王德龍,賀克強(qiáng),王瑞婷,潘建輝,柴小青
尖吻蝮蛇血凝酶對(duì)心肺轉(zhuǎn)流術(shù)下心臟瓣膜置換術(shù)患者凝血功能的影響
王德龍,賀克強(qiáng),王瑞婷△,潘建輝,柴小青
目的觀察尖吻蝮蛇血凝酶對(duì)心肺轉(zhuǎn)流術(shù)(CPB)下心臟瓣膜置換術(shù)患者凝血功能的影響和安全性。方法擇期CPB下行心臟瓣膜置換術(shù)患者80例,隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組;H1組:手術(shù)開始前20 min給藥;H2組:心肺轉(zhuǎn)流開始后20 min給藥;H3組:心肺轉(zhuǎn)流結(jié)束肝素拮抗后給藥,每組20例,H1~H3組均注射尖吻蝮蛇血凝酶2 U,對(duì)照組于手術(shù)前20 min注射等量0.9%氯化鈉注射液。分別于術(shù)前20 min(T0)、術(shù)后即刻(T1)、術(shù)后24 h(T2)測(cè)定4組的凝血功能[凝血酶原時(shí)間(PT)、活化部分凝血酶時(shí)間(APTT)、凝血酶時(shí)間(TT)、血漿纖維蛋白原(Fib)]、血小板(PLT);記錄術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)心包縱隔引流量、機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間、重癥加強(qiáng)護(hù)理病房(ICU)停留時(shí)間、實(shí)際住院天數(shù)及住院費(fèi)用、輸血量等各臨床指標(biāo)以及二次開胸、過(guò)敏、肝腎功能異常、深靜脈血栓形成及精神神經(jīng)癥狀等不良事件的發(fā)生情況。結(jié)果與對(duì)照組比較,T1、T2時(shí)H1、H2和H3組PT、APTT、TT降低(P<0.05),與T0時(shí)比較,各組患者T1、T2時(shí)PT、APTT、TT升高;與H1組比較,H3組T1、T2時(shí)PT、TT降低(P<0.05)。H1、H2和H3組術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)心包縱隔引流量和機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),各組不良事件發(fā)生率無(wú)明顯差異。結(jié)論應(yīng)用尖吻蝮蛇血凝酶可改善心肺轉(zhuǎn)流術(shù)下心臟瓣膜置換術(shù)患者的低凝狀態(tài),且使用安全。
心肺轉(zhuǎn)流術(shù);心臟瓣膜假體植入;凝血酶原時(shí)間;凝血酶時(shí)間;纖維蛋白原;血小板;尖吻蝮蛇血凝酶
隨著血源供需矛盾日益突出及醫(yī)務(wù)人員對(duì)輸血相關(guān)并發(fā)癥認(rèn)識(shí)的不斷深入,合理用血、減少異體輸血成為共識(shí)[1]。心臟外科手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷大,且受心肺轉(zhuǎn)流術(shù)(CPB)影響,患者圍手術(shù)期發(fā)生大出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大[2]。體內(nèi)正常凝血過(guò)程在啟動(dòng)階段生成微量凝血酶,繼而在效應(yīng)放大階段生成大量凝血酶;尖吻蝮蛇血凝酶作為類凝血酶廣泛應(yīng)用于多個(gè)科室,安全性好,但在CPB下行心臟瓣膜置換術(shù)患者中的應(yīng)用效果尚不明確。本研究旨在探討尖吻蝮蛇血凝酶對(duì)CPB下心臟瓣膜置換術(shù)患者凝血功能的影響及應(yīng)用的安全性,為臨床應(yīng)用提供參考。
1.1 研究對(duì)象本研究已獲得本院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),并與患者或家屬簽署知情同意書。選取擇期于CPB下行心臟瓣膜置換術(shù)患者80例,其中二尖瓣置換術(shù)患者48例,主動(dòng)脈瓣置換術(shù)患者32例;ASA分級(jí)Ⅱ~Ⅲ級(jí),年齡38~68歲,體質(zhì)量47~81 kg。NYHA分級(jí)Ⅱ~Ⅲ級(jí)。排除有血栓栓塞病史、腦血管病及神經(jīng)、精神疾病病史、對(duì)本藥品成分過(guò)敏、凝血功能異常、妊娠哺乳期婦女、肝腎功能異常、未控制的糖尿病和甲狀腺功能亢進(jìn)患者。采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將患者隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組和不同給藥時(shí)點(diǎn)試驗(yàn)組:H1組(手術(shù)開始前20 min給藥)、H2組(心肺轉(zhuǎn)流開始后20 min給藥)、H3組(心肺轉(zhuǎn)流結(jié)束肝素拮抗后給藥),每組20例。各組患者一般情況、CPB時(shí)間及手術(shù)時(shí)間比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見表1。
Tab.1Comparison of general data and characteristics during operation between four groups of patients表1 各組患者一般情況和術(shù)中情況的比較(n=20)
1.2 方法
1.2.1 麻醉、手術(shù)及給藥方法患者入室后開放下肢外周靜脈,常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè)有創(chuàng)血壓(IBP)、心電圖(ECG)、心率(HR)、血氧飽和度(SpO2)及鼻咽溫度,全身麻醉誘導(dǎo)氣管內(nèi)插管,后經(jīng)右頸內(nèi)靜脈穿刺留置7F三腔中心靜脈導(dǎo)管,間斷靜推藥物維持麻醉深度。取胸骨正中位劈胸切口,淺低溫下經(jīng)房間溝入路行二尖瓣機(jī)械瓣置換術(shù),或經(jīng)主動(dòng)脈根部斜行切口行主動(dòng)脈瓣置換術(shù)。所有入選患者手術(shù)過(guò)程順利,術(shù)后送入重癥加強(qiáng)護(hù)理病房(ICU)繼續(xù)監(jiān)護(hù)治療,循環(huán)呼吸穩(wěn)定、符合拔管指征時(shí)拔除氣管導(dǎo)管。參照藥物說(shuō)明書,將尖吻蝮蛇血凝酶(商品名:蘇靈,批號(hào):20120809,北京康辰藥業(yè)有限公司)2 U用0.9%氯化鈉2 mL溶解,試驗(yàn)組按照不同給藥時(shí)點(diǎn)注射給藥;對(duì)照組于手術(shù)開始前20 min注射等量0.9%氯化鈉注射液。
