傅方潔, 葛安興, 孔令明, 徐 琪, 王雪蓮*
(1.中國醫(yī)科大學(xué) 臨床三系,遼寧 沈陽 110122;2.中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院 病原生物學(xué)教研室,遼寧 沈陽 110122;3.中國醫(yī)科大學(xué) 臨床二系,遼寧 沈陽 110122)
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酵母多糖影響人朗格漢斯細(xì)胞C型凝集素受體的研究
傅方潔1, 葛安興2, 孔令明3, 徐 琪1, 王雪蓮2*
(1.中國醫(yī)科大學(xué) 臨床三系,遼寧 沈陽 110122;2.中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院 病原生物學(xué)教研室,遼寧 沈陽 110122;3.中國醫(yī)科大學(xué) 臨床二系,遼寧 沈陽 110122)
探究酵母多糖(Zymosan)對(duì)人朗格漢斯細(xì)胞(Langerhans cells, LCs)C型凝集素受體(C-type lectin receptors, CLRs)的影響。收集健康志愿者血液樣本,F(xiàn)icoll淋巴細(xì)胞分離液分離外周血單個(gè)核細(xì)胞,CD14磁珠分選CD14+細(xì)胞,用含有GM-CSF(1 000 U/mL)、IL-4(1 000 U/mL)、TGFβ-1(10 ng/mL)的培養(yǎng)液誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)LCs, Zymosan刺激LCs,8、24 h后收集細(xì)胞。提取Zymosan實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組細(xì)胞RNA,實(shí)時(shí)RT-PCR分析5種CLRs(Dectin-1、Dectin-2、DC-SIGN、Mincle、MRC-2) mRNA的水平,擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物測序鑒定。共檢測10個(gè)個(gè)體來源LCs在酵母多糖刺激后其CLRs mRNA變化的情況。在10組樣本中,有6組Dectin-2受體mRNA較對(duì)照組增加(變化倍數(shù)≥2),其中3組增加明顯(變化倍數(shù)≥5),最大增加倍數(shù)為20.91;有5組Mincle受體mRNA較對(duì)照組增加(變化倍數(shù)≥2),其中4組增加明顯(變化倍數(shù)≥5),最大增加倍數(shù)為19.98;有1組MRC-2受體mRNA較對(duì)照組明顯增加(變化倍數(shù)≥5)。Dectin-1和DC-SIGN受體mRNA沒有增加。Zymosan能增加部分個(gè)體來源LCs內(nèi)Dectin-2、Mincle和MRC-2受體mRNA的水平,而對(duì)Dectin-1和DC-SIGN受體mRNA的水平?jīng)]有影響。本研究結(jié)果完善了Zymosan調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體免疫功能的作用機(jī)制。
酵母多糖;朗格漢斯細(xì)胞;C型凝集素受體
酵母多糖(Zymosan)是從酵母的細(xì)胞壁中提取出來的一類大分子糖類聚合物,其主要成分是葡聚糖、甘露聚糖和幾丁質(zhì)[1-2]。近年研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Zymosan是一種有效的機(jī)體免疫調(diào)節(jié)劑,具有多種免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能,包括抗感染、抗腫瘤及免疫增強(qiáng)作用等[3-4]。朗格漢斯細(xì)胞(Langerhans cells,LCs)是一種廣泛存在于人體皮下組織中的樹突細(xì)胞(dendritic cells,DCs)[5]。在人體固有免疫中,LCs作為抗原提呈細(xì)胞,通過位于細(xì)胞上的模式識(shí)別受體(pattern recognition receptors, PRRs)識(shí)別病原相關(guān)分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs)[6-8],在機(jī)體抗感染過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。C型凝集素受體(C-type lectin receptors, CLRs)是重要的PRRs之一,包括Dectin-1、Dectin-2、DC-SIGN、Mincle、MRC-2等,主要通過識(shí)別碳水化合物結(jié)構(gòu)域(CRD),激發(fā)人體非特異性免疫系統(tǒng)的防御功能[9]。