趙韶盼,劉劍鋒,劉 源,任杰峰,駱雷鳴
(解放軍總醫(yī)院南樓心血管內(nèi)科,北京100853)
心房顫動(dòng)(簡稱房顫)是臨床上最常見的心律失常之一。2011年的美國心臟病學(xué)會(huì)基金會(huì)(American College of Cardiology Foundation, ACCF)/美國心臟協(xié)會(huì)(American Heart Association, AHA)/美國心律協(xié)會(huì)(Heart Rhythm Society, HRS)指南[1]中指出,人群中房顫的患病率大概在0.4%~1%,預(yù)計(jì)未來50年房顫患者將增加1倍。在老年人中,房顫的發(fā)病率更高,且隨著年齡的增加,房顫患病率呈逐漸上升趨勢,≥65歲人群房顫患病率約為5%,≥75歲可達(dá)10%[2]。由于預(yù)期壽命的延長,以及臨床上大量無癥狀性房顫患者的存在,房顫的患病率可能被大大低估了。當(dāng)前,房顫已經(jīng)成為影響人類健康的重大問題。
房顫引起的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)異常,是左心房內(nèi)血栓形成的重要病理生理基礎(chǔ)。房顫患者心房內(nèi)的血栓脫落,引發(fā)缺血性腦卒中、體循環(huán)栓塞等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥,有著極高的致殘率和致死率。研究表明,房顫患者發(fā)生血栓栓塞相關(guān)事件的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),每年約為2%[3]。房顫時(shí),缺血性腦卒中的發(fā)病率較竇性心律增加 4~5倍[4]。Vemmos等[5]對1042例缺血性腦卒中患者的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),心源性栓子形成的栓塞占32.1%,是缺血性腦卒中的最主要病因之一。胡大一等[6]的中國房顫住院病例多中心對照研究顯示,房顫住院患者的腦卒中發(fā)病率高達(dá)24.8%。
因此,預(yù)防房顫患者的血栓形成顯得尤為重要。經(jīng)食管超聲心動(dòng)圖(trans-esophageal echocardiography,TEE)是目前診斷左心房內(nèi)血栓的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,但由于血栓形成的動(dòng)態(tài)過程、技術(shù)要求及半侵入式的檢查方式等因素,并沒有作為常用的檢查項(xiàng)目。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CHADS2評分系統(tǒng)[充血性心力衰竭congestive heart failure)1分;高血壓(hypertension)1分;年齡≥75歲(age≥75)1分;糖尿病(diabetes mellitus)1分;腦卒中或短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作病史(stroke or TIA )2分,滿分共6分],預(yù)測房顫血栓栓塞事件的敏感度和特異度都不夠高[7],改良后的 CHA2DS2-VASc評分系統(tǒng)[充血性心力衰竭(congestive heart failure)1分;高血壓(hypertension)1分;年齡≥75歲(age≥75 years)2分;糖尿病(diabetes mellitus)1分;腦卒中或短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作或體循環(huán)栓塞病史(stroke or TIA or systemic embolism)2分;血管疾病(vascular disease)1分;年齡65~74歲(age 65-74 years)1分;女性(sex catagory)1分,滿分共10分],也難以高精確度地預(yù)防血栓栓塞事件,特別是難以對近期的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)做出預(yù)報(bào)。近年生物標(biāo)志物的檢測技術(shù)得以顯著提高,簡單易行,并可動(dòng)態(tài)評價(jià),在房顫的血栓預(yù)測中具有重要的作用。依照生物標(biāo)志物的基線和演變,預(yù)測血栓栓塞風(fēng)險(xiǎn),還有助于指導(dǎo)臨床的抗凝血治療,進(jìn)一步降低血栓栓塞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。目前,血漿D-二聚體(D-dimer)已經(jīng)在臨床上廣泛應(yīng)用,反映纖維蛋白單體經(jīng)活化因子Ⅷ交聯(lián)后,再經(jīng)纖溶酶水解所產(chǎn)生的一種特異性降解產(chǎn)物的血漿濃度。D-二聚體反映機(jī)體的纖維蛋白溶解系統(tǒng)(fibrinolysis system)活化強(qiáng)度,間接反映體內(nèi)的血栓形成,具有一定的預(yù)測血栓栓塞風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的價(jià)值[8]。