1.2.2 檢測(cè)及觀察指標(biāo)分別于術(shù)前20 min(T0)、術(shù)后即刻(T1)、術(shù)后24 h(T2)采集4組患者靜脈血2 mL,分別用EDTAK2和3.8%檸檬酸鈉1∶9抗凝,用全自動(dòng)血液分析儀Sysmex XE5000檢測(cè)血小板(PLT),采用全自動(dòng)血凝儀Sysmex CA7000檢測(cè)凝血酶原時(shí)間(PT)、活化部分凝血酶時(shí)間(APTT)、凝血酶時(shí)間(TT)、血漿纖維蛋白原(Fib),使用配套試劑嚴(yán)格按照操作規(guī)程進(jìn)行測(cè)定;臨床指標(biāo):記錄術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)心包縱隔引流量、機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間、ICU停留時(shí)間、實(shí)際住院天數(shù)、住院費(fèi)用、圍手術(shù)期輸血量;患者有無(wú)二次開胸、過(guò)敏、肝腎功能異常;由2名經(jīng)過(guò)培訓(xùn)的醫(yī)生術(shù)后對(duì)患者進(jìn)行神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)查體,比較術(shù)前、術(shù)后ECG、腦電圖(EEG)、頭頸部血管、下肢深靜脈及心臟超聲檢查、蒙特利爾認(rèn)知評(píng)估量表(MoCA)評(píng)分(總分30分,<25分為異常,記錄評(píng)分異?;颊邤?shù)),判斷患者有無(wú)新發(fā)深靜脈血栓及心腦血管血栓。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法數(shù)據(jù)用SPSS 16.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理。計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差()表示,組間比較采用單因素方差分析,組內(nèi)比較采用重復(fù)測(cè)量設(shè)計(jì)的方差分析,兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn)(方差齊)或Games-Howell檢驗(yàn)(方差不齊),計(jì)數(shù)資料比較采用卡方檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 各組凝血指標(biāo)變化
2.1.1 手術(shù)前后不同時(shí)點(diǎn)PT手術(shù)前后患者PT差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F時(shí)間=73.921,P<0.05),4組內(nèi)不同時(shí)點(diǎn)的PT差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,T1時(shí)高于T0、T2時(shí),T2時(shí)高于T0時(shí)(P<0.05);不同組間PT比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F組間=5.893,P<0.05),T1時(shí),H1、H2和H3組的PT較C組短,T2時(shí),H2和H3組的PT較C組短(均P<0.05)。組間和處理時(shí)間之間存在交互效應(yīng)(F交互=4.927,P<0.05),見表2。
2.1.2 手術(shù)前后不同時(shí)點(diǎn)APTT手術(shù)前后患者APTT差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F時(shí)間=29.934,P<0.05),4組內(nèi)不同時(shí)點(diǎn)的APTT差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,T1時(shí)高于T0、T2時(shí),T2時(shí)高于T0時(shí)(P<0.05);不同組間APTT比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F組間=42.685,P<0.05),T1、T2時(shí),H1、H2和H3組的APTT均較C組短(均P<0.05)。組間和處理時(shí)間之間存在交互效應(yīng)(F交互=5.000,P<0.05),見表3。
2.1.3 手術(shù)前后不同時(shí)點(diǎn)Fib手術(shù)前后患者Fib差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F時(shí)間=278.912,P<0.05),4組內(nèi)不同時(shí)點(diǎn)的Fib差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,T1時(shí)低于T0、T2時(shí),T2時(shí)高于T0時(shí);不同組間Fib比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F組間=81.019,P<0.05),T1、T2時(shí),H1、H2和H3組的Fib高于C組(均P<0.05);組間和處理時(shí)間之間存在交互效應(yīng)(F交互=56.486,P<0.05),見表4。