已有研究表明Dectin-1能夠識(shí)別β-(1,3)-葡聚糖結(jié)構(gòu),啟動(dòng)Syk/CARD9-Bcl-10-MALT1級(jí)聯(lián)途徑和非典型 NF-κB信號(hào)途徑[10],促進(jìn)DCs成熟和Th1、Th17細(xì)胞的分化,從而加強(qiáng)機(jī)體免疫應(yīng)答[11]; DC-SIGN則通過結(jié)合多種抗原表面的甘露糖、巖藻糖結(jié)構(gòu),參與DCs遷移與抗原呈遞過程等,誘導(dǎo)T細(xì)胞活化,進(jìn)而增強(qiáng)機(jī)體的免疫反應(yīng)最終清除病原體[12];而MRC-2屬于甘露糖受體(mannose receptor,MR),可參與抗原捕獲,是一種抗原遞呈相關(guān)受體[13]。Dectin-2和Mincle是近年來新發(fā)現(xiàn)的CLRs,主要在多種巨噬細(xì)胞和DCs表面表達(dá)[14]。其中Dectin-2具有甘露糖結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)合位點(diǎn),能夠識(shí)別白假絲酵母菌、結(jié)核分枝桿菌等多種微生物表面的甘露聚糖結(jié)構(gòu),活化下游Syk、PKCδ和CARD9-Bcl10-Malt1信號(hào)通路,釋放TNF、IL-2、IL-10等多種細(xì)胞因子,并促進(jìn)炎性小體激活,從而有效促進(jìn)人體固有免疫功能[15]。Mincle除具有甘露糖結(jié)構(gòu)識(shí)別位點(diǎn)外,還受脂多糖等炎性因子刺激,壞死細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的SAP130同樣可激活Mincle受體,從而減少炎癥損傷[16]。表明Mincle除具有激發(fā)自身免疫的作用外,還有一定的免疫監(jiān)視功能。本研究通過qRT-PCR方法檢測Zymosan體外刺激的LCs內(nèi)包括Dectin-1、Dectin-2、MRC-2、DC-SIGN和Mincle在內(nèi)的5種CLRs mRNA變化的情況,探究Zymosan參與免疫調(diào)節(jié)的可能機(jī)制。
1.1 材料
RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基、小牛血清、Ficoll購自Fisher Inc.;CD14磁珠購自MiltenyiBiotec Co. Ltd.;rhGM-CSF、rhIL-4、TGF-β1購自PeproTech Inc.;Zymosan購自InvivoGen;RNA提取試劑盒購自Qiagen;DNase I購自Promega;引物由Beacon Design軟件設(shè)計(jì);SuperScript?III First-Strand Synthesis System購自Life Technologies。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 外周血CD14+單核細(xì)胞分離 收集健康志愿者血液樣本10份,依次記為k1~k10組。應(yīng)用Ficoll淋巴細(xì)胞分離液分離外周血單核細(xì)胞(PBMCs)。應(yīng)用CD14 Isolation Kit分離CD14+細(xì)胞。細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)后備用。
1.2.2 LCs誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)及Zymosan處理 用含有GM-CSF(1 000 U/mL)、IL-4(1 000 U/mL)、TGFβ-1(10 ng/mL)的RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)液誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)CD14+細(xì)胞(106個(gè)/mL),第3天補(bǔ)加細(xì)胞因子,7 d后獲得LCs。應(yīng)用酵母多糖(10 μg/mL)刺激LCs,8和24 h后收集細(xì)胞備用。同時(shí)設(shè)陰性對(duì)照組。
1.2.3 RNA提取 用RNeasy kit提取Zymosan實(shí)驗(yàn)組和陰性對(duì)照組細(xì)胞的RNA,最后溶于30 μL無RNase水中。分光光度計(jì)測定RNA濃度。
1.2.4 實(shí)時(shí)RT-PCR分析CLRs的mRNA ①cDNA構(gòu)建:應(yīng)用SuperScript?III First-Strand Synthesis System去除RNA樣品中RNase、DNA,構(gòu)建cDNA。反應(yīng)體系為20 μL,包括:10×buffer 2 μL,dNTP (10 mmol/L) 2 μL,MgCl2(25 mmol/L) 2.8 μL,Oligodt (50 mmol/L) 0.25 μL,R hex (50 μmol/L) 0.5 μL,RNase OUT (40 U/μL) 0.2 μL,DNase (1 U/μL) 0.75 μL,雙蒸水1.5 μL,RNA 10 μL(0.1 μg)。反應(yīng)條件:37 ℃ 15 min;70 ℃ 12 min。每個(gè)反應(yīng)體系加入0.5 μL SuperScript III反轉(zhuǎn)錄酶(200 U/μL),逆轉(zhuǎn)錄反應(yīng)條件:25 ℃ 10 min;50 ℃ 50 min;70 ℃ 15 min。