血漿D-二聚體,作為纖溶系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分,是纖維蛋白單體交聯(lián)后的特異性降解產(chǎn)物。D-二聚體是反映機(jī)體凝血與纖溶系統(tǒng)平衡的敏感和特異性指標(biāo),可作為反映體內(nèi)凝血和纖溶系統(tǒng)雙重活化的重要分子標(biāo)志物。當(dāng)機(jī)體發(fā)生血管內(nèi)血栓形成及繼發(fā)纖溶系統(tǒng)活化后,便會(huì)有血漿 D-二聚體濃度升高。升高的血漿D-二聚體來源于機(jī)體繼發(fā)纖溶活性增強(qiáng)后纖維蛋白單體交聯(lián)后的降解產(chǎn)物,間接反映血管內(nèi)的血栓形成。因此,血漿D-二聚體水平,可作為反映血栓形成的一個(gè)重要指標(biāo)[9-11]。
血漿D-二聚體在預(yù)測房顫血栓形成及其并發(fā)癥中的作用,已經(jīng)受到了人們的重視。一些研究表明[12-14],測定血漿D-二聚體的水平,能在房顫患者中篩查出血栓高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的個(gè)體。房顫患者與竇性心律的個(gè)體比較,血漿D-二聚體水平顯著升高。Lip等[12]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),陣發(fā)性房顫組的血漿D-二聚體水平,顯著高于慢性房顫及竇性心律組(P<0.001),與血栓栓塞癥的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)一致。慢性房顫患者,血漿 D-二聚體水平也升高,伴隨著血栓栓塞事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的增加。RE-LY研究[15]中,Siegbahn等分析了 6202例房顫患者的基線血漿D-二聚體水平,發(fā)現(xiàn)隨基線血漿D-二聚體水平升高,腦卒中發(fā)生率明顯上升(D-dimer<298 μg/L,0.64%; D-dimer 298~473 μg/L,1.38%; D-dimer 474~822 μg/L,1.71%; D-dimer>822 μg/L,2.00%;P=0.0007)。另外,對于全身性栓塞、心血管死亡和大出血事件的分析,也得出同樣結(jié)論。
因此,血漿D-二聚體水平可能與心房血栓的存在相關(guān),并可預(yù)測房顫血栓形成及主要不良預(yù)后和死亡,是臨床中預(yù)測房顫血栓相關(guān)事件不可或缺的一項(xiàng)檢測指標(biāo)。
房顫患者具有較高的栓塞風(fēng)險(xiǎn),其血流動(dòng)力學(xué)異常導(dǎo)致左心房血栓形成,血栓脫落引發(fā)各類血栓栓塞事件和腦卒中。因此,房顫患者需要長期服用抗凝藥[華法林(warfarin)、利伐沙班(rivaroxaban)、達(dá)比加群酯(dabigatran etexilate)等]來降低血栓栓塞風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[16]。一項(xiàng)針對245 例非瓣膜性心房顫動(dòng)患者連續(xù)用華法林的單中心、前瞻性研究顯示,D-二聚體可作為評價(jià)抗凝治療預(yù)防心房顫動(dòng)血栓栓塞事件的有價(jià)值標(biāo)志物[17]。Enta等[18]報(bào)道,D-二聚體不僅可以預(yù)測非瓣膜性房顫時(shí)的血栓栓塞事件,已接受抗凝血藥物治療的房顫患者,高水平的 D-二聚體仍是栓塞事件的強(qiáng)預(yù)測因子。常規(guī)劑量的華法林抗凝血治療后,D-二聚體水平會(huì)降低,但超低劑量的華法林(1 mg)或負(fù)荷劑量的阿司匹林(aspirin; 300 mg)治療后,D-二聚體水平并未下降[19],提示D-二聚體水平的變化,可以反映抗凝血藥物治療的效應(yīng)。Yamamoto等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn),在長期接受華法林抗凝血治療的患者中,凝血酶原時(shí)間-國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化比值(international normalized ratio of prothrombin time, PT-INR)水平,并不能預(yù)測缺血性腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而D-二聚體水平卻可以很好地預(yù)測腦卒中的發(fā)生。不僅如此,血漿D-二聚體水平還與腦梗死面積、梗死程度、腦卒中預(yù)后等均呈正相關(guān)(梗死面積,r=49,P<0.05;梗死程度,r=54,P<0.05;腦卒中預(yù)后,r=61,P<0.01),不與PT-INR相關(guān)(r=27,P=0.23)。因此,長期服用華法林治療時(shí),監(jiān)測血漿D-二聚體水平十分重要。
房顫復(fù)律后,存在著一定的血栓栓塞危險(xiǎn),若房顫持續(xù) 48 h以后才進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)復(fù),風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更大。目前認(rèn)為,復(fù)律后的血栓栓塞風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較復(fù)律前升高,但其確切的機(jī)制尚未明確。復(fù)律后若出現(xiàn)血漿 D-二聚體水平升高,表明復(fù)律后的血栓事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增大[21]。另一些研究表明,房顫復(fù)律后和抗凝血治療期間,D-二聚體還對高凝血狀態(tài)(血栓前狀態(tài))具有量化的預(yù)測價(jià)值[22,23]。
