2008北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)射擊館，北京，中國(guó)

Shooting Venue of 2008 Olympic Games, Beijing, China, 2008

1 主入口鳥瞰/Bird's eye view of main entrance

射擊運(yùn)動(dòng)是一項(xiàng)歷史悠久的傳統(tǒng)奧運(yùn)項(xiàng)目，是化干戈為玉帛的奧林匹克精神的產(chǎn)物，有著不同于其他運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目的獨(dú)特文化。射擊運(yùn)動(dòng)又是一項(xiàng)以靜制動(dòng)、以巧搏力的項(xiàng)目。射擊運(yùn)動(dòng)源于森林狩獵，是一項(xiàng)非常貼近自然的運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目。運(yùn)動(dòng)員在草地、藍(lán)天和陽(yáng)光下，追求精準(zhǔn)，以靜制動(dòng)，進(jìn)行耐力和心理素質(zhì)的較量，使這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)展現(xiàn)出人與自然的相融和諧，建筑與環(huán)境密不可分的相互依存關(guān)系。拋棄追求彰顯“國(guó)家象征”的宏大敘事式的立面追求，強(qiáng)調(diào)建筑空間與自然的對(duì)話，體現(xiàn)回歸自然、回歸人性、回歸建筑的本原，應(yīng)該是本設(shè)計(jì)最本質(zhì)的追求。

方案以“林中狩獵”為理念，更加強(qiáng)調(diào)建筑的人性化色彩，減少了建筑的剛性色彩，強(qiáng)調(diào)給人以溫暖、舒適、親切的感受。建筑外部形態(tài)構(gòu)思延續(xù)林中狩獵的設(shè)計(jì)理念，在建筑形式上呼應(yīng)原始狩獵工具——弓箭的抽象意向。資格賽館與決賽館之間的聯(lián)系部分是整個(gè)射擊中心園區(qū)的入口，建筑設(shè)計(jì)采用將屋面與入口臺(tái)階連成整體的處理手法，由此形成的折線弧形開口成為整個(gè)建筑群特征鮮明的母題，在資格賽館水平延伸的形體斷面以及5個(gè)主要觀眾出入口處重復(fù)呼應(yīng)弧形母題。在二層、三層主要觀眾休息區(qū)域的幕墻外側(cè)，采用鋁型材熱轉(zhuǎn)印木紋肌理豎向遮陽(yáng)百葉的處理，形成引發(fā)人們聯(lián)想的抽象的森林意向。

在建筑功能布局上，需要為所有靶位創(chuàng)造盡可能均等的比賽條件。資格賽館采取了4個(gè)靶場(chǎng)分兩層豎向疊落的布置方式，一層為25m、50m兩個(gè)半露天靶場(chǎng)，二層為10m靶、10m移動(dòng)靶兩個(gè)室內(nèi)靶場(chǎng)。資格賽館內(nèi)部從北向南，分別設(shè)置靶場(chǎng)射擊區(qū)、裁判區(qū)、觀眾坐席區(qū)、綠色中庭、觀眾廳等幾個(gè)功能片段，比賽廳都按照相同的剖面功能關(guān)系，水平延伸這種布局關(guān)系，保證全部靶位的南北向、均好性。

建筑整體風(fēng)格自外延續(xù)到室內(nèi)，室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)中將“質(zhì)樸” “自然” “力量” “平靜”等體現(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)本質(zhì)的元素加以發(fā)揮，凸顯“質(zhì)樸運(yùn)動(dòng)精神”“自然的回歸”“內(nèi)在力量的再現(xiàn)”的設(shè)計(jì)主題，呼應(yīng)建筑“表現(xiàn)原始張力”的弧形語(yǔ)言，并加以強(qiáng)調(diào)，成為室內(nèi)空間設(shè)計(jì)的控制元素。設(shè)計(jì)中盡量表現(xiàn)建筑結(jié)構(gòu)自身的質(zhì)感，對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)材料、構(gòu)造做法進(jìn)行真實(shí)的再現(xiàn)，強(qiáng)調(diào)還原材質(zhì)自身的表現(xiàn)力，運(yùn)用了諸如木材、清水混凝土、青石、木地板、卵石等多種自然材料，傳達(dá)建筑由外到內(nèi)統(tǒng)一的建筑語(yǔ)言和一致的建筑人文意境。

