Paul+Levy
作為英國最具代表性的食物,炸魚薯條是每個到訪英國的人必嘗的小吃,就連不久前訪問英國的習(xí)大大也點名要吃炸魚薯條。然而,無論從起源還是發(fā)展來看,炸魚薯條其實都不是那么“英國”。這種異鄉(xiāng)人首創(chuàng)的美食究竟何以成為英國的“國菜”呢?
Each afternoon at 1.45 last week, Radio 4 gave tips for anyone thinking of opening a chippie1). This might seem a strange ambition to encourage on our most middle-class radio station, but as we learn from a book to be published later this month, Fish and Chips: A History by Panikos Panayi, supplying fish suppers2) to the British people has always been a means of upward social mobility. Although the French allegedly still call the British les rosbifs3), for centuries the emblematic4) dish of the United Kingdom has been the nutritionally unbalanced, deep-fried meal of fish and chips. Yet theres something historically weird about the link between our chief takeaway delicacy and Britishness.
As for the class thing, ever since Dickens first mentioned “chips” in print (in A Tale of Two Cities in 1859) and Henry Mayhew5) cited it as the food of the poor in 1861, fish and chips has been seen as a feature of working-class life.
Is this still true? Not only did the Ivy6) in London feature fish and chips on its made-over menu when Chris Corbin and Jeremy King relaunched the place and made it chic in 1990, but so did its smarter sister, the Caprice; and haddock7) and mushy peas can now be found even on the pricey menu at Scotts. No longer the working mans nourishment, a fish supper is now classless, which somewhat increases its credibility as our national dish.
Why, though, is fish and chips considered British in the first place? Claudia Rodens 1996 The Book of Jewish Food, the ultimate authority, says battered8) fried fish “was a legacy of the Portuguese Marranos9) (crypto-Jews) who came to England in the 16th century, many of them via Holland.” Nominal Christians, they were secretly practising10) Jews, who fried their fish on Friday (the Christian worlds fish day) and ate it cold on their Sabbath11) later that night or the next day, when they were forbidden to cook or even light a fire.
There is a wealth of references to back this up, including Manuel Brudo writing in 1544 “that the favourite diet of Marrano refugees” was fried fish, sprinkled with flour, dipped in egg and breadcrumbs; Lady Montefiore, who anonymously wrote the first Jewish cookery book in English (in 1846) and recommended frying fish in “Florence oil”—olive oil; and President Thomas Jefferson, whose niece Virginia put together a collection of his favourite recipes, including Alexis Soyer12)s 1855 instructions for fish fried in the Jewish manner.
From Dickens and Mayhew we know it was at about this time that chipped potatoes became the invariable accompaniment to battered fish. The marriage of fish and chips was actually a gradual merger. Except for the aristocracy and those living on the coast or near inland waterways, Britons didnt eat much fresh fish anyway, until the coming of the railways made transporting it practical and cheaper.
The first record of a fishmonger13), says Panayis new book, was in 1154. Potatoes had definitely arrived from South America by 1580, and possibly 20 years earlier, but remained a luxury crop during the 17th century, though the Irish peasantry accepted it and made it a staple crop earlier, because it suited their soil and climate. (Its monoculture14) was coupled, paradoxically, with a reluctance to eat fish. During the late 1840s famine there was fish rotting on the beaches, and Mairtin Mac Con Iomaire15) told the 2005 Oxford Symposium16) on Food and Cookery that as late as 1932, Irish “fish consumption was estimated at approximately 4.5 lbs per capita, compared with 32 lbs per capita in Great Britain at the same time.”)
Fried fish and chipped (or sometimes jacket) potatoes were for a long time sold separately. Joseph Malin, an Ashkenazi17) Jewish immigrant, who opened a shop in Bow18) in 1860, gets the honours for being first to vend them together.
Eating cold fried fish required a superior batter to protect the fish from spoiling and the fat from penetrating the fish, plus good quality oil (or dripping19)) with no “off20)” flavours. The not terribly rational Jewish dietary laws21) excluded fish without scales or fins, and meant that if fish was to be eaten with dairy products, it had to be fried in oil, not dripping.
As East End Jews moved to north London and became doctors and solicitors, subsequent waves of immigration took over the trade, and after 1945, Chinese, Italian or Greek Cypriot cooks fried our fish. In my own Oxfordshire village, our handsome new chippie is owned by the Indian family who formerly ran our post office.
With its clear ethnic origins and its continued production by immigrants, why is fish and chips our iconic dish? Just as, in 1928, The New York Times declared: “Englands hot dog is ‘fish and chips,” the food historian Bruce Kraig once said that “the sausage in a bun was the typical American national dish.” For a member of a minority, eating it was a way of marking your assimilation to the majority. Eating and liking hotdogs made you American.
