曾令國(guó),王麓山
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腰椎極外側(cè)椎間融合術(shù)神經(jīng)影像學(xué)研究進(jìn)展
曾令國(guó),王麓山
【摘要】神經(jīng)損傷是腰椎極外側(cè)椎間融合術(shù)(XLIF)常見(jiàn)的并發(fā)癥之一。人們將神經(jīng)影像學(xué)技術(shù)用于XLIF術(shù)前對(duì)患者腰骶叢神經(jīng)根的清晰顯示,以減少術(shù)中神經(jīng)損傷的幾率,提高手術(shù)安全性和準(zhǔn)確性。該文就神經(jīng)影像學(xué)技術(shù)在XLIF手術(shù)的應(yīng)用優(yōu)勢(shì)、神經(jīng)影像學(xué)技術(shù)對(duì)腰骶叢神經(jīng)的顯像以及其在臨床計(jì)量數(shù)據(jù)和分區(qū)數(shù)據(jù)中的具體應(yīng)用作一綜述。
【關(guān)鍵詞】腰椎;脊柱融合術(shù);手術(shù)中并發(fā)癥;神經(jīng)損傷;神經(jīng)放射攝影術(shù);磁共振成像
作者單位:421001湖南衡陽(yáng),南華大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院脊柱外科
腰椎椎體間融合術(shù)是治療腰椎退行性疾病的常見(jiàn)手術(shù)方式,主要包括前路腰椎椎體間融合術(shù)、后路腰椎椎體間融合術(shù)、經(jīng)椎間孔腰椎椎體間融合術(shù)等。腰椎極外側(cè)椎間融合術(shù)(extreme lateral interbody fusion,XLIF)是一種經(jīng)正外側(cè)穿過(guò)腹膜后間隙和腰大肌到達(dá)腰椎的新型微創(chuàng)腰椎椎間融合技術(shù),也有學(xué)者稱其為直接外側(cè)腰椎椎體間融合術(shù)[1]。神經(jīng)損傷是此類手術(shù)的常見(jiàn)術(shù)中并發(fā)癥之一,如何預(yù)防和監(jiān)控,是脊柱外科領(lǐng)域關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)[2-4]。為降低XLIF術(shù)中神經(jīng)損傷的發(fā)生率,本文對(duì)神經(jīng)影像學(xué)技術(shù)在XLIF的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述,以期提高手術(shù)的安全性和可靠性。
XLIF不經(jīng)腹膜腔,不需分離大血管和神經(jīng)叢,通過(guò)小切口及擴(kuò)張管工作通道即可完成椎間盤切除和椎體間融合,不損傷前方椎間盤纖維環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)和前縱韌帶,微創(chuàng)優(yōu)勢(shì)明顯,有效避免了前路手術(shù)相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生;該術(shù)式也不需切除對(duì)腰椎背伸、軸向旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)起重要限制作用的椎間小關(guān)節(jié),避免了后路手術(shù)對(duì)脊柱穩(wěn)定性的破壞,使脊柱融合節(jié)段獲得最大程度的前柱支撐和力學(xué)穩(wěn)定,有效恢復(fù)椎間孔高度和脊柱矢狀位、冠狀位軸線,分散終板載荷應(yīng)力,減少融合器下沉發(fā)生率[1]。
但該術(shù)式亦存在一定缺陷,由于術(shù)中需要分離腰大肌,因此存在損傷神經(jīng)的潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。即使是富有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的術(shù)者,謹(jǐn)慎細(xì)致的操作,仍不能完全避免損傷神經(jīng)。有學(xué)者報(bào)道神經(jīng)損傷發(fā)生率為0.7%~23%,其入路安全性和相關(guān)并發(fā)癥一直是業(yè)界關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)[5-10]。
在XLIF手術(shù)過(guò)程中,術(shù)者必須明確患者腰椎節(jié)段血管的走行位置,腰骶叢神經(jīng)、生殖股神經(jīng)的走行路徑,腰節(jié)段血管、交感干和腰神經(jīng)之間的毗鄰關(guān)系,以及后腹膜與手術(shù)入路的關(guān)系等,因此,術(shù)前必須充分了解手術(shù)相關(guān)區(qū)域的神經(jīng)分布情況,以避免術(shù)中發(fā)生神經(jīng)損傷。