Tab.2Comparison of PT at different time points between four groups of patients表2 4組不同時(shí)點(diǎn)PT比較(n=20,s,)
Tab.2Comparison of PT at different time points between four groups of patients表2 4組不同時(shí)點(diǎn)PT比較(n=20,s,)
F時(shí)間=73.921*,F(xiàn)組間=5.893*,F(xiàn)交互=4.927*,*P<0.05;a與C組比,b與H1組比,P<0.05;※與T0比較,#與T1比較,P<0.05
組別C組H1組H2組H3組F T0T1T2F 11.8±0.8 12.2±0.7 12.4±0.9 11.8±0.9 1.444 16.4±2.0※15.0±1.9a※14.3±1.6a※13.3±1.0ab※6.216*13.4±0.7※#12.9±0.7※#12.5±0.7a※#12.2±0.8ab※#6.503*33.009*13.984*9.025*7.053*
Tab.3Comparison of APTT at different time points between four groups of patients表3 4組不同時(shí)點(diǎn)APTT比較(n=20,s,)
Tab.3Comparison of APTT at different time points between four groups of patients表3 4組不同時(shí)點(diǎn)APTT比較(n=20,s,)
F時(shí)間=29.934*,F(xiàn)組間=42.685*,F(xiàn)交互=5.000*,*P<0.05;a與C組比,b與H1組比,P<0.05;※與T0比較,#與T1比較,P<0.05
組別C組H1組H2組H3組F T0T1T2F 30.0±1.7 27.6±2.5 31.6±3.1 29.9±2.7 3.143 42.1±3.9※29.9±1.9a※33.4±2.1a※35.4±2.4ab※36.353*36.5±1.4※#29.8±1.9a※#32.7±3.4a※#32.7±3.4ab※#14.950*54.615*3.876*3.520*12.841*
Tab.4Comparison of Fib at different time points between four groups of patients表4 4組不同時(shí)點(diǎn)Fib比較(n=20,g/L,)
Tab.4Comparison of Fib at different time points between four groups of patients表4 4組不同時(shí)點(diǎn)Fib比較(n=20,g/L,)
F時(shí)間=278.912*,F(xiàn)組間=81.019*,F(xiàn)交互=56.486*,*P<0.05;a與C組比,b與H1組比,P<0.05;※與T0比較,#與T1比較,P<0.05
組別C組H1組H2組H3組F T0T1T2F 2.3±1.2 2.3±0.1 2.5±0.5 2.4±0.3 1.085 1.7±0.1※1.9±0.1a※2.0±0.1a※2.1±0.1ab※42.791*2.4±0.8※#2.5±0.1a※#2.7±0.2a※#4.3±0.2ab※#300.633*153.222*74.856*10.444*267.997*
2.1.4 手術(shù)前后不同時(shí)點(diǎn)TT手術(shù)前后患者TT差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F時(shí)間=32.660,P<0.05),4組內(nèi)不同時(shí)點(diǎn)的TT差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,T1時(shí)高于T0、T2時(shí),T2時(shí)高于T0時(shí);不同組間TT比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F組間=19.706,P<0.05),T1、T2時(shí),H1、H2和H3組的TT較C組短(均P<0.05);組間和處理時(shí)間之間存在交互效應(yīng)(F交互=11.090,P<0.05),見表5。
Tab.5Comparison of TT at different time points between four groups of patients表5 4組不同時(shí)點(diǎn)TT比較(n=20,s,)
Tab.5Comparison of TT at different time points between four groups of patients表5 4組不同時(shí)點(diǎn)TT比較(n=20,s,)
F時(shí)間=32.660*,F(xiàn)組間=9.706*,F(xiàn)交互=11.090*,*P<0.05;a與C組比,b與H1組比,P<0.05;※與T0比較,#與T1比較,P<0.05
組別C組H1組H2組H3組F T0T1T2F 18.1±0.4 18.4±1.1 17.8±0.4 17.7±0.3 2.349 20.4±1.2※19.6±0.7a※18.7±0.8a※18.5±0.5ab※10.686*20.0±0.6※#18.6±1.0a※#18.1±0.8a※#18.1±0.6ab※#17.650*22.010*4.633*5.565*6.603*
2.1.5 手術(shù)前后不同時(shí)點(diǎn)PLT手術(shù)前后患者PLT差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F時(shí)間=65.079,P<0.05),4組內(nèi)不同時(shí)點(diǎn)的PLT差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,T1時(shí)低于T0、T2時(shí),T2時(shí)低于T0時(shí);不同組間PLT比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F組間=1.918,P<0.05),T1、T2時(shí),H2、H3組的PLT較C組高(均P<0.05);組間和處理時(shí)間之間存在交互效應(yīng)(F交互=2.176,P<0.05),見表6。
