于彤彤,劉雙雙,王菁菁,王傳合,韓蘇,孫志軍
舒張性和收縮性心衰患者的臨床表現(xiàn)差異分析
于彤彤,劉雙雙,王菁菁,王傳合,韓蘇,孫志軍△
目的比較舒張性心功能衰竭(心衰)和收縮性心衰患者在臨床表現(xiàn)及危險(xiǎn)因素方面的差異。方法將2 088例心衰患者按左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(EF)分為舒張性心衰組(EF≥0.45,1 356例)和收縮性心衰組(EF<0.45,732例),比較2組的臨床資料,分析影響2種心衰類型的相關(guān)因素。結(jié)果與收縮性心衰組相比,舒張性心衰組的平均年齡更大,女性及高血壓的比例更高,但低蛋白血癥、貧血、腎功能不全、高尿酸血癥的比例更低,且以心功能Ⅰ、Ⅱ級為主;收縮壓、白蛋白、前白蛋白、膽固醇、血鈉、血氯水平更高,但心率更慢,肌酐、血尿酸、血鉀、腦鈉肽水平更低。與收縮性心衰組相比,舒張性心衰組的左室舒末容積、左室縮末容積較低,RAS阻斷劑和β受體阻斷劑使用率更低,他汀類藥物使用率更高。Logistic多因素回歸分析發(fā)現(xiàn),性別、高血壓對舒張性心衰影響更強(qiáng);低蛋白血癥、高尿酸血癥則對收縮性心衰影響更強(qiáng)。結(jié)論舒張性心衰和收縮性心衰存在諸多差異,不同類型的心衰需采取不同的診治及預(yù)防方案。
心力衰竭,舒張性;心力衰竭,收縮性;臨床特點(diǎn);危險(xiǎn)因素
隨著人口老齡化的到來,心衰的發(fā)病率逐漸升高并造成了沉重的社會負(fù)擔(dān)。舒張性心功能衰竭(心衰)[又稱左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(EF)保留的心衰,HFPEF]約占心衰總數(shù)的50%,其EF基本正常,同時(shí)存在舒張功能不全[1],雖然具有和收縮性心衰(又稱EF降低的心衰,HF-REF)相似的癥狀和體征,但兩者在臨床特征、發(fā)病機(jī)制、診療措施等方面存在顯著差異。本研究通過比較HF-PEF和HF-REF患者在病因、臨床表現(xiàn)及危險(xiǎn)因素方面的差異,為臨床采取更加針對性的防治措施提供依據(jù)。
1.1 研究對象選取2005年11月—2012年1月就診于我院的心衰患者2 088例,其中HF-PEF組1 356例(EF≥0.45),HF-REF組732例(EF<0.45);平均年齡(67±14)歲。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)符合2014年中國心力衰竭診斷和治療指南的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[2]。(2)入院時(shí)紐約心臟病協(xié)會(NYHA)心功能分級Ⅰ~Ⅳ級。(3)年齡>18歲。
1.2 方法以查閱病歷的方式收集符合入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的慢性心衰患者的臨床資料,包括人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)資料、既往疾病史、基礎(chǔ)心血管病史、危險(xiǎn)因素、體格檢查、實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)、心臟超聲檢查、用藥情況等。其中實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)均為入院次日清晨空腹取外周靜脈血檢測的結(jié)果;心臟超聲數(shù)據(jù)取自入院3 d內(nèi)首次測定的超聲心動圖。
高血壓定義為收縮壓≥140 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)和(或)舒張壓≥90 mmHg(至少測量2次),或正在進(jìn)行降壓治療。2型糖尿病定義為患者有糖尿病癥狀,且隨機(jī)血糖≥11.1 mmol/L,或空腹血糖≥7.8 mmol/L,或口服糖耐量試驗(yàn)的餐后2 h血糖≥11.1 mmol/L(至少測量2次),或正在進(jìn)行降糖治療。血脂異常定義為總膽固醇(TC)>5.2 mmol/L,或低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)>3.4 mmol/L,或高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)<1.0 mmol/L,或血脂正常但正在服用調(diào)脂藥物。高尿酸血癥定義為血清中尿酸,男性超過416 μmol/L,女性超過357 μmol/L。貧血定義為血紅蛋白,成年男性<130 g/L,成年女性<120 g/L,孕婦<110 g/L。低血清白蛋白定義為血清白蛋白<35 g/L。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法所有數(shù)據(jù)均采用SPSS19.0軟件包進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差()表示,組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn);偏態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料以率或構(gòu)成比表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。對單變量分析中有顯著差異的指標(biāo),采用二元Logistic回歸分析影響心衰類型的因素。以P<0.05(雙側(cè))為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 一般資料及合并癥比較HF-PEF組年齡更大,女性及合并有高血壓者更多,合并有低蛋白血癥、貧血、腎功能不全及高尿酸血癥者較少。HFREF組以心功能Ⅲ、Ⅳ級為主,HF-PEF組以心功能Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ級為主。2組間糖尿病、缺血性心臟病、吸煙、高脂血癥比例差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見表1。
