馬辰星,康向輝(綜述),張景義(審校)
(河北聯(lián)合大學附屬開灤總醫(yī)院 a.內(nèi)分泌科, b.口腔科, 河北 唐山 063000)
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下調(diào)空腹血糖截點對早期診斷糖尿病的價值
馬辰星a△,康向輝b(綜述),張景義a※(審校)
(河北聯(lián)合大學附屬開灤總醫(yī)院 a.內(nèi)分泌科, b.口腔科, 河北 唐山 063000)
摘要:近年來,糖尿病發(fā)病率逐年上升,且發(fā)病年齡有逐年下降的趨勢??崭寡窃\斷糖尿病具有快速、經(jīng)濟、簡便和易被受檢者接受的特點,一直被臨床廣泛應(yīng)用。目前,世界衛(wèi)生組織制訂的空腹血糖診斷糖尿病標準依然偏高,導致漏診率很高。選擇一個合理的早期診斷糖尿病的空腹血糖截點成為研究的熱點問題。該文就近年來國內(nèi)外文獻對空腹血糖與糖尿病并發(fā)癥的關(guān)系,以及下調(diào)空腹血糖截點對早期診斷糖尿病的價值進行了綜述。
關(guān)鍵詞:糖尿病;空腹血糖;截點;早期診斷
1965年,對Pima印第安人的研究顯示,空腹血糖和葡萄糖負荷后2 h血糖(PG 2 h)呈雙峰曲線,奠定了糖尿病的診斷標準[1];1979年,美國國家糖尿病數(shù)據(jù)組制訂并發(fā)表了糖尿病診斷標準及分型[2];世界衛(wèi)生組織于1980年對美國國家糖尿病數(shù)據(jù)組診斷標準進行適當修改后并予以采納;1985年,世界衛(wèi)生組織將診斷標準進行修訂,并得到廣泛認可和應(yīng)用[3]。經(jīng)過十多年的臨床應(yīng)用后,許多研究發(fā)現(xiàn)空腹血糖≥7.8 mmol/L與PG 2 h≥11.1 mmol/L在糖尿病診斷中缺乏良好的一致性;Pima印第安人等4項流行病學研究資料表明,以PG 2 h≥11.1 mmol/L為糖尿病診斷的金標準,那么最匹配的空腹血糖截點應(yīng)在6.7~7.0 mmol/L[4~7]。因此,1997年美國糖尿病協(xié)會提出空腹血糖診斷截點應(yīng)該下調(diào)至7.0 mmol/L;1999年世界衛(wèi)生組織正式采納該建議,形成當今仍在沿用的診斷標準[8]。雖然該標準將空腹血糖僅下調(diào)了0.8 mmol/L,但卻能使20%的患者免于漏診,具有劃時代的臨床意義?,F(xiàn)就空腹血糖與糖尿病并發(fā)癥關(guān)系的研究進行予以綜述。
1空腹血糖與血管并發(fā)癥
糖尿病的診斷標準是依據(jù)糖尿病性血管病變的發(fā)生率制訂的[1,4]。因此,空腹血糖與糖尿病性血管并發(fā)癥之間存在一定的相關(guān)性。糖尿病微血管并發(fā)癥(視網(wǎng)膜病變、腎病等)是致殘和降低糖尿病患者生活質(zhì)量的主要危險因素之一,而80%的2型糖尿病患者死于糖尿病大血管并發(fā)癥——心血管疾病[9]。早期診斷糖尿病、積極控制血糖對延緩糖尿病慢性并發(fā)癥具有重要意義,并能真正降低糖尿病血管并發(fā)癥的致殘率和病死率。
1.1空腹血糖與心血管疾病一方面,心血管并發(fā)癥是導致糖尿病死亡的重要原因之一[10];另一方面,糖尿病又是心血管疾病重要的獨立危險因素[11]。眾所周知,三酰甘油是預測冠狀動脈粥樣硬化性心臟病(冠心病)的重要指標,有研究顯示, 空腹血糖和空腹三酰甘油呈正相關(guān),并且是餐后三酰甘油的一個重要預測指標[12]。因此,再次印證空腹血糖是冠心病的獨立危險因素。另有研究顯示,即使正常人群和空腹血糖增高但未達到7.0 mmol/L 的人群,心血管疾病的發(fā)生風險與空腹血糖升高也呈線性正相關(guān)[13-14]。另外,一項涉及70萬非糖尿患者、102個前瞻性研究的薈萃分析結(jié)果表明,空腹血糖與心血管疾病的發(fā)生風險均呈現(xiàn)一個溫和的非線性增加趨勢[15]。不但糖尿病早期空腹血糖的增高能夠增加心血管疾病病死率[16],而且糖尿病的病程與心血管病死率也呈顯著正相關(guān)[15]。盡早篩查空腹血糖、早期使血糖控制達標,并盡早干預生活方式,對減少心血管疾病的發(fā)生更有意義[17]。