射擊項(xiàng)目是一個(gè)管理非常特殊的項(xiàng)目，由于我國(guó)實(shí)行非常嚴(yán)格的槍支彈藥管理制度，射擊運(yùn)動(dòng)其實(shí)并不是一個(gè)大眾普及運(yùn)動(dòng)。賽后利用這一建造體育場(chǎng)館面臨的共同難題，在這個(gè)場(chǎng)館中變得更加具有不定性。整個(gè)項(xiàng)目的功能布局為賽后利用提供了充分的余地，賽后面向內(nèi)部的射擊訓(xùn)練設(shè)施都集中在北側(cè)，為奧運(yùn)會(huì)大量觀眾觀賽設(shè)置的觀眾活動(dòng)區(qū)都集中在面向城市道路的南側(cè)，這樣待奧運(yùn)會(huì)比賽結(jié)束后，在保證北側(cè)面向園區(qū)內(nèi)部的訓(xùn)練功能不受影響的前提下，南側(cè)面向外部的觀眾活動(dòng)區(qū)可以進(jìn)行面向社會(huì)的賽后改造利用，可以作為展示、商業(yè)、公共活動(dòng)空間。資格賽館與決賽館中，固定座席和臨時(shí)座席都被設(shè)計(jì)為完整的區(qū)域，當(dāng)大型賽事結(jié)束后，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的臨時(shí)座席可以被整體拆除，從而獲得完整的大空間，利于靈活改造利用。

回歸本原的建筑理念定位，使我們?cè)谠O(shè)計(jì)中不追求華麗的建筑表現(xiàn)，盡量避免單純的建筑裝飾，建筑從內(nèi)到外的建筑材料、工藝都圍繞基本功能要求展開，控制建筑造價(jià)，營(yíng)造建筑樸素自然的形象。同時(shí)，將建筑經(jīng)濟(jì)性的考慮不僅放在建筑建造這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)上，而在影響建筑長(zhǎng)期使用的諸如建筑保溫、采光、自然通風(fēng)等方面，采用適宜技術(shù)手段和策略實(shí)現(xiàn)建筑長(zhǎng)期運(yùn)營(yíng)中的節(jié)能和可持續(xù)發(fā)展?！?/p>

2 總平面/Site plan

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

項(xiàng)目負(fù)責(zé)人/Principal in Charge: 莊惟敏/ZHUANG Weimin

設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)/Design Team: 莊惟敏，祁斌，汪曙等/ ZHUANG Weimin, QI Bin, WANG Shu, et al.

場(chǎng)地面積/Site Area: 64,500m2

總建筑面積/Total Floor Area: 47,626m2；

地上/Aboveground, 45,372m2；

地下/Underground, 2254m2

檐口高度/Height of Eaves:

資格賽館/Qualification competition venue, 18m;

決賽館/Final competition venue, 24m

建筑長(zhǎng)度/Length: 260m（資格賽館/Qualification competition venue）

座席數(shù)/Number of Seats:

資格賽館/Qualification competition venue：6491個(gè)（固定座席/Fixed seats, 1024個(gè)；臨時(shí)座席/Temporary seats, 5467個(gè)）

決賽館/Final competition venue: 2493個(gè)

設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間/Design Period: 2003

竣工時(shí)間/Completion: 2008

攝影/Photos: 張廣源/ZHANG Guangyuan

3 外景/Exterior view

4 資格賽館觀眾入口/Audience entrance of qualification competition venue

5 決賽館局部/Part view of final competition venue

Shooting is an Olympic event with a timehonored history. Though it should embody the peaceful Olympic spirit, its culture differs from many others. In addition, shooting is a program that values individual skill over strength. As the event itself originates from hunting in the forest, it is closely related to nature. This pursuit of precision, endurance, and steadiness under the sun represents the harmony of man and nature, in a way that resembles the relationship between architecture and the environment. the essence of this proposal lies in this humanistic dialogue between spaces and nature, without over-emphasizing exaggerated formal narratives.

"Hunting in the forest" is the concept of this proposal, stressing humanism and a sense of warmth, comfort, and amenity rather than rigidity and solidity. The building form resembles a bow and arrow, a representation of hunting's primal tools. The connection between the qualification competition venue and the final competition venue also serves as the entrance to the center of the shooting zone. Using an arc as the visual theme of the building complex, the roof and the entrance steps are connected, and this motif is repeated in the cross section of the qualification competition, as well as in the five main audience entrances. A glass curtain wall fronting lounges on the second and third floor feature applied thermal transfer printing on the shades, this pattern relating to an abstract image of the forest.

The program requires equal conditions for all of the competitor positions. The qualification competition venue consists of a total of four ranges over two floors, the first floor with two semi-outdoor ranges of 25m and 50m, and the second floor with two indoor ranges of 10m and 10m with moving targets. Within the qualification competition venue the ranges, the referee zone, audience seats, the green atrium, and the audience hall are oriented north to south. These multiple competition areas feature a consistent horizontal extension of the section in order to make sure that each competitor position is equal.

The building's basic theme extends from the exterior to the interior. the interior design is rooted in the primal essence of competition, revealing motifs such as purity, nature, strength, and peace, so as to develop into several design themes including "the pristine sports spirit", "the return to nature", and "the representation of inner strength". These themes control the interior design itself, which is a response to and re-emphasis of the arc element the represents "primal force". this proposal made efforts to express the nature of the building's structure, revealing its materials and tectonics. the expressive power of raw materials such as wood, raw concrete, bluestone, wood flooring, and gravel are articulated. Such a configuration speaks of unity in architectural language as well as artistic imagery.

