汪冬交
在英語(yǔ)中,it是一個(gè)非常小的詞,毫不起眼。但其看似簡(jiǎn)單,實(shí)則是“麻雀雖小,五臟俱全”。它隨處可見(jiàn),指代范圍廣,詞義也非常廣泛。它既可作人稱代詞也可做非人稱代詞,既可以指時(shí)間和距離,也可指天氣等自然現(xiàn)象,既可作形式主語(yǔ)也可以作形式賓語(yǔ),還有其他的一些用法。
用法 指前文已提到的事物,避免重復(fù)。
如:I cannot find my watch, I must have lost it(指my watch).
用法 指代動(dòng)植物,身份不明或性別不詳?shù)娜恕?/p>
如:The wife gave birth to a baby just now and it is very cute. (嬰兒性別未知)
Someone burst into my house, but I have no idea who it is. (破門(mén)而入者身份不明)
用法 指上文或前文提到的情況。
如:I keep telling my students not to swim in the river for that is too dangerous, but it never makes sense. (it指前文提到的“我”告訴學(xué)生不要下河洗澡這一情況)
用法 用作無(wú)意義的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),指時(shí)間、距離、環(huán)境、天氣等自然現(xiàn)象,或籠統(tǒng)地談?wù)撃撤N情況。
如:It was quiet in the classroom filled with 100 students. (環(huán)境)
It is 26℃ today with mild breeze. (天氣)
Its 2 years since he left home and was never heard. (時(shí)間)
It isnt far away from his house to mine. (距離)
I cannot help it any more. (“愛(ài)莫能助”這種情況)
用法 用于某些固定用法或習(xí)語(yǔ),如take it easy(放輕松), take it for granted (認(rèn)為理所當(dāng)然), believe it or not (信不信由你)等。
如:You can make it if you can concentrate on what you are doing. (成功;及時(shí)趕到)
If I cannot behave myself properly,I will catch it from my mother. (被責(zé)罵,受處罰)
注意:誤用形式主語(yǔ)的幾種情形
1. 在該用it的地方用其他的代詞
例1 Is necessary to tell his father everything?
解析 it。此處很容易填成he,但此句要填的是形式主語(yǔ)it,真正主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞不定式to tell his father everything,it起到平衡句子,避免頭重腳輕的作用。
2. 在不該用形式主語(yǔ)的地方誤用形式主語(yǔ)
例2 must be something wrong with the machine.
解析 there。句意為“機(jī)器上肯定有什么(部件)壞了”,很明顯考查的是there be句型和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must連用的情形,此處容易填成it。
3. it,one和that的辨析。三者都可指前面提到的物,it指前面已經(jīng)提到的人或事物本身,相當(dāng)于于the(this/that/his ...)+名詞;one指的是與前面提到的人或事物為同一類,相當(dāng)于a/an+名詞;that也指前面提到的事物本身,只是只能指物。
例3 (改錯(cuò))The girl had a pen but she lent it to Mary, could you lend it to her ?
解析 把第二個(gè)it改為one。句意為“你能借給她一支嗎”,這里一支不是指的女孩的筆,故不用it,而是一支跟女孩的筆一樣的筆,故用one。
例4 The two girls are so alike that strangers find difficult to tell one from the other.
A. it B. them
C. her D. that
解析 A。考查it作形式賓語(yǔ)的用法。句意為:這兩個(gè)小孩如此相像,以至于很難分辨出彼此。常用此結(jié)構(gòu)的一般規(guī)律find/make/consider/suppose等+it+adj./n.+to do/that ...。
例5 The employment rate has continue to rise in big cities thanks to the efforts of the local governments to increase .
A. them B. those
C. it D. that
解析 C。句意為“由于當(dāng)?shù)卣呐Γ蟪鞘械木蜆I(yè)率持續(xù)升高”。it指代前面交代過(guò)的the employment rate,是單數(shù),而B(niǎo)、D二選項(xiàng)是復(fù)數(shù),故選C。
例6 We have various summer camps for your holidays. You can choose based on your own interest.
A. either B. each
C. one D. it
解析 C。句意為“在你們的假期里,我們這兒有各種暑期夏令營(yíng),你們可以根據(jù)自己的興趣任選一個(gè)?!眔ne代替單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,表泛指,此處泛指某個(gè)summer camp,故選C。
例7 —Silly me! I forget what my luggage looks like.
—What do you think of over there?
A. the one B. this
C. it D. that
解析 D。句意為“我真傻,想不起來(lái)自己的行李是什么樣子了?”“你看看那邊那個(gè)是不是你的?”指示代詞that止時(shí)間和空間上較遠(yuǎn)的事物,this則相反。the one和it都特指前面曾經(jīng)交代過(guò)的事物。根據(jù)over there,故選D。
It作形式賓語(yǔ)和形式主語(yǔ)
用法 當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式、v-ing形式、從句等用作賓語(yǔ)且其后跟有補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),通常將真正賓語(yǔ)放在句末,前面用形式主語(yǔ)it。
如:He makes it a rule to get up before 6:00 in the morning.
用法 在某些動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的介詞后接形式賓語(yǔ)it。
如:You may depend on it that I will turn up to pick you up.
用法 用于have it that(說(shuō),認(rèn)為)、take it that(認(rèn)為)等個(gè)別固定表達(dá)中。
如:Rumor has it that the city will be hit by a seasonal typhoon.
用法 當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式、v-ing形式、從句等用作主語(yǔ)時(shí),通常把真正的主語(yǔ)放在句末,用it作形式主語(yǔ)以平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu),避免“頭重腳輕”。
如:It is important to protect our environment. (動(dòng)詞不定式作真正主語(yǔ))
It does not matter what he says. (名詞性從句作真正主語(yǔ))
用法 某些動(dòng)詞如look,seem,appear,happen,occur,follow常用it做形式主語(yǔ)(后常跟that等引導(dǎo)的從句)。
如:It appears that we should work harder than before to achieve our goal.
