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Current status of prenatal ultrasonography in diagnosing fetal interrupted aortic arch

2016-01-27 23:10,
中國介入影像與治療學(xué) 2016年10期
關(guān)鍵詞:主動(dòng)脈弓內(nèi)徑主動(dòng)脈

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(Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of ChinaMedical University, Shenyang 110004, China)

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·綜述·

Current status of prenatal ultrasonography in diagnosing fetal interrupted aortic arch

ZHANGDongyu,ZHANGYing*

(DepartmentofUltrasound,ShengjingHospitalofChinaMedicalUniversity,Shenyang110004,China)

Interrupted aortic arch (IAA) is a kind of rare congenital heart disease with extremely high mortality rate in neonatal period. The embryological derivation of IAA is intricate. And the position and form of the interruption is various. In addition, IAA usually associate with other cardiovascular malformations. Therefore, the prenatal diagnosis of IAA is extremely difficult. As a commonly used method of fetal cardiac examination, echocardiography plays a vital role in detecting congenital heart disease. The current status of echocardiography in prenatal diagnosis of IAA were reviewed in this article, mainly included the application of two or three dimensional echocardiography and the ultrasound differential diagnosis.

Fetal heart; Interrupted aortic arch; Abnormalities; Ultrasonography, prenatal

主動(dòng)脈弓離斷(interruption of the aortic arch, IAA)臨床罕見,占先天性心臟病的0.2%~1.4%[1-2]。 1959年Celoria等[3]根據(jù)離斷部位將IAA分為3型:A型,離斷部位在左鎖骨下動(dòng)脈起始處遠(yuǎn)端;B型,最常見,離斷部位在左頸總動(dòng)脈和左鎖骨下動(dòng)脈起始部之間;C型,最少見,離斷部位在左、右頸總動(dòng)脈起始處之間[4-5]。主動(dòng)脈弓離斷很少單獨(dú)發(fā)生,常合并其他畸形,如室間隔缺損、房間隔缺損、完全性大動(dòng)脈轉(zhuǎn)位、右兒心室雙出口等[6]。目前產(chǎn)前超聲診斷IAA仍是一個(gè)難題,即使經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的超聲醫(yī)師,在胎兒時(shí)期診斷IAA也非常困難。然而,IAA是一種非常兇險(xiǎn)的致死性畸形,新生兒期病死率高[7]。近年來,隨著外科手術(shù)技術(shù)的發(fā)展及護(hù)理水平的提高,多數(shù)IAA患兒的預(yù)后較前明顯改善。但I(xiàn)AA的合并畸形及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,患兒總體生存率和生活質(zhì)量仍不樂觀。若產(chǎn)前及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)IAA,并給予家長適當(dāng)?shù)倪z傳咨詢,對實(shí)行優(yōu)生優(yōu)育計(jì)劃具有重要意義。

1 發(fā)生機(jī)制

早期胚胎的動(dòng)脈系統(tǒng)由腹主動(dòng)脈和背主動(dòng)脈組成,二者均可分為左、右兩支;同側(cè)的腹主動(dòng)脈和背主動(dòng)脈間有弓型的動(dòng)脈連接,稱為弓動(dòng)脈。兩側(cè)腹主動(dòng)脈的尾端融合成主動(dòng)脈囊,逐漸演變成主動(dòng)脈弓的升段和部分水平段。兩側(cè)背主動(dòng)脈的尾端融合成降主動(dòng)脈。頭端的背主動(dòng)脈發(fā)出許多水平分支,稱為節(jié)間動(dòng)脈。胚胎第7周,在右側(cè)第7頸節(jié)間動(dòng)脈起始處與降主動(dòng)脈之間的背主動(dòng)脈發(fā)生退化吸收,右側(cè)第7頸節(jié)間動(dòng)脈上移,與部分殘存的右側(cè)背主動(dòng)脈共同形成右鎖骨下動(dòng)脈。左側(cè)第4弓動(dòng)脈連接主動(dòng)脈囊遠(yuǎn)端和左側(cè)背主動(dòng)脈的近端,形成主動(dòng)脈弓的水平段。而IAA就發(fā)生于此過程中,如兩側(cè)背主動(dòng)脈近端均消退吸收,則形成A型IAA;如左側(cè)第4弓也消退吸收,則形成B型IAA;C型IAA則是由于主動(dòng)脈囊發(fā)育異常所導(dǎo)致[8]。

2 血流動(dòng)力學(xué)特點(diǎn)