Tab.6Comparison of PLT at different time points between four groups of patients表6 各組患者不同時(shí)點(diǎn)PLT的比較(n=20,×109/L,)
Tab.6Comparison of PLT at different time points between four groups of patients表6 各組患者不同時(shí)點(diǎn)PLT的比較(n=20,×109/L,)
F時(shí)間=65.079*,F(xiàn)組間=1.918*,F(xiàn)交互=2.176*,*P<0.05;a與C組比,b與H1組比,P<0.05;※與T0比較,#與T1比較,P<0.05
組別C組H1組H2組H3組F T0T1T2F 172±37 153±18 165±53 156±37 0.543 87±8※90±5※95±6a※96±8ab※3.987*100±10※#108±8※#124±33a※#139±37ab※#4.817*40.206*80.085*9.813*10.333*
2.1.6 手術(shù)前后患者各臨床指標(biāo)患者術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)引流量及機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間組間比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,H1、H2和H3組低于C組(均P<0.05),各組ICU停留時(shí)間、實(shí)際住院天數(shù)、住院費(fèi)用、圍術(shù)期輸血量差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見表7。
2.2 各組不良事件發(fā)生情況比較各組均無(wú)過(guò)敏、深靜脈血栓形成及肝腎功能異常。C組和H1組各發(fā)生1例二次開胸和蒙特利爾認(rèn)知量表評(píng)分異常,H2組和H3組無(wú)此情況發(fā)生。
CPB下心臟瓣膜置換術(shù)是心臟瓣膜病的根治方法。患者循環(huán)血與大面積異物表面接觸、血液肝素化、PLT水平減低且功能異常[3-4]、低溫及凝血物質(zhì)消耗等導(dǎo)致的凝血障礙是引起術(shù)后大出血的重要原因,且與肝素中和不足無(wú)關(guān)[5]。本研究凝血功能檢測(cè)結(jié)果提示CPB后初期血液處于相對(duì)低凝狀態(tài)。
Tab.7Comparison of clinical index between four groups of patients表7 各組患者各臨床指標(biāo)的比較(n=20)
圍術(shù)期使用止血藥物,可減少手術(shù)區(qū)域的失血[6],改善預(yù)后[7]。尖吻蝮蛇血凝酶作為類凝血酶,能夠促進(jìn)血液中的纖維蛋白單體發(fā)生變化;在Ca2+存在下,能活化凝血因子Ⅴ、Ⅶ和Ⅷ,參與凝血過(guò)程的啟動(dòng)階段和效應(yīng)放大階段,且在血管破損處釋放血小板因子Ⅲ誘導(dǎo)血小板的黏附及聚集[8]。APTT延長(zhǎng)可見于因子Ⅷ等凝血過(guò)程效應(yīng)放大階段因子的缺乏;PT延長(zhǎng)可見于凝血過(guò)程啟動(dòng)階段相關(guān)因子如因子Ⅶ的缺乏,與國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化率(PT-INR)共同指導(dǎo)患者抗凝治療;TT延長(zhǎng)見于血漿中纖維蛋白原濃度的降低及抗凝血酶組分的增加;Fib升高可能導(dǎo)致血液高凝狀態(tài),促進(jìn)血栓的形成,與肺栓塞、腦梗死等的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)[9-10]。本研究顯示,與對(duì)照組相比,試驗(yàn)組T1、T2時(shí)PT、APTT、TT縮短,T1、T2時(shí)PLT及Fib濃度高,術(shù)后24 h心包縱隔引流量少,可能與尖吻蝮蛇血凝酶對(duì)纖維蛋白原及血小板的作用有關(guān),與相關(guān)報(bào)道一致[11]。但2組ICU停留時(shí)間、實(shí)際住院天數(shù)與住院費(fèi)用未見差別,可能與本研究樣本量小有關(guān)。
一般外科手術(shù)患者術(shù)后通常伴有血液高凝狀態(tài),且臥床不動(dòng)提高了深靜脈血栓形成的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),故對(duì)于術(shù)后止血藥的使用及選擇應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎;心臟外科CPB下瓣膜置換術(shù)患者術(shù)后初期血液相對(duì)低凝,大出血發(fā)生率高。MoCA量表在臨床廣泛用于篩查缺血性腦卒中后認(rèn)知功能障礙,具有較高的靈敏性及特異性[12],本研究中結(jié)合相關(guān)檢查結(jié)果排除腦血管血栓栓塞發(fā)生;與對(duì)照組比較,試驗(yàn)組患者未見血液高凝狀態(tài),且肝腎功能異常等不良事件發(fā)生率未見差別,顯示使用尖吻蝮蛇血凝酶有較高的安全性,可能與尖吻蝮蛇血凝酶不含活化的凝血因子Ⅹ成分,且只在局部血管破損處激發(fā)血栓形成有關(guān),從而避免大范圍的血管內(nèi)凝血及正常血管內(nèi)血栓形成,與相關(guān)研究結(jié)果一致[13-15]。
綜上,尖吻蝮蛇血凝酶可改善心肺轉(zhuǎn)流術(shù)下心臟瓣膜置換術(shù)患者圍術(shù)期血液低凝狀態(tài),表現(xiàn)出可靠的安全性。
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(2014-08-01收稿2014-09-09修回)