②引物序列的設(shè)計(jì)及PCR擴(kuò)增:應(yīng)用Beacon Design軟件設(shè)計(jì)所需引物,其序列見表1。PCR擴(kuò)增反應(yīng)按試劑盒說明書進(jìn)行。以管家基因3-磷酸甘油醛脫氫酶(GAPDH)為內(nèi)參照,所有樣本同時(shí)對(duì)目的基因和內(nèi)參照GAPDH進(jìn)行擴(kuò)增,實(shí)時(shí)PCR結(jié)果以閾值循環(huán)數(shù)(cycle threshold,Ct)形式體現(xiàn)。反應(yīng)體系體積12.5 μL:RNA free H2O 3.25 μL, SYBR Green 6.25 μL, 正向引物0.25 μL, 反向引物0.25 μL。在對(duì)應(yīng)的孔中加入10倍稀釋的2.5 μL cDNA。反應(yīng)條件:95 ℃ 3 min;95 ℃ 10 s, 60 ℃ 30 s,40個(gè)循環(huán)。③數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算及分析:共檢測10個(gè)個(gè)體來源LCs在酵母多糖刺激后其受體mRNA變化的情況。以GAPDH為內(nèi)參照,比較相同RNA樣品中目的基因的量。采用Ct相對(duì)定量法,即表達(dá)量倍數(shù)的變化用目的基因量=2-ΔΔCt法計(jì)算。ΔΔCt=(Ct目的基因-CtGAPDH)實(shí)驗(yàn)組-(Ct目的基因- CtGAPDH)對(duì)照組。目的基因量表示樣本中目標(biāo)cDNA表達(dá)量相對(duì)于相應(yīng)的空白對(duì)照組的變化倍數(shù)。設(shè)定空白對(duì)照ΔΔCt=0, 空白對(duì)照組相應(yīng)的基因量=1。
表1 qRT-PCR引物序列
1.2.5 擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物的鑒定 配制瓊脂糖凝膠,取PCR擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物加樣于瓊脂糖凝膠孔道中,電泳后回收,測序鑒定。
2.1 Zymosan對(duì)Dectin-2受體mRNA的影響
在檢測的10組樣本中,有6組Dectin-2 mRNA在8或24 h時(shí)較對(duì)照組增加(增加倍數(shù)≥2),刺激24 h的樣本Dectin-2 mRNA均高于刺激8 h的樣本,其中k3、k5、k10三組增加明顯(增加倍數(shù)≥5),最大增加倍數(shù)為K10組刺激24 h時(shí),可達(dá)20.91倍(圖1)。結(jié)果提示Zymosan可增加部分個(gè)體來源的LCs表面Dectin-2受體mRNA水平,推測Zymosan可能通過上調(diào)Dectin-2受體的表達(dá),增強(qiáng)機(jī)體的免疫應(yīng)答。
2.2 Zymosan對(duì)Mincle受體mRNA的影響
在檢測的10組樣本中,有5組Mincle受體mRNA在8或24 h時(shí)較對(duì)照組增加(變化倍數(shù)≥
圖1 Zymosan對(duì)LCs Dectin-2受體mRNA的影響Fig.1 The Dectin-2mRNA in LCs stimulated by Zymosan
2倍),刺激24 h時(shí)Mincle受體mRNA均高于刺激8 h時(shí),其中k6、k8、k9、k10四組增加明顯(變化倍數(shù)≥5倍),最大增加倍數(shù)為K8組刺激24 h時(shí),可達(dá)19.98倍(圖2)。結(jié)果提示Zymosan可增加部分個(gè)體來源的LCs表面Mincle受體mRNA水平,推測上調(diào)Mincle受體的表達(dá)可能是Zymosan增強(qiáng)機(jī)體免疫應(yīng)答的機(jī)制之一。
圖2 Zymosan對(duì)LCs Mincle受體mRNA的影響
2.3 Zymosan對(duì)MRC-2受體mRNA的影響
在檢測的9組樣本中,有1組MRC-2受體mRNA在8 h時(shí)較對(duì)照組明顯增加(變化倍數(shù)≥5倍,圖3),24 h時(shí)各組表達(dá)均無明顯變化。結(jié)果提示Zymosan可刺激部分個(gè)體來源LCs表面MRC-2受體表達(dá)上調(diào),還提示MRC-2可能在Zymosan調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體免疫反應(yīng)的早期階段發(fā)揮作用。
圖3 Zymosan對(duì)LCs MRC-2受體mRNA的影響
2.4 Zymosan對(duì)Dectin-1和DC-SIGN受體mRNA的影響
檢測的10組樣本在刺激8和24 h后,Dectin-1和 DC-SIGN受體mRNA的水平均無增加(圖4、圖5)。提示Zymosan可能不通過改變這兩種受體的表達(dá)數(shù)量參與免疫應(yīng)答。
圖5 Zymosan對(duì)LCs DC-SIGN受體mRNA的影響Fig.5 TheDC-SIGNmRNA in LCs stimulated by Zymosan