雖然基于傳統(tǒng)的尸體解剖學(xué)研究數(shù)據(jù),我們可以從統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)角度獲得大部分人群的神經(jīng)分布情況,但腰骶叢的構(gòu)成,特別是腰骶段神經(jīng)根在結(jié)構(gòu)上存在少部分變異情況[11],上述數(shù)據(jù)無(wú)法適用于所有人群;傳統(tǒng)解剖學(xué)研究亦無(wú)法針對(duì)每一位活體患者進(jìn)行觀察。神經(jīng)電生理監(jiān)測(cè)儀的應(yīng)用從某種程度上降低了神經(jīng)損傷的發(fā)生[12-13],但無(wú)法在術(shù)前獲得個(gè)體化的神經(jīng)分布情況。
MRI神經(jīng)成像等影像學(xué)技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展在一定程度上為神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)的深入研究提供了條件與基礎(chǔ)。作為一種無(wú)創(chuàng)傷、個(gè)體化、可活體應(yīng)用的檢查方式,神經(jīng)影像學(xué)技術(shù)能夠清晰直觀地顯示患者腰骶叢神經(jīng)的分布、走行和解剖變異,因此在XLIF等脊柱外科手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值逐漸受到學(xué)者們的關(guān)注。
隨著計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)和醫(yī)學(xué)影像學(xué)的發(fā)展,神經(jīng)影像學(xué)技術(shù)經(jīng)歷了檢查手段從粗略到精細(xì),成像效果由二維到三維,神經(jīng)分布結(jié)果由簡(jiǎn)單分區(qū)到精準(zhǔn)定位的過(guò)程,甚至可以發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)變異,獲得個(gè)體化的結(jié)果。目前,最常用的神經(jīng)影像學(xué)成像技術(shù)是MRI檢查。與CT、X線片等影像學(xué)檢查比較,MRI具有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)。常用的掃描序列包括T1 和T2加權(quán)、T2抑脂像、二維快速自旋回波(turbo spin echo,TSE)序列、三維穩(wěn)態(tài)進(jìn)動(dòng)快速成像(three-dimensionalfastimagingemploying steady-state acquisition,3D FIESTA)序列、精準(zhǔn)頻率反轉(zhuǎn)恢復(fù)(spectral abiabatic inversion recovery,SPAIR)序列、可變翻轉(zhuǎn)角三維快速自旋回波(three-dimensional samplingperfectionwith application-optimized contrasts by using different flip angle evolutions,3D SPACE)序列、3D SPACE短時(shí)間反轉(zhuǎn)恢復(fù)(3D SPACE short time inversion recovery,3D SPACE STIR)序列[14-15]、增強(qiáng)3D SPACE STIR序列等。其中TSE序列能較好顯示脊神經(jīng)的大體結(jié)構(gòu),基本滿足神經(jīng)影像學(xué)的一般研究,但對(duì)神經(jīng)細(xì)微結(jié)構(gòu)的顯像效果較差,無(wú)法對(duì)神經(jīng)影像進(jìn)行有效的三維重建;3D FIESTA、SPAIR、3D SPACE序列在空間分辨率、信噪比、抑脂效果等方面表現(xiàn)更為優(yōu)良,能清晰顯示脊神經(jīng)及其細(xì)微結(jié)構(gòu),使脊神經(jīng)節(jié)后段顯示為高信號(hào)(神經(jīng)鞘膜)包繞的低信號(hào)線條影,神經(jīng)的完整性和連續(xù)性得以良好體現(xiàn)[16-18];3D SPACE STIR是在3D SPACE序列上再加上STIR(反轉(zhuǎn)脈沖),腰骶叢神經(jīng)成像中周圍脂肪組織為高背景,通過(guò)STIR序列可以獲得更均勻穩(wěn)定的脂肪抑制效果;增強(qiáng)3D SPACE STIR序列的神經(jīng)根信噪比、肌肉信噪比、神經(jīng)根和肌肉的對(duì)比度噪聲比值均較3D SPACE STIR序列高,是對(duì)腰骶叢神經(jīng)顯像最清晰的掃描序列[19]。
神經(jīng)影像學(xué)的研究數(shù)據(jù)大致可以分為計(jì)量數(shù)據(jù)和分區(qū)數(shù)據(jù)兩大類。計(jì)量數(shù)據(jù)即根據(jù)影像學(xué)測(cè)量腰骶叢在腰椎側(cè)方與椎間盤關(guān)系的確切計(jì)量數(shù)據(jù)或重疊比;而分區(qū)數(shù)據(jù)是根據(jù)Moro等[20]的分區(qū)理論將椎體由前往后均等分成4份,分別為Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ區(qū),椎體前方為A區(qū)、椎體后方為P區(qū),通過(guò)影像學(xué)測(cè)量得到神經(jīng)在椎體側(cè)方的分區(qū)數(shù)據(jù)。
