華山游客中心，華陰，陜西，中國(guó)

Mount Huashan Tourist Center, Huayin, Shaanxi, China, 2011

1 下沉廣場(chǎng)及臺(tái)階綠化/Sinking square and green steps

華山風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)自然景色雄奇瑰偉，風(fēng)姿獨(dú)具，大氣磅礴。考慮到華山的這種磅礴氣勢(shì)以及它豐富的人文景觀與歷史傳承，我們采用了尊重自然、尊重華山的設(shè)計(jì)理念。設(shè)計(jì)首先嚴(yán)格遵循了華山風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)總體規(guī)劃的要求，其次也充分考慮了華山未來(lái)申報(bào)世界自然遺產(chǎn)的可能性。

考慮到大量游客來(lái)此旅游都是為了觀仰華山，而游客中心僅僅是為其觀山提供必要的服務(wù)，因此在設(shè)計(jì)立意上，整個(gè)建筑體現(xiàn)了“宜小不宜大、宜藏不宜露”的原則。建筑匍匐在華山腳下，融入用地的自然環(huán)境之中。此外，由于華山游客中心承擔(dān)著服務(wù)游客的主要職能，我們認(rèn)為它是高水準(zhǔn)的集游客集散、咨詢服務(wù)、導(dǎo)游服務(wù)、旅游購(gòu)物、餐飲及配套辦公管理等功能于一體的綜合性小型建筑，并與關(guān)中地區(qū)傳統(tǒng)文化地位相稱的具有文化內(nèi)涵的重要設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目。它的建設(shè)應(yīng)該遵循這樣幾個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)原則：首先，它應(yīng)該是具有高品位和一定文化內(nèi)涵的綜合性建筑；其次，應(yīng)該在規(guī)劃及建筑設(shè)計(jì)上與周邊環(huán)境相融共生；再次，應(yīng)當(dāng)以人為本，依托良好的自然環(huán)境,在保護(hù)華山自然風(fēng)貌的前提下，成為為游客提供便利服務(wù)的活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所?；谶@樣的前提，我們認(rèn)為有必要在該項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)中引入某些獨(dú)特的規(guī)劃及設(shè)計(jì)理念，從而達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)方法、技術(shù)手段和建筑藝術(shù)的統(tǒng)一。

項(xiàng)目用地處于華陰市的主要軸線迎賓大道的南側(cè)盡端、背靠華山，且與北側(cè)的西岳廟遙相呼應(yīng)。按傳統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)思路，建筑應(yīng)當(dāng)位于主軸線之上，然而建筑的體量再高也高不過(guò)山，華山的山景才是整個(gè)景區(qū)的主角。因而，城市與山之間的軸線應(yīng)當(dāng)以山作為對(duì)景，凸顯出華山的存在，而建筑恰恰應(yīng)該是一種退隱的狀態(tài)。因此，設(shè)計(jì)一方面采用了斜坡頂?shù)脑煨驼Z(yǔ)言，以求將建筑與華山融為一體；另一方面將華山游客中心的使用功能一分為二，成為兩個(gè)部分。其中西側(cè)部分體量較小，作為游客進(jìn)山通道，包括購(gòu)票、咨詢、導(dǎo)游服務(wù)等功能；東側(cè)為餐飲、購(gòu)物、管理以及其他配套用房，同時(shí)兼作出山通道。東西側(cè)兩個(gè)單體建筑的中間則用一個(gè)平緩的、逐漸升起的平臺(tái)作為連接。這樣一種設(shè)計(jì)使得游客無(wú)論站在用地的入口或者場(chǎng)地內(nèi)的任何一個(gè)位置，均能夠一覽無(wú)余地看到華山的秀美風(fēng)光。兩個(gè)單體建筑置于兩側(cè)、中間連接部分采用平臺(tái)拾級(jí)而上的設(shè)計(jì)手法既與自然地勢(shì)相吻合，又是面南的華山景觀與面北的城市景觀的一種有效銜接。在臺(tái)階寬窄、疏密相搭配的平臺(tái)之上，人們向南看到的是華山的雄姿，向北則可回望城市，其面向的是城市和現(xiàn)代文明，背靠著自然與人文歷史傳承。建筑依托自然，接納現(xiàn)代，從而形成自然和文明結(jié)合的一種概念。因此，設(shè)計(jì)充分體現(xiàn)了對(duì)環(huán)境和建造場(chǎng)所的尊重，使得建筑成為聯(lián)系自然景觀與人文特色、聯(lián)系傳統(tǒng)文化與現(xiàn)代文明的一個(gè)載體。

