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鎢-氟共摻雜二氧化釩的水熱法制備及表征
呂維忠1,2,黃德貞1,2,羅仲寬1,2,劉波1,2
1)深圳大學(xué)化學(xué)與化工學(xué)院,深圳518060; 2)深圳市新型鋰離子電池與介孔材料重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,深圳518060
摘要:以五氧化二釩(V2O5)為原料,草酸為還原劑,通過水熱法制備二氧化釩(VO2)納米粉體,使用X射線衍射、掃描電子顯微鏡-能譜儀聯(lián)用和差示掃描熱量分析儀等對樣品進(jìn)行表征分析.研究發(fā)現(xiàn),鎢-氟的摻雜可降低VO2的相變溫度,使其接近室溫(低于25℃) ;控制不同的反應(yīng)參數(shù)(如反應(yīng)體系內(nèi)液體體積)可以制得不同形貌的VO2粉體;當(dāng)水熱反應(yīng)溫度為190℃,水熱反應(yīng)時(shí)間為72 h,煅燒溫度為800℃時(shí),可得到晶型較完整的VO2粉體.
關(guān)鍵詞:無機(jī)材料;五氧化二釩;二氧化釩粉體;水熱法;相變溫度;共摻雜;摻雜量
Received: 2015-04-20; Accepted: 2015-05-11
Foundation: International S&T Cooperation Program of China(2013DFG52970 ) ; Research&Development Fund of Shenzhen(JCYJ20140418193546109) ; Research&Development Fund of Nanshan District(KC2013JSCX0015A)
Corresponding author: Professor Lyu Weizhong.E-mail: lvwzh@ szu.edu.cn
二氧化釩(VO2)常溫下為藍(lán)黑色晶體,在68℃時(shí)可發(fā)生金屬-絕緣體相變(metal-insulator transition,MIT)[1].VO2存在多種不同的晶型,發(fā)生相變的是VO2(R)和VO2(M).在相變溫度以下,VO2呈半導(dǎo)體形態(tài),對光子具有一定透過率,尤其是能量較低時(shí),紅外波段的光子透過率高,而吸收率較低;在相變溫度以上,VO2為金屬相,具有金屬相的特征,易于吸收不同波段光子能量,使制成的VO2材料能有效阻擋光子透過,因而透過率降低,吸收率增高[2-4].
有學(xué)者研究表明,對VO2進(jìn)行離子摻雜可有效降低VO2粉體或薄膜的相變溫度[5].文獻(xiàn)[6-9]研究表明,對VO2進(jìn)行摻雜,如果所選擇的摻雜離子是陽離子,則其離子半徑要求比V4+大,如W6+、Mo6+和Ta5+等;若選擇摻雜離子是陰離子,則要求其化合價(jià)比O2-高,如F-.相反,如果引入的是半徑小、價(jià)態(tài)低且外層沒有d軌道的離子,如Al3+、Ga3+和Ge4+,則會(huì)使相變溫度升高.眾多實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,摻雜鎢的降溫效果最明顯,現(xiàn)階段研究較多的是一元摻雜[10-11].Burkhardt等[9]利用磁控濺射法首次研究了W與F元素混合摻入對VO2薄膜相變溫度的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)將這兩種元素混合摻入比單獨(dú)摻雜可使VO2的相變溫度降得更低.通過摻雜降低VO2的相變溫度,使其接近室溫[10].將摻雜后的VO2涂覆在透明玻璃上,可以在不同溫度下智能調(diào)控太陽輻射的透過率和反射率,實(shí)現(xiàn)智能控溫[12].
VO2納米粉體的制備方法有多種,如溶膠-凝膠法、熱分解法、激光誘導(dǎo)氣相沉積法和水熱合成法等[13-14].每種方法由于其制備工藝不同,產(chǎn)品整比性、粒度和純度都會(huì)有所差異[13-17].本實(shí)驗(yàn)采用水熱法制得鎢和氟元素共摻雜的VO2粉體,該方法具有產(chǎn)物粒度分布窄、團(tuán)聚程度低、純度高以及晶格發(fā)育完整等優(yōu)點(diǎn),通過鎢-氟共摻雜來降低VO2的相變溫度,研究不同摻雜量對相變溫度的影響,以及不同實(shí)驗(yàn)參數(shù)對VO2晶體形貌的影響.
1.1鎢-氟共摻雜VO2粉體的制備原料及方法
制備原料:五氧化二釩粉末(V2O5,分析純,純度為99.9%,天津市大茂化學(xué)試劑廠生產(chǎn))、草酸(C2H2O4·2H2O,分析純,天津市大茂化學(xué)試劑廠生產(chǎn))、鎢酸鈉(NaWO4·2H2O,分析純,上?;瘜W(xué)試劑總廠生產(chǎn))、氟化銨(NH4F,分析純,上?;瘜W(xué)試劑總廠生產(chǎn))和尿素(H2NCONH2,分析純,天津市大茂化學(xué)試劑廠生產(chǎn)).