1.2空腹血糖與視網(wǎng)膜病變糖尿病性視網(wǎng)膜病變(diabetic retinopathy, DR)是一種可早期診斷的致盲性眼病。雖然DR發(fā)病率很高,但知曉率卻很低,就診率更低,晚期治療效果不理想,造成了高致盲率,從而給患者帶來極大痛苦。我國40歲以上糖尿病患者中DR的患病率約為37%[18];而2005年至2008年,美國≥40歲的成年人DR的患病率約為28.5%[19];在非洲糖尿病患者中DR的患病率為30.2%~31.6%[20]。當糖尿病患者血糖達到一定閾值時,容易發(fā)生微血管并發(fā)癥,從而使DR的發(fā)生風險顯著增加。Tapp等[21]從澳大利亞隨機選擇42個地區(qū)且年齡≥25歲的成年人,進行視網(wǎng)膜病變的評估,得出結(jié)論:當空腹血糖>6.6 mmol/L,DR的患病率已經(jīng)呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢;當空腹血糖>7.1 mmol/L,DR的患病率上升趨勢更加顯著。Colagiuri等[22]對來自5個國家9項研究的44 623例患者(年齡20~79歲)的可分級視網(wǎng)膜照片數(shù)據(jù)匯集進行了分析,建議糖尿病的空腹血糖診斷截點應(yīng)下降為6.5 mmol/L。東亞人口中唯一使用眼科檢查的糖尿病研究表明,最佳診斷糖尿病的空腹血糖截點應(yīng)為 6.4 mmol/L[23]。
1.3空腹血糖與糖尿病腎病糖尿病性腎病是糖尿病最嚴重的并發(fā)癥之一,在我國,終末期腎病患者中糖尿病腎病約占15%。眾所周知,尿微量白蛋白是糖尿病早期腎臟損害的靈敏指標,也是判斷糖尿病性腎病預后的重要指標。Tapp等[21]對某研究人群進行了微量白蛋白尿的評估,結(jié)果表明空腹血糖>6.6 mmol/L,糖尿病性腎病的患病率明顯上升。
2空腹血糖與PG 2 h
許多研究均顯示,空腹血糖與PG 2 h呈線性正相關(guān)[4,24-25]。如果以PG 2 h≥11.1 mmol/L為糖尿病診斷的金標準, 那么最匹配的空腹血糖截點為6.4 mmol/L[23]和6.8 mmol/L[4], 均<7.0 mmol/L。也就是說,通過空腹血糖可大概估計其PG 2 h血糖情況。然而,食物血糖生成指數(shù)的差異和個人飲食結(jié)構(gòu)的不同,可對PG 2 h造成不同的影響[26-27],致使單純測量PG 2 h值將導致較大的測量誤差。另外,PG 2 h也存在測量不方便、不易被人群接受等缺點,所以PG 2 h不適合作為篩查糖尿病的首要方法??崭寡菧y量方便、經(jīng)濟、易被廣大人群接受,并且混雜因素容易控制,不存在飲食差異對血糖測量結(jié)果的干擾,結(jié)果更快速、可靠。因此,空腹血糖比PG 2 h更適合作為早期篩查及診斷糖尿病的首要手段。
3空腹血糖與糖化血紅蛋白
目前,空腹血糖與糖化血紅蛋白在糖尿病篩查及診斷意義方面的研究,均以空腹血糖≥7.0 mmol/L為標準,得出糖化血紅蛋白診斷糖尿病等效于甚至優(yōu)于空腹血糖的結(jié)果[28-29]。類似研究未闡述血紅蛋白病、溶血性疾病或其他與紅細胞壽命縮短等對糖化血紅蛋白的測定結(jié)果會產(chǎn)生何種影響[30-31]。
4空腹血糖截點的爭議
雖然空腹血糖≥7.0 mmol/L作為診斷糖尿病的截點在全世界范圍內(nèi)廣泛使用,但這個截點仍然不完美,有許多的受檢者漏診。Pima印第安人和美國國家健康及營養(yǎng)調(diào)查研究Ⅲ發(fā)現(xiàn),空腹血糖最佳診斷截點為6.8 mmol/L和6.7 mmol/L[4,7]。近年來,一些學者認為,1999年世界衛(wèi)生組織空腹血糖診斷標準空腹血糖≥7.0 mmol/L偏高,空腹血糖診斷截點降至6.5 mmol/L更為合理[22]。日本久山研究表明,東亞人診斷糖尿病的空腹血糖最佳截點為6.4 mmol/L[23]。韓國一項研究顯示,診斷糖尿病的空腹血糖最佳截點是6.1 mmol/L[32]。澳大利亞的研究表明,雖然空腹血糖>6.6 mmol/L,DR的患病率就已經(jīng)有了較明顯地上升,但當空腹血糖>7.1 mmol/L后,DR的患病率才呈現(xiàn)顯著上升趨勢[21]。同樣,我國北京市的一項橫斷面研究也顯示了同樣結(jié)果,空腹血糖>6.6 mmol/L,DR患病率有所上升,當空腹血糖>7.2 mmol/L后,DR的患病率急劇上升[33]。這兩項研究均認為,當前世界衛(wèi)生組織的診斷截點是合理的。