建筑形體采用了帶有折線變化的斜坡屋頂，坡屋頂直接落地，在屋頂穿插敷設(shè)了一些呈不同角度設(shè)置的立方體作為采光單元，隱喻山頂?shù)膸r石隨意地散落在山坡上，它既具有為室內(nèi)提供采光的功能作用，又在造型上豐富了整體建筑意象。這一看似隨意、實(shí)則刻意講求建筑與自然契合的設(shè)計(jì)手法，也與張錦秋先生所提出的建筑要與華山相呼應(yīng)，并建議增加一些有斜坡面的體型，從而形成高低錯(cuò)落有致以及富有活力的指導(dǎo)思想相符合。大平臺(tái)上也根據(jù)使用需要設(shè)置了若干方整洗練的玻璃盒子作為采光單元，為大平臺(tái)下的展覽空間提供展陳照明，同時(shí)夜晚平臺(tái)下展覽空間的燈光從采光玻璃盒子中透射出來(lái)，遠(yuǎn)眺似繁星點(diǎn)綴，豐富了建筑的表情。大平臺(tái)鋪以產(chǎn)自當(dāng)?shù)氐氖模谛问郊百|(zhì)感方面力求與華山盡可能地融為一體，屋面的石材選擇也考慮到了關(guān)中地區(qū)民居建筑的灰色調(diào)，在顏色和質(zhì)感上力求有文脈的呼應(yīng)。整座建筑造型簡(jiǎn)約樸素，在滿足游客旅游集散等各種內(nèi)部功能要求的基礎(chǔ)上，力求以簡(jiǎn)潔的體型，減少建筑外傳熱面積，節(jié)省能耗。建筑充分利用了自然采光，有效減少了照明能耗。同時(shí)，設(shè)計(jì)也合理安排了建筑的開窗面積，從而避免因開窗面積過(guò)大而帶來(lái)的采暖和空調(diào)能耗的增大。

2 沿下沉廣場(chǎng)看建筑全景/View of the main building from the sinking square

華山游客中心坐落在巍巍華山之下，其創(chuàng)作和設(shè)計(jì)的整個(gè)過(guò)程始終充滿了對(duì)華山高尚品德的仰慕、尊崇和敬畏。希望我們的設(shè)計(jì)與華山的自然大氣是貼切的?！?/p>

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

項(xiàng)目負(fù)責(zé)人/Principal in Charge: 莊惟敏/ZHUANG Weimin

設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)/Design Team: 莊惟敏，張葵，陳琦，章宇賁等/ ZHUANG Weimin, ZHANG Kui, CHEN Qi, ZHANG Yuben, et al.

場(chǎng)地面積/Site Area: 408,000m2

總建筑面積/Total Floor Area: 8667.5m2

建筑高度/Height: 14.8m

設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間/Design Period: 2008.8-2009.11

竣工時(shí)間/Completion: 2011.4

攝影/Photos: 張廣源，王成剛/ZHANG Guangyuan, WANG Chenggang

3 總平面/Site plan

Huashan Scenic and Historic Area is renowned for its unique astonishing landscape and rich cultural heritages. It is just because of the majestic natural and cultural landscape, the overall design concept for the tourist center is to revere nature and respect Mount Huashan. Strictly adhere to the master plan of Huashan Scenic and Historic Area, the design team give substantial consideration to the possibility of the application for World Heritage.

Based on the fact that people's intention of coming here is to admire Mount Huashan, the role of tourist center is just to provide necessary service to the mountain climbing, therefore the design principle is "the smaller the better, to conceal rather than to expose". the project shall crawl at the foot of the mountain, and become part of the landscape. Because of its major role of serving the people, the design team conceives the project as a high-standard small-scale architecture combining different functions such as tourist hub, guide service, tourist info, souvenir shop, restaurant and office. Meanwhile, it has to be a boutique to suit with local Guanzhong culture.

The team follow the three specific principles: Firstly, the project is an integrated project with high grade and cultural value; secondly, the project should co-exist harmoniously with surrounding environment; thirdly, the project is an event space providing convenient services for tourists. Unique ideas of planning and design have to be introduced to reach the integration of design method, technique, and art.

The site is located at the southern end of Yingbin Boulevard, which is the main axis of Huayin City, with Mount Huashan at its back and north-looking to the Xiyue Temple. According to traditional thinking, the building should be located at the main axis, but it is without the realm of possibility that the building can be larger than the mountain. So the team holds the position that the city axis should take Mount Huashan as its focal scene and tries to highlight Mount Huashan as the protagonist of the entire area, while making the tourist centre invisible to the axis. Hence, on one hand, the project shapes into a set of sloped roofs to merge the building with the mountain; on the other hand, the project divides into eastern and western two parts. the relatively small western part is the entry passage, with functions of ticketing, information and guide service; the eastern part is the exit passage, housing restaurant, retail, and other supporting programs. In between eastern and western wings is a gently ascending platform connecting the two wings. One can enjoy the breathtaking view of Mount Huashan at anywhere on the site. these specific design methods of dividing one building into two parts and linking the two with an ascending open terrace not only coordinates with the natural topography, but also acts as an effective linkage between the mountain and the city. When standing on the terrace, facing south one can see the mesmerizing beauty of Mount Huashan, agent of nature and ancient mystery; facing north, one can see the skyline of Huayin City, representative of human and modern civilization. Therefore, the project successfully becomes a nexus connecting human and nature, tradition and modernity. And there comes the idea of a combination of nature and civilization. To respect the environment and place, the architecture becomes the carrier for the unity of nature and culture, past and present.