Tab.1Comparison of clinical characteristics and complications between two groups of patients表1 2組患者一般資料及合并癥比較
2.2 生化指標(biāo)及超聲心動圖檢查結(jié)果比較見表2。與HF-REF組比較,HF-PEF組的收縮壓、白蛋白、前白蛋白、TC、LDL-C、HDL-C、三酰甘油(TG)、血鈉、血氯更高,肌酐(Cr)、血尿酸、血鉀相對較低。超聲心動圖檢查結(jié)果示,HF-PEF組的心率、左室舒末容積(EDV)、左室縮末容積(ESV)明顯低于HF-REF組,但2組的每搏量(SV)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。HFPEF組的腦鈉肽(BNP)水平明顯低于HF-REF組;HF-PEF組中BNP輕中度升高(BNP<250 ng/L及BNP 250~750 ng/L)的比例高于HF-REF組。2組間舒張壓、血紅蛋白、空腹血糖差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.3 患者藥物應(yīng)用情況比較與HF-REF組相比,HFPEF組的腎素-血管緊張素系統(tǒng)(RAS)阻斷劑和β受體阻斷劑使用率較低,他汀類藥物使用率較高,見表3。
Tab.2Comparison of laboratory index and echocardiographic results on admission between two groups of patients表2 入院時(shí)2組患者生化指標(biāo)及超聲心動圖檢查結(jié)果比較
Tab.3 Comparison of medication on admission between two groups of patients表3 入院時(shí)2組患者藥物應(yīng)用情況比較例(%)
2.4 HF-PEF影響因素分析以心衰類型為因變量(HF-REF=0,HF-PEF=1),以年齡、性別(男=0,女= 1)、高血壓病史、低蛋白血癥、腎功能不全、貧血、高尿酸血癥(賦值均為是=1,否=0)為自變量進(jìn)行二元Logistic多因素回歸分析,結(jié)果顯示性別、高血壓對HF-PEF組影響更強(qiáng);低蛋白血癥、高尿酸血癥則對HF-REF組影響更強(qiáng),見表4。
Tab.4Multivariate analysis of precipitating factors in HF-PEF patients with chronic heart failure表4 HF-PEF影響因素的二元Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果
國外研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HF-PEF在所有心衰中的占比在40%~71%,平均54%[3]。本研究中,HF-PEF占64.9%(1 356/2 088),與既往國內(nèi)研究類似[4],但高于國外研究[3]。這可能與本研究入選人群年齡偏大及選取的EF臨界值較低有關(guān)。目前,判定HF-PEF的EF臨界值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不一,歐洲心衰調(diào)查以EF≥0.40為臨界值,發(fā)現(xiàn)HF-PEF占46.3%,平均年齡71歲[5];ADHERE研究發(fā)現(xiàn),若以EF≥0.40為臨界值,HFPEF占50.4%,若以EF≥0.55為臨界值,HF-PEF占22.7%[6];OPTIMIZE-HF研究發(fā)現(xiàn),若以EF≥0.40為臨界值,HF-PEF占51.2%[7]。本研究參照2014年中國心力衰竭診斷和治療指南的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),將HFPEF的EF臨界值設(shè)定為0.45,發(fā)現(xiàn)HF-PEF在因心衰住院的患者中非常普遍,占64.9%。HF-PEF的EF臨界值設(shè)定的過高或過低均存在問題,究竟應(yīng)該設(shè)為多少還需要更進(jìn)一步的研究。觀察EF值處于臨界區(qū)(0.50~0.54)人群的自然演變過程也許有助于研究者尋找到一個(gè)理想的臨界值。
本研究表明,HF-PEF患者的平均年齡高于HF-REF患者,與之前的研究結(jié)果相同[6-7]。主要原因是隨著年齡的增加,心肌僵硬化增加,即使不存在高血壓,左心室心肌肥厚的發(fā)生率也可能大大增加[4],并進(jìn)一步引起心室重構(gòu)[8],造成心臟舒張性心功能不全。HF-PEF組高血壓的比例高于HF-REF組,且高血壓是HF-PEF的影響因素,與之前的研究結(jié)果相同[6]。HF-PEF組女性的比例要高于HF-REF組;且性別是HF-PEF的影響因素。有研究表明,女性心衰以舒張性心衰更多見[9]。在心導(dǎo)管檢查中發(fā)現(xiàn),女性心衰患者伴發(fā)舒張性心功能不全的比例較高,雖然左室舒張末期壓力相似,但是女性的左室舒張末期容積要小于男性[10]。
既往研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HF-PEF組的貧血患病率≥HFREF組[9,11],而本研究表明,HF-PEF組的貧血患病率低于HF-REF組,但2組間血紅蛋白差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,與既往研究相反[12]。本研究表明HF-PEF組的腎功能不全比例低于HF-REF組,肌酐值也偏低,但回歸分析未發(fā)現(xiàn)其是HF-PEF的影響因素。
與HF-REF組相比,HF-PEF組的RAS阻斷劑和β受體阻斷劑使用率更低,與既往研究相符[13]。但HF-PEF組他汀的使用率高于HF-REF組,可能與本研究入選的HF-PEF患者中缺血性心臟病比例較高有關(guān)。RAS阻斷劑和β受體阻斷劑的低使用反映出目前對HF-PEF的治療尚缺乏有循證基礎(chǔ)的有效措施。
