方晨燕,丁超,朱滔,張平*
(1.浙江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué),浙江 杭州310053;2.浙江省腫瘤醫(yī)院,浙江 杭州310022)
·綜述·
宮頸腺癌患者保留卵巢功能的研究進展
方晨燕1,丁超2,朱滔2,張平2*
(1.浙江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué),浙江杭州310053;2.浙江省腫瘤醫(yī)院,浙江杭州310022)
近年來宮頸腺癌的比例相對于鱗癌明顯增加,發(fā)病率的不斷上升,并且年輕化,使得卵巢保留顯得特別重要。然而目前對于宮頸腺癌保留卵巢的安全性頗具爭議。本文針對宮頸腺癌患者卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移的發(fā)生率和危險因素,卵巢切除的并發(fā)癥和卵巢保留患者的預(yù)后進行了綜述。
宮頸腺癌;卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移;預(yù)后
近年來,隨著宮頸癌篩查以及子宮頸環(huán)形電切術(shù)(loop electrosurgical excision procedure,LEEP)的實施,宮頸癌(主要是浸潤性鱗癌)總發(fā)病率呈明顯下降趨勢[1],而宮頸腺癌的發(fā)病率卻呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢,尤其是年輕女性,這可能是由于性習(xí)慣的改變和人乳頭瘤病毒(Human Papillomavirus,HPV)的傳播[2-4]。宮頸腺癌FIGO分期IA~IIA的標準手術(shù)方式是根治性子宮切除術(shù)+盆腔淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù),對于是否保留卵巢尚未達成一致結(jié)論[5]。目前大多傾向于行雙側(cè)卵巢切除術(shù),但鑒于宮頸腺癌發(fā)病率的不斷上升、腺癌患者的年輕化,約34.6%宮頸腺癌患者年齡小于40歲,而60.3%的患者年齡小于50歲[6],但是較高的術(shù)后5年生存率,術(shù)中是否保留患者卵巢功能得到了更多的關(guān)注[7-9]。目前對于宮頸腺癌患者保留卵巢的安全性尚存爭議[10],主要考慮到宮頸腺癌的卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移,以及保留卵巢對預(yù)后的影響。本文針對宮頸腺癌患者卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移的發(fā)生率、卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移的危險因素及途徑、卵巢切除的后遺癥和卵巢保留患者的預(yù)后進行綜述。
1.1發(fā)生率目前,對于腫瘤組織類型是否會影響宮頸癌患者卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移的發(fā)生率仍存在爭議。有研究表明在宮頸癌中,宮頸腺癌發(fā)生卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移率較高,較鱗癌更易出現(xiàn)卵巢播散[11]。Landoni等[12]總結(jié)分析了臨床FIGO分期為IA2~IIA期的380例宮頸腺癌患者,顯示卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移率為2.3%;Yamamoto等[13]研究表明FIGO分期為IB~IIIB期的宮頸腺癌患者卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移總發(fā)生率在10%以上,其中IIIB期卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移率高達33.3%;同時Shimada等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)3471例IB~IIB期手術(shù)治療的宮頸癌患者宮頸腺癌的卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移率遠高于宮頸鱗癌(5.31%和0.79%,P<0.01);陳琬玲等[15]報道宮頸腺癌卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生率顯著高于宮頸鱗癌(6.3%和1.4%,P<0.01)。