(本文編輯閆娟)
Effects of agkistrodon hemocoagulase on coagulation function in patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement with cardiopulmonary bypass
WANG Delong,HE Keqiang,WANG Ruiting△,PAN Jianhui,CHAI Xiaoqing
Department of Anesthesiology,the Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University,Hefei 230001,China△
Objective To investigate the efficiency and safety of agkistrodon hemocoagulase on coagulation function in patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement with cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB).MethodsIn this prospective,randomized controlled trial,80 eligible patients accepted valve replacement were assigned to control group(n=20)and agkistrodon hemocoagulase groups(H1,H2,H3)according to the different timing of administration.Twenty patients were given treatment 20 minutes before anesthesia induction(H1group),20 patients were given treatment 20 minutes after CBP(H2group)and 20 patients were given treatment after CBP(H3group).Coagulation parameters including prothrombin time(PT),activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT),thrombin time(TT),fibrinogen(Fib)and platelet(PLT)were detected 20 minutes before surgery(T0),immediately after surgery(T1)and 24 hours after surgery(T2).Data of 24-h postoperative drainage of mediastinal and pericardial,duration of mechanical ventilation,stay time of intensive care unit(ICU),the actual days of hospitalization and hospital costs were recorded.The clinical parameters were also recorded including blood transfusion after surgery,secondary thoracotomy,allergies,liver and kidney dysfunction,deep vein thrombosis and neuropsychiatric symptoms.ResultsCompared with control group,values of PT,APTT and TT at T1and T2were significantly lower in H1,H2and H3groups(P<0.05).Compared with T0, values of PT,APTT and TT at T1and T2were significantly higher in all groups of patients(P<0.05).Values of PT and TT at T1and T2were significantly decreased in H3group than those of H1group(P<0.05).The pericardial and mediastinal drainage,the duration of ventilation support within 24-h after surgery were significantly lower in H1,H2and H3groups than those of control group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse events between groups.ConclusionAgkistrodon hemocoagulaseissafeand effectiveinpatientsundergoingcardiacvalvereplacementwithcardiopulmonarybypass.
cardiopulmonary bypass;heart valve prosthesis implantation;prothrombin time;thrombin time;fibrinogen;blood platelets;agkistrodon
R654
A
10.3969/j.issn.0253-9896.2015.01.024
安徽省衛(wèi)生廳醫(yī)學(xué)科研課題資助項(xiàng)目(09A065)
安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬省立醫(yī)院麻醉科(郵編230001)
王德龍(1990),男,碩士在讀,主要從事臨床麻醉研究
△通訊作者E-mail:z80486@ah165.net