Why? Because it was a distinctive American dish, despite its German and Austrian origins, as Würstchen22), frankfurters23) or Vienna sausages (which nicely parallels the Jewish genesis of fish and chips). And also because eating a hot dog was almost always a public or shared act—a demonstration of belonging to the majority culture, or at least an expression of an aspiration to belong to it.
Its the same for todays fish and chips. They may be wrapped in newspapers printed in Spanish, Greek, Polish or Urdu24), but your presence in the queue at the chippie makes you a true Brit.
上周(編注:英文原文發(fā)表于2014年10月4日),每天下午的1點45分,英國廣播四臺都會為那些打算開炸魚薯條店的聽眾介紹生意經(jīng)。四臺是最具中產(chǎn)階級特點的一個頻道,在這個頻道上鼓勵人們有這樣的雄心似乎有點怪。但從帕尼科斯·帕納伊本月晚些時候即將出版的《炸魚薯條史》一書中我們獲知,為英國民眾供應(yīng)炸魚薯條一直是社會底層向上流動的一個門道。盡管據(jù)說法國人還是戲稱英國人為“烤牛肉”,但數(shù)百年來,英國的標(biāo)志性食物一直是營養(yǎng)不均衡的油炸食品—炸魚薯條。然而,英國這一最主要的外賣美味和不列顛特性之間還有一段說來離奇的歷史。
來看看炸魚薯條的階級性?!笆項l”一詞最早在狄更斯的書中出現(xiàn)(見于1859年出版的《雙城記》)。1861年,亨利.梅休也提及薯條,稱其為窮人的食物。自此以后,炸魚薯條就被視為工人階級生活的一大標(biāo)志。
而今是否依然如此呢?1990年,克里斯·科爾賓和杰里米.金將倫敦的常春藤餐廳重新開張,并將其打造成一家新潮飯店,其時不僅常春藤餐廳的新版菜單以炸魚薯條為特色食物,而且它那更為高檔的姊妹餐廳隨想曲餐廳也是如此。如今,甚至在斯科特餐廳的高價菜單上也能找到黑線鱈和豌豆泥。炸魚薯條不再只是勞動人民的佳肴,如今已成為超越階級的食物,這多少能提高其作為英國國菜的可信度。
不過,炸魚薯條究竟為何被視為英國的代表食物?克勞迪婭·羅登1996年出版的終極權(quán)威著作《猶太食品大全》里寫道,裹面炸魚“是葡萄牙的馬拉諾(秘密的猶太教徒)傳下來的。他們在16世紀(jì)來到英國,其中很多人借道荷蘭”。他們表面上是基督徒,私底下卻是虔誠的猶太教徒,會在周五(基督徒吃魚的日子)炸魚,然后在當(dāng)晚或次日禁止做飯甚至生火的安息日吃涼的炸魚。
支持這一說法的文獻資料數(shù)不勝數(shù),包括:曼紐爾·布魯多在1544年寫的“馬拉諾難民最喜歡的食物”是撒上面粉、蘸了蛋液和面包屑的炸魚;(1846年)匿名寫出第一部英文猶太烹飪書的蒙蒂菲奧里夫人建議用“佛羅倫薩油”(橄欖油)炸魚;還有美國總統(tǒng)托馬斯·杰斐遜,他的侄女弗吉尼婭收集了杰斐遜最愛的食譜,其中就包括亞歷克西斯·索耶于1855年介紹的猶太式炸魚法。
從狄更斯和梅休那里我們知道,大約是在那個時候,薯條與裹面炸魚成為固定搭配。炸魚和薯條的結(jié)合實際上是一個循序漸進的過程。除了貴族以及沿海或內(nèi)陸河流附近的居民外,英國人其實吃不到多少鮮魚,直到鐵路出現(xiàn),鮮魚運輸才變得可行,費用也更便宜。
根據(jù)帕納伊新書的介紹,關(guān)于魚販的最早記錄出現(xiàn)在1154年。可以肯定地說,土豆到1580年時已經(jīng)從南美洲傳入英國,可能還要早上20年,但在17世紀(jì)仍然是一種奢侈的作物。不過愛爾蘭農(nóng)民比英國人更早地接納了土豆,并將其作為主要作物,因為愛爾蘭的土壤和氣候適宜種植土豆。(愛爾蘭人種植的作物單一,但與之矛盾的是,他們不喜歡吃魚。19世紀(jì)40年代晚期,愛爾蘭鬧饑荒,魚卻爛在海灘無人過問。在2005年食品和烹飪牛津研討會上,邁爾廷·馬克·康·艾歐邁爾稱,直到1932年,愛爾蘭的“人均魚消費量估計在4.5磅上下,而同時期英國的人均魚消費量為32磅”。)