由于左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)基本正常,過去曾認(rèn)為HFPEF的預(yù)后要好于HF-REF,對HF-PEF的治療關(guān)注也不足,但目前研究發(fā)現(xiàn)HF-PEF的預(yù)后與HFREF相仿,全因死亡率也并不低[14]。HF-PEF的臨床研究均未能證實(shí)對HF-REF有效的藥物如血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶抑制劑(ACEI)、血管緊張素受體拮抗劑(ARB)、β受體阻滯劑等可明顯改善HF-PEF患者的預(yù)后和降低病死率[15]。因此,HF-PEF的治療目前仍以經(jīng)驗(yàn)性治療為主,現(xiàn)在無統(tǒng)一的有循證基礎(chǔ)的規(guī)范化治療。
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(2014-07-25收稿2014-09-10修回)
(本文編輯閆娟)
Differences in clinical characteristics between patients with diastolic heart failure and systolic heart failure
YU Tongtong,LIU Shuangshuang,WANG Jingjing,WANG Chuanhe,HAN Su,SUN Zhijun△
Department of Cardiology,Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University,Shenyang 110004,China△
ObjectiveTo analyze the differences in clinical characteristics and risk factors in patients with diastolic heart failure and systolic heart failure.MethodsA total of 2 088 patients with heart failure were divided into two groups, diastolic heart failure group(EF≥0.45,n=1 356)and systolic heart failure group(EF<0.45,n=732),according to ejection fraction(EF).The clinical features and related factors affecting the two types of heart failure were compared between two groups.ResultsThere were higher age,higher proportion of women and higher proportion of hypertensive patients in diastolic heart failure group than those of systolic heart failure group,but lower rates of hypoalbuminemia,anemia,renal insufficiency and hyperuricimia.There was higher incidence of functional class I and II in diastolic heart failure group.And compared with systolic heart failure group,there were higher levels of systolic blood pressure,albumin,prealbumin,cholesterol, sodium and serum chloride in diastolic heart failure group,but lower levels of heart rates,creatinine,blood uric acid,potassium and brain natriuretic peptide.Compared with systolic heart failure group,there were lower left ventricular end diastolic volume(LVEDV)and left ventricular end systolic volume(LVESV)in diastolic heart failure group.And there were lowerRAS blocker and β-blocker usage,higher statin usage in diastolic heart failure group.Logistic regression analysis showed that gender and hypertension were significantly correlated with diastolic heart failure,and hypoalbuminemia and hyperuricimia were significantly correlated with systolic heart failure.ConclusionOur results show that there are differences in clinical features and risk factors in patients with diastolic heart failure and systolic heart failure.We should take the different treatment and prevention programs for the two kinds of heart failures.
heart failure,diastolic;heart failure,systolic;clinical characteristics;risk factors
R541.61
A
10.3969/j.issn.0253-9896.2015.01.018
中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科,遼寧沈陽(郵編110004)
于彤彤(1983),男,講師,碩士,主要從事心血管病研究
△通訊作者E-mail:sunzj_99@163.com