顧祖良
摘 要: 最近幾年出版了眾多英語作文范文書籍,對(duì)提高學(xué)生的英語寫作水平起到一定作用。然而,在一些作文范文書中,存在許多詞匯和語法錯(cuò)誤,尤其是動(dòng)詞搭配錯(cuò)誤,這些錯(cuò)誤很有可能會(huì)誤導(dǎo)讀者。針對(duì)這些錯(cuò)誤,找出其原因,并給出正確的動(dòng)詞搭配用法。
關(guān)鍵詞: 英語 作文范文 動(dòng)詞搭配 錯(cuò)誤
Nattinger(1992)認(rèn)為,語言表達(dá)的流利程度不取決于學(xué)習(xí)者大腦中儲(chǔ)存了多少生成語法規(guī)則,而取決于詞匯組塊儲(chǔ)存的多少,是詞匯搭配使人們流利地表達(dá)自我。朱永生等學(xué)者同樣提到了搭配在寫作教學(xué)中的作用,“對(duì)于學(xué)外語的人來說,掌握目的語中的足夠詞匯無疑是相當(dāng)困難而又十分重要的,但同樣困難、同樣重要的是掌握好這些詞匯的正確用法,掌握好目的語中詞項(xiàng)與詞項(xiàng)的搭配習(xí)慣、理解它們的文化內(nèi)涵。單個(gè)的詞項(xiàng)好比是磚瓦,好比是機(jī)器的零部件,了解如何才能將磚瓦砌成房屋、如何才能將零部件組裝成機(jī)器,方能真正達(dá)到學(xué)外語的目的”(朱永生,鄭立信,苗興偉,2001)。由此可見,在英語寫作中,選詞和搭配非常重要。然而,在《2014淘金英語專業(yè)8級(jí)寫作范文背誦100篇》(王興揚(yáng)主審,伍樂其主編,世界音像電子出版社2013年4月第2版,以下簡稱100篇),《全真試卷·六級(jí)》(陳幼平主編,上海交通大學(xué)出版社,2012年,2014年重?。ㄒ韵潞喎Q六級(jí)),以及《淘金式優(yōu)化沖刺CET-4新題型預(yù)測(cè)》(潘曉燕主編,世圖音像電子出版社,2013年9月,以下簡稱新題型預(yù)測(cè))等書中,所給的英語作文范文,存在一些錯(cuò)誤,其中動(dòng)詞搭配錯(cuò)誤尤為突出。本文舉一些實(shí)例,糾正錯(cuò)誤,供讀者參考,也跟原作者進(jìn)行商榷。
一、動(dòng)詞pride的搭配用法
在《100篇》p.18上,有以下一句:
He prides himself in the fact that he does not have to work hard to be better than others and gives up learning completely.
筆者認(rèn)為,原句中“prides himself in”的搭配用法有誤。“pride oneself on sth/doing sth.”是固定搭配,其中的介詞要用on。例如:
1.She prided herself on her ability to speak eight languages/on knowing eight languages.她對(duì)自己會(huì)說八種語言感到得意。
2.She had always prided herself on her appearance.她總是對(duì)自己的外貌感到得意。
3.He prides himself on remaining calm in an emergency.他在緊急關(guān)頭十分鎮(zhèn)靜,為此感到驕傲。
當(dāng)pride作名詞用時(shí),可用于“take (a) pride in sth./doing sth.”的詞組中,這時(shí),介詞要用in,而不用on。例如:
1.I take(a)pride in my work.我為自己的工作感到驕傲。
2.We take great pride in offering the best service in town.我們以能夠提供全城最好的服務(wù)而自豪。
從上述實(shí)例中,我們可以看出,pride既可作動(dòng)詞用,又可作名詞用,但是各自所用的介詞是不同的。因此,原句宜改為:He prides himself on the fact that he does not have to work hard to be better than others and gives up learning completely.也可改為:He takes(a)pride in the fact that he does not have to work hard to be better than others and gives up learning completely.
二、動(dòng)詞contribute的搭配用法
在《100篇》p.68上,有以下一句:
I believe that the three R principles can contribute a lot to reach the eco-friendly destination.