The management of the shooting programs is unique. Due to the strict control of firearms in China, shooting as a sport is quite difficult to popularize. The common challenge of post-game reuse becomes especially uncertain for this type of venue. As an solution, the program layout offers an abundance of space for post-game reuse. The inward-looking training facilities are concentrated to the northern side, while the public areas on the southern side reach out, ready for reconstruction and transformation into exhibition, commercial, activity spaces, and many other possibilities. Within the qualification competition venue and the final competition venue, both the fixed and temporary seats were created as a contiguous steel structure, so that they can be removed without much effort afterwards to make space for more flexible functions.

The basic theme of purity kept us from a pomposity in form and typical decorations. The materials and tectonics involved are all based on basic functionality in order to control the cost and to make a honest gesture. Meanwhile, the project's concern over economy is not only placed upon the single phase of construction, but also on the long term performance of insulation, lighting, ventilation, etc. Both technology and a design strategy contribute to the building's energy-saving and sustainability.□

6 資格賽館首層平面/Floor 0 plan, qualification competition venue

7 資格賽館二層平面/Floor 1 plan, qualification competition venue

8 決賽館首層平面/Floor 0 plan, final competition venue

9 決賽館二層平面/Floor 1 plan, final competition venue

10 主入口廣場(chǎng)南側(cè)夜景/Night view of the south side of the main entrance

11 生態(tài)呼吸式遮陽(yáng)幕墻細(xì)部模型/Model of the curtain wall

評(píng)論

李興鋼：奧運(yùn)射擊館最大的特點(diǎn)是在緊張的用地和有限的造價(jià)條件下，將諸多比賽觀賽的功能需求和流線安排得井井有條，采用獨(dú)特的雙層賽場(chǎng)和雙層幕墻設(shè)計(jì)，采光照明設(shè)計(jì)突出了對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)員比賽條件的重視，經(jīng)濟(jì)、節(jié)地、節(jié)能，建筑效用良好；后奧運(yùn)場(chǎng)館利用策劃和設(shè)計(jì)中，考慮到射擊運(yùn)動(dòng)的特殊性，在確保賽后專業(yè)及訓(xùn)練比賽功能之外，又為多種公眾活動(dòng)預(yù)留了空間，以實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)的長(zhǎng)期運(yùn)營(yíng)。射擊單元的分段排列設(shè)置及對(duì)應(yīng)的多個(gè)觀眾入口設(shè)計(jì)，弱化了建筑的超長(zhǎng)體量，強(qiáng)化了節(jié)奏和構(gòu)成感；體現(xiàn)在建筑外觀的“森林狩獵”——作為對(duì)射擊運(yùn)動(dòng)的象征性闡釋，雖略顯牽強(qiáng)，但最大的意義是回避了宏大沉重的國(guó)家象征性表達(dá)，使得整個(gè)建筑呈現(xiàn)出放松而輕盈愉悅的氣質(zhì)，恰恰體現(xiàn)了這一運(yùn)動(dòng)本應(yīng)帶給觀眾和運(yùn)動(dòng)員的精神特征。

Comments

LI Xinggang: The main feature of the Beijing Olympic Shooting Venue is to meet functional requirements of games and game watching within a limited site and a tight budget. All sorts of circulation is arranged in perfect order. the uniqueness lies in the two-story shooting gallery as well as the double-skin curtain wall. the lighting design shows the designer's concern for a better game environment. the building is designed to be highly efficient, and it is economical, land-saving and energy-saving. As for the Post-Olympic usage, a long term sustainable operation is highlighted. It is realized that shooting is a special sport with few players, so that a variety of space are reserved for public events, which is a bonus beyond the training and game facilities maintained for professionals. The sectioned shooting units and its corresponding spectator entrances have visually shortened the mass of the extra-long hall, meanwhile enhanced the sense of rhythm and composition. It is said that the exterior design of the Beijing Olympic Shooting Venue was inspired by jungle hunting. Although this might be a bit farfetched, at least it chose an approach of more casual and cheerful to break the routine of national building design in China which was usually grand and solemn to symbolize the nation . What's more, it is the approach to bring athletes and the public the spirit of shooting as a sport. (English translation by Dandan WANG)

12 資格賽館剖面圖/Section, qualification competition venue

13 決賽館剖面圖/Section, final competition venue

14 資格賽共享休息區(qū)/Lobby of qualification competition venue

15 決賽館觀眾休息廳/Lobby of final competition venue

16 從決賽館主入口看資格賽館夜景/Night view from the main entrance of final competition venue to qualification competition venue