目前,已有研究評價(jià)了血漿 D-二聚體檢測在房顫血栓風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估、抗凝血治療指導(dǎo)、復(fù)律后的血栓風(fēng)險(xiǎn)監(jiān)測中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值,表明血漿 D-二聚體水平和血栓栓塞風(fēng)險(xiǎn)存在高度密切的關(guān)聯(lián)性。這些研究結(jié)果為血漿D-二聚體在房顫患者血栓栓塞風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估、抗栓治療指導(dǎo)方面提供了重要的參考價(jià)值。
當(dāng)前,血漿D-二聚體檢測,不僅預(yù)測房顫血栓栓塞風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和指導(dǎo)抗栓治療,還常用于深靜脈血栓的篩查,結(jié)合靜脈超聲顯著提高了深靜脈血栓的檢出率。另外,血漿D-二聚體檢測對于動(dòng)脈系統(tǒng)血栓事件的預(yù)測,包括急性心肌梗死、缺血性腦卒中,也具有一定的臨床價(jià)值,被廣泛用于急救和急診手術(shù)中[24,25]。
研究顯示,D-二聚體檢測聯(lián)合其他臨床指標(biāo),可以提高對于房顫血栓風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的預(yù)測價(jià)值。Nozawa等[26]報(bào)道,血漿D-二聚體水平<150 μg/L時(shí),對于無臨床危險(xiǎn)因素的房顫患者,血栓栓塞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)極低(0.7%),而當(dāng)血漿D-二聚體水平>150 μg/L時(shí),血栓栓塞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)則隨之升高(3.8%)。目前,房顫腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估體系中,CHA2DS2-VASc評分系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用最廣泛,但有證據(jù)表明,對疑有血栓形成的患者,性別及年齡匹配的血漿 D-二聚體水平,能更好地進(jìn)行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分層。因此,在進(jìn)行房顫腦卒中及體循環(huán)栓塞的危險(xiǎn)分層時(shí),將性別及年齡匹配的 D-二聚體作為一項(xiàng)因素加以考慮,可以提高預(yù)測和危險(xiǎn)分層的精確性[27]。Christersson等[28]進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)針對18 201例房顫患者的ARISTOTLE研究顯示,加入D-二聚體水平檢測后,CHA2DS2-VASc評分系統(tǒng)對腦卒中及體循環(huán)栓塞的評分指數(shù),從0.646提高到0.655,對死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的預(yù)測也從0.598提高到0.662。此外,D-二聚體水平還提高了HAS-BLED評分系統(tǒng)[高血壓(hypertension)1分;肝腎功能異常(abnormal renal/liver function)各1分;腦卒中史(stroke)1分;出血史(bleeding)1分;INR值波動(dòng)(labile INR)1分;老年(elderly,age>65 years)1分;藥物或嗜酒(drugs/alcohol concomitantly)各1分,總分9分]預(yù)測出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的價(jià)值,對大出血的評分指數(shù)從0.610提高到0.641。
可見,將血漿D-二聚體同相關(guān)臨床因素結(jié)合,特別是與 CHA2DS2-VASc、HAS-BLED評分系統(tǒng)結(jié)合,可以進(jìn)一步提高對房顫時(shí)血栓事件和出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的預(yù)測價(jià)值。
綜上,血漿D-二聚體作為纖溶系統(tǒng)的一個(gè)降解產(chǎn)物,反映血栓形成后的纖維蛋白的溶解活化,在房顫血栓風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的預(yù)測中具有重要價(jià)值。對于接受抗凝血治療的房顫患者,血漿D-二聚體升高,可能預(yù)示血栓風(fēng)險(xiǎn)未得到充分控制,積極抗凝血治療并推遲復(fù)律治療,可能是更安全的選擇,可降低復(fù)律后腦卒中和體循環(huán)栓塞風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。另外,D-二聚體指導(dǎo)臨床抗凝血治療的作用,也越來越多地受到人們的重視。 然而,若單一應(yīng)用血漿D-二聚體篩查血栓風(fēng)險(xiǎn),還存在一定的漏診率,若將血漿D-二聚體與 CHADS2、CHA2DS2-VASc評分系統(tǒng)相結(jié)合,可以提高預(yù)測的精確度。
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