4.1神經(jīng)影像學(xué)的計(jì)量數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)用
Regev等[21]利用T1、T2序列掃描成人腰椎,結(jié)果顯示,從L1/2節(jié)段至L4/5節(jié)段,相鄰的血管-神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)與腰椎終板層面的重疊部分逐漸增多,重疊最多的節(jié)段是L4/5節(jié)段,達(dá)87%,這就導(dǎo)致腰椎側(cè)前入路手術(shù)操作通道相對(duì)狹窄,特別是脊柱側(cè)凸者的安全通道更加狹窄;Guérin等[22]采用T1、T2序列掃描觀察每個(gè)節(jié)段毗鄰血管、神經(jīng)與下位終板矢狀徑未重疊處的安全工作區(qū),結(jié)果顯示,安全工作區(qū)占下位終板矢狀徑的百分比從L1/2節(jié)段至L4/5節(jié)段呈逐漸減小趨勢(shì),在L4/5節(jié)段為37.8%。這兩位學(xué)者報(bào)道了從L1至L5甚至S1節(jié)段神經(jīng)的走行分布趨勢(shì)及安全工作區(qū)在椎間盤所占的比例,通過(guò)這些數(shù)據(jù),手術(shù)醫(yī)生能夠大概估計(jì)到每一節(jié)段的平均操作空間大小。
為了獲得更為精確的數(shù)據(jù),何磊等[23]進(jìn)一步研究脊柱側(cè)凸患者的腰叢分布情況,認(rèn)為L(zhǎng)1/2節(jié)段至L4/5節(jié)段間隙凹側(cè)腰叢前緣距椎間盤矢狀面中垂線距離均較凸側(cè)腰叢分布位置偏后。Kepler等[24]通過(guò)T1、T2抑脂像掃描,測(cè)得腰骶叢與椎間盤前緣切線的平均距離從L1/2到L5/S1逐漸變小,在L4/5為22.1 mm,而L5/S1僅有0.4 mm;Yusof等[25]采用T1、T2、T2抑脂像序列掃描測(cè)得亞洲人L3/4、L4/5節(jié)段左、右側(cè)腰叢距椎體前緣的平均距離分別為29.0 mm(L3/4、L4/5右側(cè))、28.6 mm(L3/4左側(cè))、22.6 mm(L4/5左側(cè))。這些數(shù)據(jù)不僅幫助術(shù)者了解各個(gè)節(jié)段的具體可操作空間,還更進(jìn)一步地證實(shí),除髂骨阻擋因素外,L5/S1節(jié)段不可施行XLIF與該節(jié)段神經(jīng)分布密集密切相關(guān)。
4.2神經(jīng)影像學(xué)的分區(qū)數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)用
相對(duì)于計(jì)量數(shù)據(jù),分區(qū)數(shù)據(jù)較為粗略,但用于XLIF手術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)與臨床研究可行性強(qiáng),為大多數(shù)學(xué)者所接受。分區(qū)理論認(rèn)為,在腰椎側(cè)方,相鄰的腰節(jié)段血管之間、前方交感干與后方腰叢神經(jīng)之間,有一個(gè)較為恒定的無(wú)血管神經(jīng)的“安全工作區(qū)”[22]。Hu等[26]從安全工作區(qū)及分區(qū)理論的角度了解腰骶叢在腰椎側(cè)方的分布情況,通過(guò)T1、T2序列掃描腰骶叢神經(jīng)分布,并根據(jù)Moro分區(qū)法進(jìn)行分區(qū)統(tǒng)計(jì),結(jié)果表明,XLIF入路的安全區(qū)域包括L1/2和L2/3節(jié)段的Ⅱ~Ⅲ區(qū)、L3/4節(jié)段的Ⅱ區(qū)、L4/5節(jié)段左側(cè)的Ⅰ~Ⅱ區(qū)和右側(cè)的Ⅱ區(qū)。
隨著神經(jīng)成像技術(shù)的發(fā)展,神經(jīng)影像學(xué)研究進(jìn)入了一個(gè)新的層面。He等[27]采用3D FIESTA序列掃描,從經(jīng)腰大肌入路視角分析L1/2~L4/5節(jié)段腰叢神經(jīng)圖像,結(jié)果證實(shí),腰叢神經(jīng)分別分布在Ⅳ區(qū)(L1/2),Ⅳ區(qū)(L2/3),Ⅲ、Ⅳ區(qū)(L3/4),Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ區(qū)(L4/5);Quinn等[28]基于SPAIR序列、3D SPACE序列、3D SPACE STIR序列掃描,獲得了神經(jīng)分布的三維立體圖像,揭示了腰叢神經(jīng)與L4/5椎間盤位置實(shí)質(zhì)性的變異,其分布比例為:左側(cè)腰叢在Ⅱ區(qū)5.7%、Ⅲ區(qū)54.3%、Ⅳ區(qū)40%,右側(cè)腰叢在Ⅱ區(qū)8.6%、Ⅲ區(qū)42.9%、Ⅳ區(qū)45.7%、Ⅴ區(qū)2.9%。對(duì)于L1~L4節(jié)段腰叢神經(jīng)分布情況,諸多學(xué)者得到的結(jié)果相對(duì)一致,且神經(jīng)影像學(xué)結(jié)果與尸體解剖結(jié)果基本一致[29-30]。可見(jiàn),腰叢神經(jīng)在L4/5節(jié)段的分布不僅局限于Ⅲ、Ⅳ區(qū),在Ⅱ區(qū)亦有分布,這一變異結(jié)果的發(fā)現(xiàn),使得Uribe等[29]、Hu等[26]報(bào)道的L4/5節(jié)段腰椎側(cè)前入路手術(shù)“安全工作區(qū)”——Ⅱ區(qū)不再絕對(duì)安全。