2.1胎兒時(shí)期IAA的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)特點(diǎn) IAA導(dǎo)致左心室血流無法通過升主動(dòng)脈進(jìn)入降主動(dòng)脈,血流轉(zhuǎn)而通過卵圓孔、室間隔缺損進(jìn)入右心系統(tǒng),經(jīng)動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管流入降主動(dòng)脈,使得左心系統(tǒng)血流減少,從而影響左心室、主動(dòng)脈瓣及升主動(dòng)脈發(fā)育;而右心系統(tǒng)容量負(fù)荷增加,導(dǎo)致右心增大、肺動(dòng)脈及動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管增粗。胎兒心臟檢查時(shí),如發(fā)現(xiàn)右心大,左心小,肺動(dòng)脈增寬、主動(dòng)脈細(xì)小,往往是IAA的最初線索,此時(shí)應(yīng)重點(diǎn)觀察主動(dòng)脈弓的連續(xù)性,并觀察升主動(dòng)脈與降主動(dòng)脈之間有無血流通過,以提高IAA檢出率。

2.2新生兒期IAA的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)特點(diǎn) 胎兒時(shí)期IAA導(dǎo)致降主動(dòng)脈血流主要由動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管供應(yīng),而在新生兒期隨著動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管生理性閉合,進(jìn)入降主動(dòng)脈內(nèi)的血流急劇減少,導(dǎo)致遠(yuǎn)端血管床灌注減少,同時(shí)左心流出障礙進(jìn)一步加重心臟的容量負(fù)荷。幾乎所有的IAA患者出生后即刻出現(xiàn)急性充血性心力衰竭、急性腎衰竭及代謝性酸中毒等癥狀,病情進(jìn)展迅速,預(yù)后差[9-11]。如能在胎兒時(shí)期及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)并向孕婦及家屬交代病情,有利于實(shí)現(xiàn)優(yōu)生優(yōu)育;如選擇繼續(xù)妊娠,積極做好新生兒期救治工作,及時(shí)給予對癥支持治療,維持動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管開放狀態(tài),均對改善患兒預(yù)后具有重要意義。

3 超聲檢查在胎兒IAA診斷中的應(yīng)用

近年來,隨著超聲技術(shù)的發(fā)展,胎兒心臟超聲已成為目前篩查胎兒心臟畸形的最佳方式。通過傳統(tǒng)二維超聲心動(dòng)圖可從解剖和血流動(dòng)力學(xué)方面對IAA進(jìn)行綜合評價(jià),還可檢出IAA的其他合并畸形,多數(shù)情況下其圖像質(zhì)量能夠滿足臨床診斷需要,目前仍是產(chǎn)前診斷IAA的重要方法。三維超聲是產(chǎn)前篩查胎兒心臟畸形的新方法,應(yīng)用三維超聲可更直觀、完整地顯示胎兒心臟及大血管,尤其對觀察頭臂動(dòng)脈起源位置具有優(yōu)勢,在IAA的產(chǎn)前診斷和鑒別診斷中同樣發(fā)揮重要作用。

3.1二維超聲心動(dòng)圖 檢查中發(fā)現(xiàn)升主動(dòng)脈與降主動(dòng)脈之間的解剖學(xué)連續(xù)性中斷是診斷IAA的直接證據(jù),但通過一些間接征象也可對IAA的診斷起到一定提示作用。目前臨床產(chǎn)前篩查中,主要應(yīng)用胎兒心臟橫斷面進(jìn)行掃查[12-13],包括胎兒四腔心切面、左右心室流出道切面、三血管切面及三血管-氣管切面。如在掃查中首先于四腔心切面發(fā)現(xiàn)左、右心不對稱,即左心明顯減小而右心明顯增大;再進(jìn)一步掃查左、右心室流出道切面及三血管切面發(fā)現(xiàn)肺動(dòng)脈內(nèi)徑增寬,升主動(dòng)脈內(nèi)徑細(xì)小,均可提示IAA[14]。正常情況下,胎兒肺動(dòng)脈內(nèi)徑較主動(dòng)脈內(nèi)徑略寬,Slodki等[14]認(rèn)為,正常胎兒肺動(dòng)脈內(nèi)徑與主動(dòng)脈內(nèi)徑比值約為1.10±0.09,而IAA胎兒肺動(dòng)脈內(nèi)徑與主動(dòng)脈內(nèi)徑比值為2.60±0.40。但需要注意,如IAA同時(shí)合并較大面積室間隔缺損,則大量的心室水平右向左分流可為左心室的發(fā)育提供條件,在這種情況下左、右心比例可以是正常的。但較大的室間隔缺損也提示可能存在IAA。因此,心臟橫斷面超聲掃查發(fā)現(xiàn)左、右心比例、主動(dòng)脈肺動(dòng)脈內(nèi)徑比例明顯失?;虼嬖谳^大室間隔缺損,均為IAA的重要間接征象。

