邱貴娟 張韶君
1.山西醫(yī)科大學,山西太原 030012;2.山西醫(yī)科大學附屬人民醫(yī)院,山西太原 030012
維生素D與糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變關系的研究進展
邱貴娟1張韶君2
1.山西醫(yī)科大學,山西太原030012;2.山西醫(yī)科大學附屬人民醫(yī)院,山西太原030012
糖尿病目前已成為威脅人類健康的主要慢性病之一,而糖尿病并發(fā)癥嚴重影響著人類的健康和生活質(zhì)量,尤其是糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變(diabetic retinopathy,DR)的發(fā)病率逐年遞增,并且是造成失明的主要原因之一,所以對于DR的早期發(fā)現(xiàn)及治療至關重要。而最近發(fā)現(xiàn)維生素D與DR的發(fā)病有著密切的關系,其可能通過多種途徑改善DR,可能對DR有保護作用。本文旨在深入探討維生素D的作用機制,進而為DR的預防及治療提供新的思路。
維生素D;糖尿?。惶悄虿∫暰W(wǎng)膜病變;治療
[Abstract]Diabetes is currently one of themain chronic diseases threatening people's health,and the complications of diabetes is severely affecting people's health and life quality.In particular,the incidence rate of diabetic retinopathy (DR)is gradually increasing year by year,and it is one of themain reasons causing blindness.Therefore,early detection and treatment of DR are pivotal.According to recent findings,vitamin D is closely associated with DR,and vitamin D may be able to improve DR bymultiple routes,whichmay be protective to DR.The text aims to explore themechanism of action of vitamin D,and provide new thoughts on the prevention and treatment of DR.
[Key words]Vitamin D;Diabetes;Diabetic retinopathy;Treatment
全球糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變(diabetic retinopathy,DR)的患病人數(shù)大約為9300萬人[1],據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織估計DR約占全球失明患病率的5%,在發(fā)達國家中急劇上升至15%~17%[2]。DR的病因目前不是完全清楚,認為高血糖、高血壓、糖尿病病程、氧化應激和自由基、炎癥反應、多元醇途徑、細胞因子、細胞的凋亡及增殖等多方面與其發(fā)生有關,且最新研究表明維生素D與DR有著不可分割的關系,故現(xiàn)對此予以綜述。
Huldschinsky于1919年發(fā)現(xiàn)暴露于太陽下可以治療佝僂病,由此發(fā)現(xiàn)了維生素D。維生素D包括維生素D2和維生素D3,是一組脂溶性類固醇衍生物。維生素D2主要來源于植物,而維生素D3大多經(jīng)由其前體7-脫氫膽固醇在波長為290~310 nm的紫外線作用下在皮膚合成,少量來源于食物。維生素D經(jīng)過肝臟25-羥化酶生成25-羥維生素D[25-hydroxyvitamin D,25(OH)D]、腎臟1α-羥化酶生成1,25-雙羥維生素D[1,25-dihydroxyvitaminD,1,25-(OH)2D3],后者與各種靶細胞內(nèi)特異性受體結合后產(chǎn)生生理作用:維持鈣磷的體內(nèi)平衡,有助于骨骼和肌肉的健康[3]。最近大量研究表明維生素D還可以抑制腫瘤細胞增殖、調(diào)節(jié)免疫細胞生長和分化、血管生成[4]以及基因調(diào)節(jié)[5],抑制胰島β細胞凋亡,對2型糖尿病患者胰島β細胞有保護作用[6]。因此考慮與其他很多代謝性疾病相關,包括糖尿病、惡性腫瘤、心血管疾病、代謝綜合征、自身免疫性疾病等[7-10]。
DR無論是在1型糖尿病還是2型糖尿病患者中均是致殘的主要原因之一,在全世界范圍內(nèi)DR患病率估計為34.6%,增生性糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變患病率為7.0%[1]。據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織統(tǒng)計,DR占每年全球3700萬人失明原因的4.8%[11],是全球失明最常見的原因之一[12],除了血管改變,糖尿病性視網(wǎng)膜病變的早期階段主要為功能神經(jīng)退行性變,如神經(jīng)節(jié)細胞退行性變,膠質(zhì)反應增加,視網(wǎng)膜變薄[13]。此外,最近的臨床和實驗研究[14-16]已經(jīng)觀察到,這些神經(jīng)退行性變導致視網(wǎng)膜電圖、對比敏感度、暗適應和微視野檢查異常。還有報道[17]DR與視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)纖維層變薄有關。組織學和免疫組織化學研究[18,19]表明,糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變導致視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)節(jié)細胞、星形細胞、無軸突細胞、視網(wǎng)膜光感受器數(shù)量在視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)纖維層顯著下降。