XLIF是一種新型的微創(chuàng)術(shù)式,但神經(jīng)損傷是影響手術(shù)療效的潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。神經(jīng)影像學(xué)技術(shù)在XLIF中的應(yīng)用和不斷發(fā)展有助于減少神經(jīng)損傷的發(fā)生幾率,目前大多數(shù)研究集中在基于分區(qū)和計(jì)量結(jié)果對(duì)安全工作通道進(jìn)行分析等方面,結(jié)果顯示,從L1/2節(jié)段至L4/5節(jié)段,相鄰的血管-神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)與腰椎終板層面的重疊部分逐漸增多,這一結(jié)論為XLIF術(shù)中各節(jié)段腰大肌穿刺點(diǎn)的選擇提供了術(shù)前參考[27-28]。值得一提的是,國(guó)外學(xué)者施行XLIF手術(shù)時(shí)多采用組合微創(chuàng)方式,即側(cè)路置入椎間融合器再后路經(jīng)皮置入椎弓根螺釘,同側(cè)入路下置入椎間融合器和內(nèi)固定的情況鮮有報(bào)道;而對(duì)于腰椎后路融合內(nèi)固定術(shù)后鄰近節(jié)段發(fā)生退變的患者,部分國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者習(xí)慣采用同一小切口下的XLIF手術(shù),以避開(kāi)腰椎后路瘢痕增生、解剖結(jié)構(gòu)改變等不利因素[31],但卻因此增加了內(nèi)固定螺釘釘尾切跡壓迫腰大肌內(nèi)走行神經(jīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),目前尚未有明確數(shù)據(jù)為內(nèi)固定置入位置提供參考。未來(lái)將神經(jīng)影像學(xué)技術(shù)進(jìn)一步用于指導(dǎo)XLIF個(gè)性化入路以及內(nèi)固定置入位置的確定,相信具有非常重要的意義。
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(本文編輯:張輝)
繼續(xù)教育
Progress of neuroimaging research on lumbar extreme lateral interbody fusion
ZENG Lingguo, WANG Lushan. Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanhua University, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
Corresponding author: WANG Lushan, E-mail: wang25ssss@sina.cn
【Abstract】Nerve injury is one of the most common complications during the procedure of lumbar extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF). In order to reduce the risk of intraoperative nerve injury, and to improve surgical safety and accuracy, neuroimaging technology has been applied to display lumbosacral plexus nerve root clearly before XLIF operation. In this paper, the advantages of neuroimaging application in XLIF, the imaging of lumbosacral plexus nerve with neuroradiography, and the clinical value of measurement and partitioning data about XLIF neuroimaging were reviewed.
【Key words】Lumbar vertebrae; Spinal fusion; Intraoperative complications; Nerve injuries; Neuroradiography; Magnetic resonance imaging
中圖分類號(hào):R687.3,R816
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
文章編號(hào):1674-666X(2016)01-046-05
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-666X.2016.01.009
通信作者:王麓山,E-mail:wang25ssss@sina.cn
收稿日期:(2015-10-14;修回日期:2015-12-02)