5小結(jié)
近年來,中國的糖尿病患病率大幅增加,有很多患者沒有被及時發(fā)現(xiàn),人群中未確診的糖尿病患者人數(shù)眾多,估計可達到總患病人數(shù)的50%[34]。糖尿病患者在出現(xiàn)臨床癥狀以前有較長的臨床前期階段,而一旦診斷為糖尿病,一部分患者已經(jīng)合并了糖尿病慢性并發(fā)癥。目前,甚至有使用現(xiàn)有的醫(yī)療計劃數(shù)據(jù),開發(fā)和驗證識別2型糖尿病高危個體的預測方程的研究項目[35]??梢姡澜绶秶鷥?nèi)對糖尿病非常重視,糖尿病需要早期篩查、診斷,盡早使血糖控制達標,從而延緩并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生和發(fā)展。因此,如何選擇一個合理的空腹血糖診斷截點,從而更有效地早期診斷糖尿病成為值得進一步探討的問題。
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Study on the Value of Down-regulating the Cut-off Point of Fasting Blood Glucose in Early Diagnosis of Diabetes
MAChen-xinga,KANGXiang-huib,ZHANGJing-yia.
(a.DepartmentofEndocrinology,b.DepartmentofStomatology,KailuanGeneralHospitalAffiliatedtoHebeiUnitedUniversity,Tangshan063000,China)
Abstract:In recent years,the incidence of diabetes has been increasing year by year,and the age of onset has a downward trend.Detection of fasting blood glucose has been widely used in clinical to diagnose diabetes due to its characteristics of fast,economical,simple,and easily accepted.Currently,the WHO diagnostic criteria of fasting blood glucose for diabetes remains high,which leads to high rate of misdiagnosis,so choosing a reasonable cut-off point of fasting blood glucose for early diagnosis of diabetes has become a hot research spot.Here is to make a review of relationship between fasting blood glucose and diabetes complications,and the value of down-regulating the cut-off point of fasting blood glucose in early diagnosis of diabetes basing on recent literatures worldwide.
Key words:Diabetes mellitus; Fasting blood glucose; Cut-off point; Early diagnosis
收稿日期:2014-03-19修回日期:2014-07-30編輯:鄭雪
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.07.043
中圖分類號:R587.1
文獻標識碼:A
文章編號:1006-2084(2015)07-1263-03