筆者認(rèn)為原句中的動(dòng)詞“contribute”用法有誤?!癱ontribute to”作“有助于,促成;是……的部分原因”解,其中的to是介詞,后面跟sth.或doing sth.,不跟to do sth.。例如:
1.Plenty of fresh air contributes to good health.充足的新鮮空氣有益于身體健康。
2.The driver’s carelessness contributed to the accident. 司機(jī)的粗心大意是造成這場事故的原因之一。
3.Can robots contribute to preventing environmental deterioration?機(jī)器人能有助于阻止環(huán)境的惡化嗎?
4.As is known to us,good learning habits contribute to improving?learning efficiency.眾所周知,好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣有助于提高學(xué)習(xí)效率。
從上述實(shí)例中,我們可以看出,“contribute to”詞組中的“to”是介詞,不是不定式符號(hào)。因此,原句宜改為:I believe that the three R principles can contribute a lot to reaching the eco-friendly destination.也可改為:I believe that the three R principles can help a lot to reach the eco-friendly destination.(把contribute 改為help,其后可跟(to)do sth.)
三、動(dòng)詞see的搭配用法
在《100篇》p.84和p.86上,分別有以下一句:
As far as I see it,the resentment towards the rich results from the widening gap between the rich and the poor and also the impression that“rich guys usually get their way”.
As far as I see it,there are two main advantages—environmentally-friendly and healthy.
筆者認(rèn)為,以上兩句中的動(dòng)詞“see”用法有誤,“as far as I see it”不符合英語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。在要表達(dá)“在我看來,依我看來,依我之見,就我所知”時(shí),英語中,我們既可說“as far as I can see”,又可說“as I see it”。前者沒用it,后者不可缺少it,二者不可混用。例如:
1.That’s the problem as far as I can see.在我看來,那就是問題所在。
2.As far as I can see,at least four different weapons were used.依我之見,至少使用過四種不同的武器。
3.As I see it,there are two alternatives.We can either stay with your parents or rent a place.在我看來,有兩種選擇。我們可以跟你父母住也可以租房住。
4.As I see it(=according to my view of the situation),the blame lies with the driver.依我看,這責(zé)任在司機(jī)。
從以上實(shí)例中,不難看出,英語中無“as far as I see it”的搭配用法。因此,原句宜改為:1. As far as I can see,the resentment towards the rich results from the widening gap between the rich and the poor and also the impression that“rich guys usually get their way”.2. As far as I can see,there are two main advantages—environmentally-friendly and healthy.也可改為:1. As I see it,the resentment towards the rich results from the widening gap between the rich and the poor and also the impression that“rich guys usually get their way”. 2.As I see it,there are two main advantages—environmentally-friendly and healthy.
四、動(dòng)詞justify的搭配用法
在《100篇》p.169上,有以下一句:
In conclusion,universities are justified to bond with enterprises and accept their financial support.
筆者認(rèn)為,原句中的動(dòng)詞“justify”用法有誤。根據(jù)英語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,“be justified”后一般不跟“to do sth.”,而要用“in doing sth.”或“in sth.”,“be justified in doing sth./sth.”是固定搭配用法。例如:
1.She felt fully justified in asking for a refund.她覺得有充足的理由要求退款。
2.I think I’m completely justified in asking for her resignation.我認(rèn)為,我要求她辭職是完全合理的。
3.Is he justified in his criticisms?他的批評(píng)有道理嗎?
4.Charwell had been perfectly justified in his action.查威爾的行為已證明是完全正當(dāng)?shù)摹?/p>
從上述實(shí)例中,我們可以看出,“be justified”后不可跟“to do sth.”。因此,原句宜改為:In conclusion,universities are justified in bonding with enterprises and accepting their financial support.
五、動(dòng)詞result的搭配用法
在《100篇》p.212上,有以下一句:
In my opinion,the upsurge is resulted from two-fold factors.
筆者認(rèn)為,原句中的動(dòng)詞“result”用法有誤。根據(jù)英語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,“result from”和“result in”都用主動(dòng)式,不可用被動(dòng)式。例如:
1.The damage resulted from the fire.這損失由火災(zāi)所致。
2.His lameness resulted from an accident.一次事故造成了他的跛足。
3.Sickness often results from eating too much.過量進(jìn)食常會(huì)導(dǎo)致疾病。
4.The game resulted in a win for our side.比賽結(jié)果為我方獲勝。
從上述實(shí)例中,我們可以看出,動(dòng)詞詞組“result from”不可用于被動(dòng)式。因此,原句宜改為:In my opinion,the upsurge results from two-fold factors.也可改為:In my opinion,two-fold factors result in the upsurge.