然而,一些研究結(jié)果顯示在早期宮頸腺癌中,卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生率較低。Natsume等[16]對62例IB~II期宮頸腺癌患者進行了分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)IB期患者中只有1例(3.2%)有卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移,其余均為II期患者,其中IIA期為33.3%,IIB期為21.4%;Kjorstad等[17]對150例IB期宮頸腺癌患者的研究結(jié)果顯示只有2例(1.3%)出現(xiàn)卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移;Sutton等[18]研究發(fā)現(xiàn) IB期宮頸腺癌患者卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生率為1.6%,與鱗狀上皮組織類型比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),且卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移的患者均呈現(xiàn)出宮頸外疾??;Lu等[19]對101例IA2~IIA2期宮頸腺癌患者進行了分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)IA2期患者未發(fā)生卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移,IB1期患者1例發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移;同時Zhu等[20]對16例(2009~2014年)宮頸絨毛狀腺癌患者進行了回顧性研究分析,其中接受卵巢切除的13例患者中僅有1例在卵巢表面發(fā)現(xiàn)癌癥轉(zhuǎn)移,另外3例卵巢活檢病理均未提示有轉(zhuǎn)移;Lu等[21]對111例宮頸腺癌患者的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)IB1期卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移率僅1.6%,IB2期轉(zhuǎn)移率高達9.5%。
上述研究納入了多種FIGO分期的宮頸腺癌患者,顯示FIGO分期IB2期及以上的宮頸腺癌患者卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移率較高,而IB1期或更早期患者轉(zhuǎn)移率較低。所以,早期宮頸腺癌患者保留卵巢具有一定的可行性和安全性,但這個結(jié)論需要更多有效的研究予以支持[22-23]。
1.2高危因素
研究證明,宮頸腺癌卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移患者具有以下特點:年齡大于45歲[12,24];FIGO分期較晚(>IB1期)[12];淋巴結(jié)陽性[25-26];深間質(zhì)浸潤(間質(zhì)浸潤深度>1/2)[12,16,27];脈管瘤栓/淋巴血管間隙侵犯[27];其他器官侵襲[26-27];宮旁浸潤或腫瘤瘤體較大(長徑>2cm)[25-26]等特征。Landoni等[12]通過多因素分析發(fā)現(xiàn)年齡大于45歲、深間質(zhì)浸潤和FIGO分期為卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移的獨立危險因素;而Kim等[28]則發(fā)現(xiàn)子宮浸潤為卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移的獨立危險因素,伴有子宮浸潤的宮頸腺癌患者中,卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移率高達7/23,而無子宮浸潤的患者中卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移率僅5/129。宮頸癌卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移可能通過淋巴擴散或透壁擴散,而宮體浸潤加強了這種機制的作用[29]。
同樣,國內(nèi)也有針對宮頸腺癌卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移高危因素的研究,李艷芳等[30]研究說明卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移的高危因素包括:子宮頸管深肌層、宮體、宮旁組織受侵犯,淋巴管或血管浸潤及盆腔淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移;而陳琬玲等[15]則強調(diào)宮頸腺癌卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移與腫瘤大小密切相關(guān),瘤體>4cm是宮頸腺癌卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移的獨立顯著變量。
1.3轉(zhuǎn)移途徑
目前,宮頸癌患者發(fā)生卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移的途徑有3種假設(shè):(1)脈管浸潤[27,31];(2)HPV向上傳播[32];(3)癌細胞的輸卵管播散[33]。最近則有研究表明通過輸卵管逆行播散的可能性較大,就如月經(jīng)逆行,使子宮內(nèi)膜細胞異位至卵巢一樣,癌細胞可通過輸卵管逆播散,而皮質(zhì)下的腫瘤細胞則通過黃體破裂擴散至間質(zhì)[34]。宮頸腺癌患者的卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移大多發(fā)生在子宮全切術(shù)后,說明術(shù)中外觀正常的卵巢不排除轉(zhuǎn)移的可能。術(shù)中外表正常的卵巢,皮質(zhì)中可能存在腫瘤細胞。