近年來,Zymosan對(duì)免疫系統(tǒng)的多種活性作用成為研究熱點(diǎn)。Zimmermann等[17]通過Zymosan體外刺激培養(yǎng)的小鼠胸腺細(xì)胞和脾淋巴細(xì)胞發(fā)現(xiàn):Zymosan與αCD3、PLPp等聯(lián)合使用,能夠有效促進(jìn)這些固有免疫細(xì)胞分泌促炎細(xì)胞因子、IL-6、IFN-γ等。Wei等[18]應(yīng)用人體細(xì)胞的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Zymosan可通過刺激DCs產(chǎn)生大量GM-CSF、TNF-α等細(xì)胞因子促進(jìn)Th1 和Th17細(xì)胞的激活,從而有效增強(qiáng)人體免疫應(yīng)答。在進(jìn)一步的免疫機(jī)制研究中,Yang等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn)Zymosan體外刺激小鼠肥大細(xì)胞,其細(xì)胞表面Dectin-1表達(dá)在刺激3 h時(shí)顯著增加,而6 h時(shí)下降,提示Zymosan可能通過改變免疫細(xì)胞表面受體數(shù)量參與免疫調(diào)節(jié)。Gonzalo等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn)DC-SIGN受體在Zymosan刺激后的DCs表面重排并介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞間黏附,提示DC-SIGN重排可能是Zymosan調(diào)節(jié)免疫反應(yīng)的機(jī)制。
由此推測,Zymosan可能通過與免疫細(xì)胞表面多種CLRs作用,改變CLRs表達(dá)情況,如數(shù)量或分布方式,或者改變其與細(xì)胞CLRs結(jié)合的能力,達(dá)到免疫調(diào)節(jié)的目的。Mincle和Dectin-2是近年來新發(fā)現(xiàn)且研究較多的CLRs,在DCs表面表達(dá),能夠識(shí)別甘露糖結(jié)構(gòu)并促進(jìn)多種細(xì)胞因子的分泌[21-22]。因此,Mincle和Dectin-2很可能作為Zymosan作用的受體參與人體非特異性免疫應(yīng)答。本研究結(jié)果顯示,Zymosan增加部分個(gè)體來源LCs內(nèi)Mincle、Dectin-2 和MRC-2 mRNA的水平,提示細(xì)胞表面多種受體的表達(dá)增加,利于識(shí)別并結(jié)合更多抗原,開啟下游信號(hào)通路,促進(jìn)多種細(xì)胞因子產(chǎn)生,增強(qiáng)機(jī)體的免疫應(yīng)答。這可能是Zymosan發(fā)揮免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用的機(jī)制之一。
本研究檢測了Zymosan刺激LCs后8和24 h這兩個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)細(xì)胞內(nèi)Dectin-1 mRNA的水平,結(jié)果顯示Dectin-1無明顯增加(圖4),結(jié)合Marshall[18]等對(duì)小鼠肥大細(xì)胞的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果分析,即Dectin-1表達(dá)在Zymosan作用后3 h增加,而6 h下降,推測Dectin-1可能參與Zymosan刺激早期的免疫反應(yīng)(0~6 h),而在后期(8~24 h)無明顯反應(yīng)。也可能是LCs和肥大細(xì)胞兩種不同的免疫細(xì)胞對(duì)Zymosan的反應(yīng)不同。同時(shí)在檢測中發(fā)現(xiàn),Zymosan刺激LCs后,其表面MRC-2表達(dá)在8 h時(shí)明顯高于24 h,推測MRC-2可能也參與早期免疫反應(yīng)。Zymosan不能刺激DC-SIGN的水平增加(圖5),間接佐證了Zymosan通過刺激免疫細(xì)胞表面DC-SIGN重排而非數(shù)量增加參與免疫反應(yīng)。
本研究證實(shí)Zymosan能夠明顯增加部分個(gè)體來源LCs內(nèi)Dectin-2、Mincle和MRC-2的水平,且間接佐證了其對(duì)Dectin-1和DC-SIGN的刺激作用,本研究結(jié)果進(jìn)一步完善了Zymosan調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體免疫反應(yīng)的機(jī)制,即通過改變免疫細(xì)胞表面CLRs的受體數(shù)量或分布方式達(dá)到免疫調(diào)節(jié)的目的。研究結(jié)果也提示Zymosan可能作為臨床輔助治療藥物或免疫佐劑的發(fā)展方向。
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The Impact of Zymosan on C-Type Lectin Receptors on Human Langerhans Cells