胎兒心臟超聲診斷IAA時(shí),增加矢狀面掃查,包括主動(dòng)脈弓切面、動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管弓切面、上下腔靜脈切面,可提高診斷率。主動(dòng)脈弓切面可直觀顯示主動(dòng)脈弓的連續(xù)性及空間走行情況。對IAA胎兒,矢狀面掃查不能完整顯示由升主動(dòng)脈-主動(dòng)脈弓-降主動(dòng)脈構(gòu)成的主動(dòng)脈弓,CDFI無法顯示主動(dòng)脈弓的連續(xù)性彩色血流。沿主動(dòng)脈尋找頭臂動(dòng)脈起源位置有助于確定離斷類型:A型IAA主動(dòng)脈弓在發(fā)出頭臂干、左頸總動(dòng)脈及左鎖骨下動(dòng)脈后發(fā)生離斷,升主動(dòng)脈在發(fā)出頭臂干后略有彎曲,主動(dòng)脈弓、頭臂干、左頸總動(dòng)脈及左鎖骨下動(dòng)脈形成“W”型;B型IAA主動(dòng)脈弓在發(fā)出頭臂干、左頸總動(dòng)脈之后發(fā)生中斷,左鎖骨下動(dòng)脈在離斷的遠(yuǎn)端發(fā)出,可見升主動(dòng)脈筆直向上走行,與頭臂干和左頸總動(dòng)脈形成“Y”型;C型IAA左頸總動(dòng)脈、左鎖骨下動(dòng)脈均起始于離斷遠(yuǎn)端,主動(dòng)脈弓與頭臂干形成典型的“I”型。觀察主動(dòng)脈弓走行還有助于區(qū)分IAA與主動(dòng)脈縮窄;主動(dòng)脈縮窄時(shí),主動(dòng)脈弓能維持正?;《?,而IAA時(shí),主動(dòng)脈弓上部陡直。

在二維超聲檢查過程中,還需要觀察是否存在左心室流出道梗阻、主動(dòng)脈瓣發(fā)育情況、是否合并室間隔缺損及是否伴發(fā)其他心臟畸形等。IAA主要的超聲誤診原因是離斷端顯示不清,而將由肺動(dòng)脈-動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)-降主動(dòng)脈構(gòu)成的動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管弓誤認(rèn)為是正常主動(dòng)脈弓,仔細(xì)辨認(rèn)有利于減少誤診。

3.2三維超聲心動(dòng)圖 近年來,三維超聲在產(chǎn)前篩查中的應(yīng)用日趨廣泛[15-17]。尤其是時(shí)間-空間關(guān)聯(lián)成像 (spatio-temporal image correlation, STIC),僅通過1次采集即可獲取包含胎兒上腹部至縱膈的完整容積數(shù)據(jù),還可通過三維重建獲得立體圖像,直觀顯示胎兒心臟的空間形態(tài)。STIC技術(shù)具有可全面獲得胎兒心臟容積數(shù)據(jù)、減少胎兒體位影響、成像模式豐富、準(zhǔn)確率較高、檢查時(shí)間短及可供遠(yuǎn)程分析等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[18-22]。

應(yīng)用STIC技術(shù)采集容積數(shù)據(jù)時(shí),還可同時(shí)開啟其他顯像模式;如B-flow技術(shù),以超聲編碼為基礎(chǔ),通過灰階方式直接顯示血液微粒,其與CDFI相比不依賴多普勒頻移,且不受探查角度影響,圖像更為清晰[23-24]。在B-flow顯像模式下采集容積數(shù)據(jù),經(jīng)三維重建后可獲取包含血流信息的立體圖像。國外研究[25]報(bào)道,應(yīng)用B-flow技術(shù)可在中孕期較為清晰地顯示胎兒主動(dòng)脈弓的空間形態(tài)及頭臂血管發(fā)出位置。筆者前期研究[26]發(fā)現(xiàn),應(yīng)用STIC聯(lián)合B-flow技術(shù)重建獲得的IAA離斷形態(tài)與引產(chǎn)后尸體檢查所示十分相似。

4 超聲心動(dòng)圖對胎兒IAA的鑒別診斷及診斷要點(diǎn)

4.1IAA與主動(dòng)脈縮窄 產(chǎn)前超聲診斷時(shí),常將主動(dòng)脈縮窄誤診為IAA。主動(dòng)脈縮窄是主動(dòng)脈局限縮窄性病變,縮窄處多位于左鎖骨下動(dòng)脈遠(yuǎn)端[27-28]。與IAA相似,主動(dòng)脈縮窄時(shí)主動(dòng)脈弓走行僵直,但仔細(xì)掃查可發(fā)現(xiàn)主動(dòng)脈弓是連續(xù)的,狹窄處仍可見血流通過[29]。超聲診斷IAA時(shí),應(yīng)通過CDFI觀察升主動(dòng)脈與降主動(dòng)脈之間是否有血流信號(hào)充盈,如主動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重狹窄導(dǎo)致血流通過極少,則與主動(dòng)脈縮窄更易混淆,此時(shí)可應(yīng)用能量多普勒及B-flow血流成像技術(shù)輔助診斷。此外,主動(dòng)脈弓縮窄很少合并室間隔缺損,其左、右心不對稱較IAA更為明顯。