六、動(dòng)詞reward的搭配用法
在《六級(jí)》2013年12月大學(xué)英語六級(jí)考試真題(第三套)作文高分范文中,有以下一句:
During his lifetime which symbolizes the triumph of the human spirit,Nelson Mandela was rewarded the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize.
筆者認(rèn)為,原句中的動(dòng)詞“reward”用法有誤。在英語中,動(dòng)詞“reward”和“award”在用法上是有區(qū)分的。
動(dòng)詞“reward”作“報(bào)答;獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)”解,常用于“reward sb.for(doing)sth.”和“reward sb.with sth.”的句型中,前者“with”后跟的名稱是具體名稱,表示所獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的物品等,后者“for”所跟的成分表示獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的原因。有時(shí),二者可合用,即“reward sb.with…for(doing)sth.”。例如:
1.She started singing to the baby and was rewarded with a smile.她開始給孩子唱歌,孩子則報(bào)以微笑。
2.They rewarded him(for his great help)with a gift of money.他們獎(jiǎng)給他一筆錢(以酬謝他鼎力幫助。
3.They rewarded the boy with£5 for bringing back the lost dog.他們因男孩帶回那條走失的狗獎(jiǎng)給他5英鎊。
動(dòng)詞“award”作“授予;給予”解,可用在“award sb.sth.”和“award sth.to sb.”的句型中,其中的名稱為獎(jiǎng)品或榮譽(yù)稱號(hào)等。例如:
1.They awarded him a medal.他們授予他一枚獎(jiǎng)?wù)隆?/p>
2.I was awarded the Nobel Prize.我獲得了諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)。
3.The prize was awarded to me for excellence in French.我因法語成績優(yōu)異而獲獎(jiǎng)。
4.The degree of B.A.was awarded to him.他被授予文學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位。
從上述實(shí)例中,我們可以看出,動(dòng)詞“reward”和“award”的不同用法。因此,原句宜改為:During his lifetime which symbolizes the triumph of the human spirit,Nelson Mandela was awarded the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize.
七、動(dòng)詞arouse的搭配用法
在《新題型預(yù)測(cè)》“Should Rewards for Doing A Good Deed be Promoted?”的作文范文里,有以下一句:
However,in recent years there has aroused a heated debated as to whether people should be rewarded for doing a good deed.
筆者認(rèn)為,原句中動(dòng)詞“arouse”用法有誤。在由“There”開頭的句子中,其后的動(dòng)詞不能用及物動(dòng)詞,往往用不及物動(dòng)詞,如come,remain,lie,stand,arise及exist,等等。主語退居后面,目的是突出主語的意義分量。例如:
1.There comes a point where you give up.現(xiàn)在該你認(rèn)輸了。
2.There remains the problem of finance.財(cái)政問題仍然存在。
3.There lies a large field of rice in front of our village.在我們的村莊前面有一大片稻田。
4.There stands a high monument in the middle of the square.廣場中央矗立著一座高大的紀(jì)念碑。
5.There arises a certain insincerity in our philosophic discussions.在我們哲學(xué)的討論里發(fā)生了一種不誠實(shí)的情況。
6.There always exists a force of attraction between two bodies.兩個(gè)物體之間永遠(yuǎn)存在著吸引力。
從上述實(shí)例中,我們可以看出,動(dòng)詞“arouse”是及物動(dòng)詞,作“激起;引起”解,不能用于“There+動(dòng)詞(不及物動(dòng)詞)+主語(名稱主語)”的句型中。
因此,原句宜改為:However,in recent years there has arisen a heated debate as to whether people should be rewarded for doing a good deed.動(dòng)詞arise作“發(fā)生;產(chǎn)生;出現(xiàn)”解,是不及物動(dòng)詞,可用于上述特定句型中。
英語范文中出現(xiàn)的上述動(dòng)詞搭配錯(cuò)誤,筆者認(rèn)為有必要提出來同原作者商榷,希望原作者注意到這些錯(cuò)誤,在圖書再版時(shí)給予糾正。只有這樣,讀者才能受益,提高英語寫作能力。
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