制備方法:稱取一定量的V2O5粉末,溶解于40 mL的蒸餾水中,加入適量草酸作為還原劑,在60℃恒溫水浴鍋中加熱并攪拌,至土黃色液態(tài)變成藍(lán)黑色后,加入適量鎢酸鈉和氟化銨攪拌溶解,并加入10 mL濃度為10 mol/L的尿素作為沉淀劑,將上述溶液轉(zhuǎn)入到100 mL聚四氟乙烯內(nèi)襯的水熱反應(yīng)釜中,在190℃下水熱反應(yīng)72 h,得藍(lán)黑色粉體沉淀,過濾并洗滌,在真空鼓風(fēng)干燥箱中80℃烘干5 h至呈干燥粉體.此時(shí)所得的VO2粉體為VO2(B),將所得干燥的粉體在通入氬氣氛的管式電阻爐中800℃退火6 h,得可熱致相變的VO2(R或M)粉體.
1.2 VO2粉體的性能表征
1.2.1 X射線衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)
采用Burker公司的D8 Advance衍射儀,對VO2粉體進(jìn)行測定,掃描速度為5(°)/min,掃描角范圍為20°~80°.
1.2.2掃描電鏡-能譜儀(scanning electron microscopy-electronic differential system,SEM-EDS)
采用日立公司S3400N型電子顯微鏡觀察鎢氟共摻雜VO2樣品的表面形貌,該電子顯微鏡燈絲為預(yù)對中鎢絲燈,檢測器為高靈敏度半導(dǎo)體背散射二次電子檢測器;利用掃描電鏡與能譜儀聯(lián)用鑒別試樣中元素組成.
1.2.3差示掃描熱量分析儀(differential scanning calorimetry analyzer,DSC)
采用德國耐池儀器制造有限公司的Netzsch DSC 200 F3,對鎢-氟共摻雜的VO2粉體進(jìn)行測定,升溫速率為10(°)/min,測試溫度范圍為0~80℃,保護(hù)氣為N2,冷卻劑為液氮.
2.1鎢-氟共摻雜VO2粉體的XRD測試結(jié)果
通過上述方法制得VO2粉體.圖1是未摻雜VO2的XRD圖譜,圖2是不同鎢和氟摻雜摩爾分?jǐn)?shù)(m或n)的VO2粉體的XRD圖譜.從圖1和圖2可見,無論是否摻雜VO2均與X射線衍射標(biāo)準(zhǔn)卡片44-0253對應(yīng),各衍射峰均比較吻合,各主衍射峰明顯清晰,峰形及峰的相對高度均比較標(biāo)準(zhǔn),峰強(qiáng)度較大,說明粉末晶化比較完善.
2.2不同水熱反應(yīng)體積下鎢-氟共摻雜VO2粉體的
圖1 水熱法制備VO2的XRD圖譜Fig.1 XRD pattern for the pure VO2powder prepared by hydrothermal method
圖2 不同鎢-氟摻雜摩爾分?jǐn)?shù)的VO2粉體(V1-mWmO2-nFn)的XRD圖譜Fig.2 XRD patterns for tungsten and fluorineco-doped vanadium dioxide powders(V1-mWmO2-nFn)
SEM測試結(jié)果
控制反應(yīng)釜內(nèi)容量即聚四氟乙烯內(nèi)襯中液體所占比例,圖3是100 mL內(nèi)襯中溶液體積分別為50、60、70和80 mL,其余原料配比及實(shí)驗(yàn)條件均相同時(shí)所制得粉體的SEM圖.從圖3可以看出,不同體積下所制得的粉體有棒狀、顆粒狀以及花簇狀.且隨著反應(yīng)體系內(nèi)液體體積的減少,顆粒形貌越規(guī)則,表面越光滑.當(dāng)溶液體積V4= 80 mL時(shí),反應(yīng)制得的VO2粉體呈花簇針狀,粒徑較?。?/p>
圖3 不同水熱反應(yīng)體積下鎢-氟共摻雜VO2粉體的SEM圖Fig.3 SEM patterns for tungsten and fluorine co-doped vanadium dioxide powdersunder different reaction volumes
2.3樣品的EDS分析
圖4為鎢-氟共摻雜VO2粉體的EDS測試圖譜.由圖3和表1可知,在樣品中能檢測到F、W、V 和O,而沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)其他元素.其中,O、F、V和W的摩爾比為61.57∶1.83∶34.22∶2.38,說明水熱法可以將鎢和氟元素?fù)诫s進(jìn)VO2中.