The eastern and western main structures are shaped into sloped roofs directly touching the ground. Upon the roofs, there are cube-shaped skylight unit scattering around, acting as metaphors of rocks on slopes of mountain. This "rocks" not only provide natural light for indoor illumination, but also enrich the image of the tourist centre. It seems random but integrates the building with the nature. Which corresponds to Master ZHANG Jinqiu's comments and set up a dialogue between the building and the mountain. Moreover, there are also glass boxes on the ascending terrace acting as lighting units to provide lighting for the exhibition space underneath. During nightfall, the light of indoor exhibition space will come out from these glass boxes, like stars glowing in the dark. The terrace is paved with local stone in attempt to merge the texture of the building with Mount Huashan. When selecting material of the stone material for the roof of two wings, the team take the grey colour of local vernacular dwellings into consideration, trying to correspond to the context.

The project adopts simple shapes in order to reduce heat transfer area and energy consumption. the building also takes advantage of natural lights to save energy. Moreover, the area of windows is also carefully arranged, so that the scenario of increased energy cost due to over-large area of window can be avoided.

Lie on the foot of the lofty Mount Hashan, the tourist centre has a design process that is constantly guided by the admiration, respect and worship for Mount Huashan. The team hope the design is consistent with the characteristic of the nature.□

4 設(shè)計(jì)草圖/Sketch

5 平面/Plan

6 主體建筑東側(cè)部分南向效果/East side of the main building

7 建筑南側(cè)候車區(qū)及疏散廣場(chǎng)/Waiting area and evacuation square on the south of the building

8 售票大廳/Ticket lobby

評(píng)論

朱锫：自然的態(tài)度

每個(gè)特定的場(chǎng)地環(huán)境都有其獨(dú)特的DNA，華山游客中心項(xiàng)目體現(xiàn)了建筑對(duì)環(huán)境特征的感悟。原始、自然、樸素是這樣的環(huán)境中最重要的特征，在這里生存的物種和生命卻都是大自然塑造的產(chǎn)物。華山游客中心暗合了這一法則，將樸素、原始、自然的態(tài)度借助空間和材料呈現(xiàn)出來(lái)。

建筑以樸素、謙虛的態(tài)度化為地景建筑藏于山間，半露半現(xiàn)，從地面生長(zhǎng)出的斜坡屋頂在視覺(jué)上消減了建筑體量，使建筑逐步消隱在層次豐富的臺(tái)地景觀中。建筑化整為零，以多個(gè)小體量代替單一大體量把建筑分散地鋪在場(chǎng)地上，以群體代替?zhèn)€體的處理手法使建筑得以借華山為遠(yuǎn)景，簡(jiǎn)潔樸素的形體在似與不似之間與山體產(chǎn)生了對(duì)話。內(nèi)部空間體驗(yàn)延續(xù)外部環(huán)境特征，樸素，空無(wú)。材料以當(dāng)?shù)厥臑榛{(diào)，力求在質(zhì)感上融入環(huán)境，讓樸素自然的態(tài)度成為設(shè)計(jì)的主調(diào)。

Comments

ZHU Pei: the Attitude of Nature

Every place has its own DNA which is informed by its specific environment. the Mount Hua Tourist Center project shows how the nature of the surrounding environment inspires architectural design. Primitiveness, naturalness and simplicity are key features in an environment like Mount Hua, where all living creatures are the works of Mother Nature. The Mount Hua Tourist Center observes the laws of nature, embodying its attitude of primitiveness and simplicity through space and materials.

the simple and humbly designed Mount Hua Tourist Center is embedded into the mountain as a piece of land art. the slope roof gives the illusion that the center is growing from the ground and also visually reduces the volume of the building, which gradually integrates the center into a multilayered, terraced landscape. The decentralized tourist center consists of several small parts scattered on the ground instead of one large structure. This approach, breaking the whole into parts, utilized Mount Hua as a backdrop and created a conversation between the simplistic form of the center and its mountain setting. the interior spatial design of the Mount Hua Tourist Center continues the feature of its surrounding environment: simple and sparse. Local stones are the main architectural material for the interior design, allowing it to blend into its surroundings, thus making the simplistic attitude of nature a main feature in the design.(English translation by Dandan WANG)

9 售票大廳/Ticket lobby

10 草圖/Sketch

11.12 剖面/Sections