4.2主動(dòng)脈弓切面與動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管弓切面 如超聲掃查發(fā)現(xiàn)升主動(dòng)脈內(nèi)徑細(xì)小、主動(dòng)脈弓扭曲導(dǎo)致難以顯示主動(dòng)脈弓切面;此時(shí)由增寬的肺動(dòng)脈、粗大動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管及降主動(dòng)脈連接構(gòu)成的動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管弓切面酷似主動(dòng)脈弓切面,診斷經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足時(shí)極易將動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管弓誤認(rèn)為是正常的主動(dòng)脈弓,導(dǎo)致漏診IAA。故應(yīng)仔細(xì)區(qū)分主動(dòng)脈弓切面與動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管弓切面:正常的主動(dòng)脈弓切面呈“拐杖”狀,3個(gè)分支頭臂血管像“3根毛”從“拐杖”的頭部發(fā)出;而動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管弓切面呈“曲棍球”狀,動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管上無分支頭臂血管發(fā)出,且動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管弓切面動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管與降主動(dòng)脈所成的角度較主動(dòng)脈弓切面中主動(dòng)脈弓與降主動(dòng)脈所成角度更大。產(chǎn)前超聲診斷IAA時(shí),如主動(dòng)脈弓切面難以顯示,可進(jìn)行三血管切面掃查,觀察頭臂血管的發(fā)出位置及主動(dòng)脈弓的形態(tài)。

4.3IAA合并畸形 僅少數(shù)IAA為孤立發(fā)生,多數(shù)合并其他心臟畸形,如室間隔缺損、房間隔缺損、大動(dòng)脈轉(zhuǎn)位、右室雙出口等[30-31],其中室間隔缺損是IAA最常見的并發(fā)癥。IAA還可合并心外畸形,如DiGeorge綜合征[32]。Volpe等[25]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),IAA可能與染色體異常有關(guān),尤其B型IAA的del22q11.2發(fā)生率為67%。檢查中,部分超聲醫(yī)師常因滿足于心前區(qū)的陽性發(fā)現(xiàn),而忽略IAA的存在。此外,超聲診斷IAA后仍應(yīng)仔細(xì)觀察是否存在其他畸形,以全面評估胎兒預(yù)后。

總之,IAA是一種高致死率的先天性心臟病,其胚胎學(xué)起源復(fù)雜,離斷形式多樣,常合并其它畸形,在胎兒時(shí)期,受胎兒體位、孕周及孕婦體型影響,超聲診斷IAA困難。產(chǎn)前超聲診斷IAA以主動(dòng)脈弓連續(xù)性中斷為直接征象,以肺動(dòng)脈增寬、升主動(dòng)脈細(xì)小為間接征象。在胎兒心臟四腔心切面、三血管切面等一系列橫斷面掃查基礎(chǔ)上增加主動(dòng)脈弓切面、動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管弓切面等矢狀面掃查,合理應(yīng)用多普勒技術(shù)及三維超聲檢查,可提高IAA的產(chǎn)前診斷率。

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遼寧省科學(xué)技術(shù)項(xiàng)目(2012225098)、沈陽市科學(xué)技術(shù)項(xiàng)目(F16-206-9-11)。

張東雨(1991—),女,遼寧葫蘆島人,在讀碩士。研究方向:胎兒心臟超聲診斷。E-mail: 184186531@qq.com

張穎,中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院超聲科,110004。

2016-05-16

2016-09-02

胎兒主動(dòng)脈弓離斷的產(chǎn)前超聲診斷現(xiàn)狀

張東雨綜述,張 穎*審校

(中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院超聲科,遼寧 沈陽 110004)

主動(dòng)脈弓離斷是一種罕見的嚴(yán)重先天性心臟病,胎兒期死亡率極高,其胚胎學(xué)起源復(fù)雜,表現(xiàn)形式多樣,且多合并其他畸形,產(chǎn)前超聲診斷困難。超聲心動(dòng)圖作為目前臨床常用的胎兒心臟檢查手段,在先天性心臟病的篩查中發(fā)揮重要作用。本文主要從二維超聲、三維超聲在診斷中的應(yīng)用及超聲鑒別診斷方面對胎兒主動(dòng)脈弓離斷的產(chǎn)前超聲診斷現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行綜述。

胎兒心臟;主動(dòng)脈弓離斷;畸形;超聲檢查,產(chǎn)前

R714.5; R540.45

A

1672-8475(2016)10-0642-04

E-mail: zhangying_cmu@sina.com

10.13929/j.1672-8475.2016.10.014

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