It so happened that I had no money in my pocket.
用法 當(dāng)系表結(jié)構(gòu)后接有if或when引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),常用形式主語(yǔ)it表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)某情況的看法和態(tài)度。
如:It was a great surprise when my mother turned up at my birthday party.
用法 在固定結(jié)構(gòu),如if it hadnt been for, if it were not for, it is time that等后接虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
如:If it hadnt been for the doctor, he would have died.
If it were not for your help, I wouldnt succeed.
I think it is time you went to bed.
It引導(dǎo)從句的幾個(gè)誤區(qū)
1. it做形式主語(yǔ)和強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的辨析。這是一個(gè)難點(diǎn),同學(xué)們往往會(huì)混淆?!凹僭O(shè)法”能有效解決這一難題。具體我們可以這么做:假設(shè)一個(gè)句子是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型,再通過(guò)檢驗(yàn)對(duì)猜測(cè)加以論證。檢驗(yàn)一個(gè)句子是否為強(qiáng)調(diào)句或強(qiáng)調(diào)句是否正確,只需去掉it is/was ... that結(jié)構(gòu),若句子的意思是完整的、清楚的,結(jié)構(gòu)也是完整的,表明該句子是強(qiáng)調(diào)句,否則就不是。
例8 從括號(hào)內(nèi)選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~完成句子。
(1)It was on a rainy day I came across him. (when/that) 我遇見(jiàn)他的時(shí)候正是一個(gè)雨天。
(2)It was a rainy day I came across him.(when/that) 我遇見(jiàn)他的時(shí)候正是一個(gè)雨天。
解析 (1)that (2)when
實(shí)例(1)中,on a rainy day是一個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。若填when,應(yīng)該引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句(when是關(guān)系副詞),故應(yīng)填that,是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。【檢驗(yàn)】實(shí)例(1)去掉強(qiáng)調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)后為:I came across him for the first time on a rainy day。去掉強(qiáng)調(diào)句型基本結(jié)構(gòu)后句子完整,選填正確。
實(shí)例(2),用假設(shè)法。假設(shè)其實(shí)一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句,句子變?yōu)椋篒t was a rainy day that I came across him for the first time?!緳z驗(yàn)】去掉強(qiáng)調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)后,句子變?yōu)椋篒 came across him for the first time a rainy day。句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整,選填錯(cuò)誤。應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。
2. it引導(dǎo)從句的易混句型辨析
(1)It引導(dǎo)的幾個(gè)易混的與時(shí)間相關(guān)的句型。
①It is time/about time/high time/+that-clause句型中that后的從句應(yīng)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣?!咀⒁狻砍S眠^(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)表示虛擬;有時(shí)也用should+動(dòng)詞原形,should不能省。常譯為”該是(正是)……的時(shí)侯了……”
如:It is(about) time that we went/should go to school. 是到了該去上學(xué)的時(shí)候了。
②It is/was the first/second/...t ime+that-clause句型要和上一個(gè)句型區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái)。該句型中的that從句不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,而用完成時(shí)態(tài)。至于用什么完成時(shí)態(tài),由主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)決定。該結(jié)構(gòu)中that可以省去;it有時(shí)用this/that替換.常譯為”是某人第……次做……”。
如:It was the second time that I had visited the Great Wall last year. 去年是我第二次去長(zhǎng)城旅游。
③It was/will be+一段時(shí)間(hours,days,years,etc.)+ before-clause常譯為“某人做某事(某事發(fā)生)還有/還要多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間”。
如:It was a long time before I got to sleep again last night. 昨晚我花了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間才再次去睡覺(jué)。
④It is/has been+一段時(shí)間(hours, days, years, etc)+since-clause常譯為“自從/距某人做某事(某事發(fā)生)還有多久時(shí)間”。
如:It has been five years since I began to learn English. 從我開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)算起已經(jīng)5年了。
⑤It is/was+具體時(shí)間點(diǎn)+when-clause常譯為“某人做某事(某事發(fā)生)是什么時(shí)候”。
如:It was five oclock in the afternoon when they climbed up to the mountain. 他們爬到山頂?shù)臅r(shí)候已經(jīng)是下午5點(diǎn)整了。
(2)it引導(dǎo)的幾個(gè)易混的與虛擬語(yǔ)氣相關(guān)的句型。
①it is important/necessary/right/strange/natural ...that ... 句型中,that后的從句中要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣(should+動(dòng)詞原形),should可以省略。
如:It is important that we should protect our environment for we have only one earth. 我們應(yīng)該保護(hù)環(huán)境這一點(diǎn)很重要,因?yàn)槲覀冎挥幸粋€(gè)地球。
②It is suggested/ordered/commanded/... that ... 主句中的過(guò)去分詞是表示請(qǐng)求,建議,命令和要求等詞時(shí),that后的從句要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣(should+動(dòng)詞原形),should 可以省略。常譯為“據(jù)建議;有命令……”。
如:It is suggested that vegetables should be preserved in jars for the coming winter. 寒冬將至,據(jù)建議蔬菜應(yīng)該腌制在壇子里。
③It is a pity a shame ... that ... 句型中,that后的從句一般用虛擬語(yǔ)氣(should+動(dòng)詞原形),should表示出乎意料,常譯為”竟然”可省去,不需要表達(dá)這種意義時(shí),則不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
如:It is a pity that he should give up such a valuable opportunity to go abroad. 他竟然放棄了一個(gè)那么珍貴的出國(guó)的機(jī)會(huì),真是太可惜了。