圖4 V0.95W0.05O1.90F0.10納米粉體的EDS測試圖Fig.4 EDS pattern for V0.95W0.05O1.90F0.10nanopowders
表1 V0.95W0.05O1.90F0.10納米粉體的EDS測試Table 1 EDS table of V0.95W0.05O1.90F0.10nanopowders
2.4不同摻雜摩爾分?jǐn)?shù)VO2粉體相變溫度
圖5是不同摩爾分?jǐn)?shù)鎢-氟共摻雜的VO2的DSC曲線圖.從圖5可知,該系列中不同鎢-氟摻雜摩爾分?jǐn)?shù)所合成的VO2粉體,均發(fā)生明顯的MIT相變,不同的摻雜摩爾分?jǐn)?shù)對相變溫度的作用效果也不一樣.當(dāng)摻雜的摩爾分?jǐn)?shù)均為0.01時(shí),在68℃處并未發(fā)生相變,這可能是摻雜量過少,鎢-氟原子未完全進(jìn)入VO2晶格間隙;當(dāng)鎢、氟共摻雜的摩爾分?jǐn)?shù)均為0.03時(shí),相變溫度為38℃;當(dāng)鎢、氟共摻雜的摩爾分?jǐn)?shù)均為0.05時(shí),VO2相變溫度低至24℃左右,已十分接近室溫.
圖5 不同摻雜摩爾分?jǐn)?shù)VO2未分體(V1-mWmO2-nFn)的DSC譜圖Fig.5 DSC patterns for tungsten and fluorine co-doped vanadium dioxide powders(V1-mWmO2-nFn)
當(dāng)水熱反應(yīng)溫度為190℃,水熱反應(yīng)時(shí)間為72 h,制備鎢-氟共摻雜VO2粉體時(shí),以尿素作為沉淀劑可增加VO2粉體產(chǎn)率;當(dāng)煅燒溫度為800℃時(shí),可得到晶型較完整的VO2粉體;通過控制反應(yīng)體系內(nèi)壓強(qiáng)可制得不同形貌的VO2粉體,鎢-氟摻雜摩爾分?jǐn)?shù)m(W) = n(F) = 0.05時(shí),相變溫度最接近室溫.
引文:呂維忠,黃德貞,羅仲寬,等.鎢-氟共摻雜二氧化釩的水熱法制備及表征[J].深圳大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)理工版,2015,32(4) : 385-389.
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【中文責(zé)編:晨兮;英文責(zé)編:新谷】
【化學(xué)與化工/Chemistry and Chemical Engineering】
Citation: Lyu Weizhong,Huang Dezhen,Luo Zhongkuan,et al.Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of tungsten and fluorine co-doped vanadium dioxide[J].Journal of Shenzhen University Science and Engineering,2015,32(4) : 385-389.(in Chinese)
Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of tungsten and fluorine co-doped vanadium dioxide
Lyu Weizhong1,2,Huang Dezhen1,2,Luo Zhongkuan1,2,and Liu Bo1,2
1) College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Shenzhen University,Shenzhen 518060,P.R.China
2) Key Laboratory of New Lithium-ion Batteries and Mesoporous Materials,Shenzhen 518060,P.R.China
Abstract:Using V2O5as raw material and oxalic acid as a reducing agent,we prepare vanadium dioxide nanopowders by hydrothermal method and characterize samples by X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopyelectronic differential system(SEM-EDS),and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) analyzer.Results show that the phase transition temperature of the fluorine and tungsten co-doped vanadium dioxide can beclose to room temperature(below 25℃).The reaction systems with different reaction parameters generate vanadium dioxide powders with different morphologies such as various volume of the reaction system.At the hydrothermal reaction temperature of 190℃,the hydrothermal reaction time of 72 h,and the calcination temperature of 800℃,the more complete crystal vanadium dioxide powder can be obtained.
Key words:inorganic materials; vanadium pentoxide; vanadium dioxide powders; hydrothermal method; phase transition temperature; co-doped; doping amount
作者簡介:呂維忠(1971—),男(漢族),江西省興國縣人,深圳大學(xué)教授.E-mail: lvwzh@ szu.edu.cn
基金項(xiàng)目:國家國際科技合作專項(xiàng)資助項(xiàng)目(2013DFG52970) ;深圳市科技計(jì)劃資助項(xiàng)目(JCYJ20140418193546109) ;深圳市南山區(qū)創(chuàng)新研發(fā)資助項(xiàng)目(KC2013JSCX0015A)
doi:10.3724/SP.J.1249.2015.04385
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
中圖分類號(hào):O 69