FU Fang-jie1, GE An-xing2, KONG Ling-ming3, XU Qi1, WANG Xue-lian2
(1.ThirdDept.ofClinic.Med. 98K, 2.Teach. &Res.Div.ofPathog.Organism,Coll.ofBasicMed.Sci.,3.SecondDept.ofClinic.Med. 98K,ChinaMed.Uni.,Shenyang110122)
The impact of zymosan on C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) on human Langerhans cells (LCs) was investigated. Blood samples from healthy volunteers were collected, and PBMCs were isolated using Ficoll lymphocyte isolating liquid, and CD14+cells were isolated using CD14 microbeads. The LCs were induce-cultured in medium liquid containing GM-CSF (1 000 U/mL), IL-4 (1 000 U/mL), TGFβ-1 (10 ng/mL); LCs were stimulated with zymosan and collected the cells after 8 h and 24 h. RNA was extracted from zymosan group and control group, then the levels of 5 CLRs (Dectin-1, Dectin-2, DC-SIGN, Mincle, MRC-2) mRNA were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR, the amplified products were identified by sequencing. The variances of CLRs mRNA of a total 10 individuals LCs after stimulated with zymosan were determined and tested. The results showed that among the 10 samples, 6 groups Dectin-2 receptor mRNA increased as compared with the control group (variance times ≥2), among them 3 groups significantly increased (variance times ≥5), the largest increasing times was 20.91; 5 groups Mincle receptor mRNA increased as compared with the control group (variance times ≥2), among them 4 groups significantly increased (variance times ≥5), the largest increasing times was 19.98; 1 group MRC-2 receptor mRNA significantly increased as compared with the control group (variance times ≥5). Dectin-1 and DC-SIGN receptor mRNA were not increased. Therefore, zymosan can increase part of individual mRNA levels of Dectin-2, Mincle and MRC-2 receptor mRNA in LCs and has no effect on mRNA levels of the Dectin-1 and DC-SIGN receptor. This study perfected the mechanism of zymosan on regulating immune response.
zymosan; Langerhans cells; C-type lectin receptor
國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(81472439,81101989)
傅方潔 女,七年制本科在讀。研究方向?yàn)槿巳轭^瘤病毒相關(guān)疾病的生物治療。E-mail: ffj0324@hotmail.com
* 通訊作者。女,副教授。研究方向?yàn)槿巳轭^瘤病毒相關(guān)疾病的生物治療。E-mail:wxlcmu@hotmail.com
2015-04-29;
2015-06-07
Q539
A
1005-7021(2015)06-0069-05
10.3969/j.issn.1005-7021.2015.06.013