炸魚和薯條(有時土豆還帶皮)在很長一段時期內(nèi)是分開出售的。1860年,德系猶太移民約瑟夫·馬林在鮑地區(qū)開了一家店,這家店榮幸地成為將炸魚和薯條一起售賣的第一家店。
吃冷的炸魚需要上等的面糊,以防止魚肉腐壞和油脂滲入,此外還需要質(zhì)量上乘、沒有異味的油(或烤肉滴下的油脂)。猶太人的飲食教規(guī)有些不合常理,規(guī)定不得食用無鱗或無鰭的魚,還規(guī)定如果魚跟奶制品同食,魚必須用油炸,而不得用動物油脂。
隨著倫敦東區(qū)的猶太人搬到北倫敦,成為醫(yī)生和律師,后來的移民接替他們做起了炸魚薯條的營生。1945年后,中國人、意大利人和希臘裔塞浦路斯人經(jīng)營著英國的炸魚薯條店。在我所住的牛津郡的鄉(xiāng)村,新開的炸魚薯條店很是漂亮,店主是一家印度人,之前他們經(jīng)營的是村里的郵政業(yè)務(wù)。
顯而易見,炸魚薯條源于少數(shù)族群,后來一直是經(jīng)移民之手做出,那么為何會成為英國的象征性食物呢?正如1928年《紐約時報》上稱“‘炸魚薯條是英國的熱狗”,食物歷史學(xué)家布魯斯·克雷格曾說:“面包夾香腸是典型的美國大眾美食?!睂τ谏贁?shù)族群的一員來說,吃熱狗是融入主流群體的一種方式。吃熱狗、愛熱狗才算美國人。
原因何在?因為熱狗是獨具美國特色的食物,盡管其中的小香腸、法蘭克福香腸或維也納香腸起源于德國和奧地利(這與炸魚薯條源自猶太人正好相似)。還有一個原因是,吃熱狗幾乎總是公開或共有的行為—這表明了對主流文化的歸屬,或者至少表達(dá)了融入主流文化的渴望。
這個道理也適用于今天的炸魚薯條。用來包炸魚薯條的報紙可能印著西班牙文、希臘文、波蘭文或烏爾都文,但當(dāng)你在炸魚薯條店前排起隊時,你就成了一個地地道道的英國人。
1. chippie [?t??pi] n.〈英〉炸魚薯條店
2. fish supper:指炸魚薯條。
3. les rosbifs:法語,意為“烤牛肉”。該稱呼的由來是英國人喜歡烤牛肉。
4. emblematic [?embl??m?t?k] adj. 象征(性)的,標(biāo)志的
5. Henry Mayhew:亨利·梅休(1812~1887),英國社會學(xué)者、記者、劇作家
6. Ivy:常春藤餐廳,倫敦一家歷史悠久的著名餐廳,在明星中頗受歡迎。曾于1989年關(guān)閉,后被文中提到的克里斯·科爾賓和杰里米.金買下,于1990年重新開張。常春藤與下文提到的隨想曲餐廳和斯科特餐廳同屬于Caprice Holdings餐飲集團。
7. haddock [?h?d?k] n. [魚] (產(chǎn)于北大西洋的)黑線鱈,是制作炸魚的常用原料。下文提到的豌豆泥是炸魚薯條的常見配菜。
8. battered [?b?t?(r)d] adj. 沾上面糊的
9. Marrano:馬拉諾,指中世紀(jì)在西班牙和葡萄牙境內(nèi)被迫改信基督教而暗地里依然信奉原來宗教的猶太人或摩爾人。
10. practising [?pr?kt?si?] adj. [宗]積極從事宗教活動的,虔誠的
11. Sabbath [?s?b?θ] n. 安息日?;浇掏酱蠖家灾苋諡榘蚕⑷眨q太教徒以周六(每周五日落到周六日落)為安息日。
12. Alexis Soyer:亞歷克西斯·索耶(1810~1858),法國明星廚師,后成為英國維多利亞時代最有名的廚師。
13. fishmonger [?f???m??ɡ?(r)] n.〈主英〉魚販,魚商
14. monoculture [?m?n???k?lt??(r)] n. [農(nóng)]單作,單一栽培
15. Mairtin Mac Con Iomaire:邁爾廷·馬克·康·艾歐邁爾,愛爾蘭廚師、烹飪歷史學(xué)家
16. symposium [s?m?p??zi?m] n. 討論會;專題報告會
17. Ashkenazi [???k??nɑ?zi] n. 德系猶太人
18. Bow:鮑,地名,位于倫敦的陶爾哈姆萊茨區(qū)。
19. dripping [?dr?p??] n. (烤肉時滴下的)油滴
20. off [?f] adj. 低于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(或通常水平)的,較差的
21. dietary law:(正統(tǒng)猶太教徒遵奉的)飲食教規(guī)
22. Würstchen:德語,意為“小香腸”。
23. frankfurter [?fr??k?f??(r)t?(r)] n. 法蘭克福香腸
24. Urdu [???(r)du?] n. 烏爾都語(通行于印度和巴基斯坦,現(xiàn)為巴基斯坦官方語言之一)