有文獻報道宮頸腺癌患者有較高的生存期,尤其是早期。所以,有必要考慮切除卵巢對生存質(zhì)量的影響。另有研究表明宮頸腺癌患者切除卵巢可導(dǎo)致短期和長期并發(fā)癥,如潮熱出汗、陰道萎縮,以及心血管疾病,骨質(zhì)疏松,髖部骨折,阿爾茨海默癥等[35-36]。Orshan等[37]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)切除卵巢可導(dǎo)致情感問題的發(fā)生。Cathleen等[38]對絕經(jīng)前接受過單側(cè)卵巢切除術(shù)(1274例)或雙側(cè)卵巢切除術(shù)(1091例)的患者進行了一項隊列研究,對照組(2383例)與手術(shù)組有相同年齡且來源于同一人群未接受過卵巢切除術(shù)的女性。研究顯示:在小于45歲的雙側(cè)卵巢切除術(shù)患者中,心血管疾病相關(guān)死亡率(HR 1.44;95%CI 1.01~2.05;P=0.04)上升。若卵巢切除患者自45歲起或更長時間未接受雌激素治療,則死亡率危險比明顯升高 (HR 1.84;95%CI 1.27~2.68;P= 0.001);而在接受雌激素治療的女性中未出現(xiàn)該情況(HR 0.65;95%CI 0.30~1.41;P=0.28;P=0.01)。由此可見,45歲之前行雙側(cè)卵巢切除術(shù)增加了心血管疾病相關(guān)死亡率,而雌激素治療可降低風(fēng)險。
總之,雙側(cè)卵巢切除會發(fā)生的常見并發(fā)癥:潮熱、陰道萎縮、骨質(zhì)疏松、心血管疾病、阿爾茲海默癥等,雌激素替代治療是首選。
目前宮頸癌根治術(shù)中保留卵巢的方法:卵巢原位保留、卵巢移位、卵巢移植、卵巢埋藏和卵巢皮質(zhì)移植。其中卵巢移位術(shù)(Ovarian transposition,OT)是最常用的方法[39],卵巢移位可保留患者的激素功能,有研究表明婦女卵巢移位至腹壁皮下脂肪組織,也可達到同樣的雌激素水平[40-41]。小于40歲的I~IIB期宮頸癌患者,卵巢無明顯形態(tài)異常,無卵巢惡性腫瘤家族史,在充分知情并同意后可選擇卵巢移位[42]。為了防止癌癥復(fù)發(fā),在卵巢移位前可以選擇輔助化療來移除可能存在的卵巢微小轉(zhuǎn)移灶或減小巨大的宮頸癌瘤體,但仍需進一步研究來確定其可行性[43]。
對宮頸腺癌患者保留卵巢功能的安全性存在爭議。保留卵巢患者的預(yù)后相關(guān)研究很少,在報道的文獻中多數(shù)認為卵巢是否切除與腺癌患者的生存期、復(fù)發(fā)率沒有相關(guān)性。
Webb等[44]第一次進行了有關(guān)保留卵巢的宮頸腺癌患者的預(yù)后分析,結(jié)果顯示,4例FIGO分期為CIS~IB期的腺癌患者在中位隨訪5年內(nèi)均無卵巢復(fù)發(fā);Tabata等[45]則進行了關(guān)于保留卵巢的宮頸腺癌患者預(yù)后的最大的隊列研究,在從原位癌至FIGO分期IA期的706例患者,不論各種組織學(xué)亞型,在中位隨訪5年內(nèi)均未觀察到卵巢復(fù)發(fā);Windbichler等[46]進行了一個對宮頸癌患者手術(shù)治療的配對分析,對分別進行保留卵巢和雙側(cè)輸卵管卵巢切除術(shù)(Bilateral salpingo oophorectomy,BSO)患者的預(yù)后進行比較(兩組在組織學(xué)類型差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義),至少保留1個卵巢患者的5年生存率為98%,而BSO組為97%。此外,在中位數(shù)隨訪42個月內(nèi),7例保留卵巢的腺癌患者無1例發(fā)生卵巢復(fù)發(fā)。周新華等[47]對86例Ⅰ~Ⅳ期宮頸腺癌患者進行研究后發(fā)現(xiàn),卵巢切除與否的宮頸腺癌患者的5年生存率的差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義且多因素分析顯示是否切除卵巢對患者的預(yù)后無影響。
綜上所述,研究表明在早期宮頸腺癌中卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移率較低;卵巢轉(zhuǎn)移危險因素包括:FIGO分期、腫瘤大小、年齡、深間質(zhì)浸潤、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、脈管浸潤、侵犯子宮體等;且表明切除卵巢會對癌癥幸存者的生活質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生影響,導(dǎo)致各種短期和長期后遺癥 (如陰道萎縮,情緒問題、骨質(zhì)疏松、心血管疾病、阿爾茨海默癥等);保留卵巢對早期腺癌患者的預(yù)后無影響,卵巢保留是安全的。因此,宮頸腺癌患者在充分評估FIGO分期、腫瘤大小、年齡、以及腫瘤的浸潤情況后,可選擇保留一側(cè)或雙側(cè)卵巢。雙側(cè)卵巢切除術(shù)在宮頸腺癌(尤其是早期)治療中的應(yīng)用價值需重新評估。
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浙江省自然科學(xué)基金(LY14H160010)
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