狀和髓鞘損傷程度均比野生型EAE有所減輕,并且腫瘤壞死因子降低;用中和抗IL7Rα抗體治療患病的野生型小鼠可以顯著改善EAE的表型;通過骨髓移植方法構(gòu)建嵌合體,使得IL7Rα僅在非造血器官中表達(dá),而造血器官缺乏IL7Rα,嵌合體會產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的EAE,異常的IL7Rα表達(dá)發(fā)生在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中的星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞[26]。
綜上所述,臨床研究和體外實(shí)驗(yàn)已經(jīng)揭示出IL7R不僅是淋巴細(xì)胞發(fā)育中的關(guān)鍵分子,而且IL7R的缺失、多態(tài)性及突變是MS的重要誘發(fā)因素。顯而易見,在淋巴細(xì)胞、星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞等多種細(xì)胞亞群中IL7Rα信號途徑都對EAE/MS的產(chǎn)生發(fā)揮了負(fù)面作用,這說明IL7R有可能是MS理想的治療靶點(diǎn)。深入研究IL7R的通路將為闡明MS的發(fā)病機(jī)制提供更多的分子依據(jù),并為靶向性藥物的研發(fā)提供思路。
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(2015-04-24收稿2015-08-11修回)
(本文編輯魏杰)
The research progress of interleukin 7 receptor in the development of lymphocytes and pathogenesis ofmultiple sclerosis
CAI Shijiao, LI Yuhao△
Key Laboratory of Tumormicroenviroment and Neurovascular Regulation, Nankai University School ofmedicine, Tianjin 300071, China
△Corresponding Author E-mail:liyuhao@nankai.edu.cn
Abstract:Interleukin 7 receptor (IL7R) is a transmembrane receptor that belongs to the typeⅠcytokine receptor fami?ly.It consists of the cytokine-specific α-chain (IL7Rα, CD127) and the shared common cytokine γ-chain (γc, CD132).IL-7R is expressed in various cell types, including lymphoid precursor cells, pro-B cells, T cells, thymocytes, dendritic cells,myeloid cells andmonocytes.Under physiological conditions, IL7R is a vital cytokine for development and survival of T and B cells.IL7R plays a key role in the pathogenesis ofmultiple sclerosis (MS).Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene encoding IL7Rαhave emerged through genetic studies ofmS patients.In experimental autoimmune encephalomy?elitis (EAE)mousemodel ofmS, treatment with neutralizing anti-IL7Rα antibody results in significant improvement of EAE.Therefore, IL7Rmay serve as a novel target formS therapies.
Key words:receptors, interleukin-7; lymphocytes;multiple sclerosis; review
通訊作者△E-mail:liyuhao@nankai.edu.cn
作者簡介:蔡世嬌(1992),女,碩士在讀,主要從事神經(jīng)生理學(xué)方面研究
基金項(xiàng)目:國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(81301080);天津市應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)與前沿研究計劃(15JCYBJC24400);教育部留學(xué)回國啟動基金([2012]1707)
中圖分類號:R744.5
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
DOI:10.11958/58840
作者單位:南開大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院、天津市腫瘤微環(huán)境與神經(jīng)血管調(diào)節(jié)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(郵編300071)