維生素D被發(fā)現(xiàn)有很多其他角色,如免疫調(diào)節(jié)、血壓控制、抗腫瘤的效應和胰島β細胞的調(diào)節(jié)。許多研究表明維生素D在1型糖尿病和2型糖尿病的發(fā)病機制中都有作用[20]:二者維生素缺乏的發(fā)生率更高,其胰腺組織尤其是胰島β細胞和免疫細胞表達維生素D受體和配體,維生素D基因多態(tài)性與糖耐量、胰島素敏感性、胰島素分泌有關。1,25-(OH)2D3通過降低主要組織相容性復合體1的表達進而起到保護胰島β細胞的作用[21],其中主要表現(xiàn)為A20蛋白的凋亡和Fas蛋白的表達下降[22,23],維生素D可能通過刺激胰島素受體的表達進而提高胰島素對血糖的反應性[24]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)25(OH)D可減輕DR的進展[25],低水平維生素D與包括糖尿病不同的糖代謝損害相關。在一項研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)每天攝入511U或者更多維生素D的健康婦女發(fā)生2型糖尿病的風險明顯比每天攝入159 U或更少者要低[26]。一些研究還表明[27,28]維生素D對DR有抑制作用,但其機制尚不明確,可能通過以下幾方面發(fā)揮作用。
3.1維生素D受體基因多態(tài)性與DR
糖尿病控制及其并發(fā)癥的流行病學數(shù)據(jù)(DCCT)和英國前瞻性糖尿病研究表明:高血糖、高血壓、糖尿病和糖尿病持續(xù)時間是DR發(fā)展的主要危險因素[29,30],其他DR的危險因素包括患糖尿病的年齡、高脂血癥、性別、種族[31]。強有力的證據(jù)表明良好的糖尿病控制有助于防止DR,但是一些糖尿病患者即使血糖控制良好,但仍發(fā)生DR,而有些糖尿病患者即便病史長或者未進行良好的血糖控制卻沒發(fā)生DR,表明遺傳因素可能影響糖尿病患者對視網(wǎng)膜病的易感性[32]。鐘興等[33]發(fā)現(xiàn)在安徽地區(qū)漢族人中存在VDR基因Fok I位點多態(tài)性,可能與安徽地區(qū)漢族人群DR的發(fā)病具有相關性。Zhong X等[34]發(fā)現(xiàn)在中國漢族2型糖尿病患者中VDR的rs2228570 T等位基因與DR的危險性相關。Hong YJ等[35]發(fā)現(xiàn)在韓國2型糖尿病患者中發(fā)現(xiàn)維生素D受體基因Bsm1多態(tài)性與DR有關聯(lián),B等位基因與DR低風險明顯相關。
3.2維生素D炎癥通路與DR
Ren Z等[36]發(fā)現(xiàn)在SD大鼠糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜水腫模型中,其在1,25-(OH)2D3作用13周后視網(wǎng)膜水腫程度減輕,并且發(fā)現(xiàn)血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(vascular endothelialgrowth factor,VEGF)、轉(zhuǎn)移生長因子(transforming growth factor-b1,TGF-b1)在糖尿病組和1,25-(OH)2D3組中都明顯增加,但在1,25-(OH)2D3組中比糖尿病組低,在動物水平證明了1,25-(OH)2D3可能具有改善DR的作用,其機制可能是1,25-(OH)2D3抑制了VEGF、TGF-b1的表達。還有研究[37]表明維生素D通過增加單核細胞的分化、抑制淋巴細胞增殖、抑制細胞因子白介素-2、干擾素-γ、白介素-12的分泌而發(fā)揮免疫抑制作用,而DR的發(fā)生與此有關。吳冕[38]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在SD大鼠中給予維生素D3干預能顯著減輕糖尿病大鼠視網(wǎng)膜屏障破壞,維護視網(wǎng)膜正常結構和功能,抑制NLRP3炎癥小體表達,在細胞水平發(fā)現(xiàn)1,25-(OH)2D3減輕因高糖孵育48 h所造成的視網(wǎng)膜微血管內(nèi)皮細胞凋亡及氧化應激,并且能顯著降低高糖誘導的NLRP3表達增加,同時降低NLRP3炎癥通路其他蛋白包括凋亡相關微粒蛋白、硫氧還原相互作用蛋白和白介素-1的表達。
3.3維生素D與DR病理改變
目前關于維生素D與DR病理改變的研究較少,僅有研究[39]發(fā)現(xiàn)糖尿病小鼠第2周的脈絡膜萎縮明顯,并隨時間延長萎縮情況加劇,經(jīng)維生素D3干預(5mg/kg,每周注射1次),4周時脈絡膜萎縮趨勢明顯減緩,且在維生素D3用藥后各周脈絡膜厚度均大于對照組,表現(xiàn)出對脈絡膜的保護作用。Gungor A等[40]發(fā)現(xiàn)在以25(OH)D低于20 ng/mL定義為25(OH)D缺乏,在伴有早期糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變的糖尿病患者中25(OH)D缺乏組的視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)纖維層厚度明顯比無25(OH)D缺乏組薄,提示25(OH)D可能是視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)保護物質(zhì),具體機制尚不清楚,有待進一步研究。
綜上,DR是嚴重威脅人類生活質(zhì)量的疾病之一,由于其機制尚未完全明確,因而其預防與治療也成為了世界難題,而維生素D在DR的發(fā)生發(fā)展中可能起著重要作用,所以維生素D可能成為預防及治療DR的重要手段,這需要未來對維生素D和DR的關系進行進一步的研究。
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Research development of relationship between vitam in D and diabetic retinopathy
QIU Guijuan1ZHANG Shaojun2
1.ShanxiMedical University,Taiyuan030012,China;2.The Affiliated People's Hospital of ShanxiMedical University,Taiyuan030012,China
R587.1;R774.1
A
1673-9701(2016)20-0158-04
2016-05-05)