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膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤的遺傳特性:異質(zhì)性及臨床意義

2015-08-03 05:59涂艷陽張永生第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)唐都醫(yī)院實(shí)驗(yàn)外科唐都醫(yī)院陜西西安70038
關(guān)鍵詞:母細(xì)胞膠質(zhì)瘤膠質(zhì)

涂艷陽,李 倩,張永生 (第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué):唐都醫(yī)院實(shí)驗(yàn)外科,唐都醫(yī)院,陜西 西安70038)

0 引言

膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤(glioblastomamultiforme,GBM)是最常見的、致死率最高的成人腦腫瘤,約占所有膠質(zhì)瘤的60%~70%.雖然對(duì)膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤的治療取得了進(jìn)步,但GBM患者的平均存活時(shí)間仍然較短,約為15個(gè)月[1].根據(jù)其臨床特點(diǎn),GBM被劃分為原發(fā)性和繼發(fā)性膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤.原發(fā)性膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤進(jìn)展迅速,無癌前病變;繼發(fā)性膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤可進(jìn)展為彌漫性星形細(xì)胞瘤(WHOⅡ級(jí))或間變性星形細(xì)胞瘤(WHOⅢ級(jí))[2].最近GBM基因譜研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些對(duì)診斷和預(yù)后評(píng)估有用的“生物標(biāo)記物”,如異檸檬酸脫氫酶1(isocitrate dehydrogenase 1,IDH1)突變,該突變?cè)诶^發(fā)性膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤中較常見(>80%),但在原發(fā)性膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤中很少見(<5%)[3-5].癌癥基因組圖譜(Cancer Genome Atlas,TCGA)研究基于基因表達(dá)水平把GBM分為四類分子分型:前神經(jīng)元(proneural)、神經(jīng)元(neural)、經(jīng)典(classical)和間葉(mesenchymal)[6],加深了對(duì)原發(fā)性和繼發(fā)性膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤基因組改變的認(rèn)識(shí)(表1).

1 分子異質(zhì)性

最近大規(guī)?;蚪M分析明確了GBM的瘤內(nèi)異質(zhì)性,從而進(jìn)一步細(xì)化了該病的病理組織學(xué)分類.TCGA研究揭示了GBM的遺傳和表觀遺傳改變,及具有潛在預(yù)后或診斷價(jià)值的生物標(biāo)記物,如TP53突變、IDH1突變、表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)的擴(kuò)增或突變以及氧(6)-甲基鳥嘌呤-DNA甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase,MGMT)啟動(dòng)子甲基化[7].

瘤內(nèi)分子異質(zhì)性是臨床上對(duì)抗腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)、侵襲所面臨的主要挑戰(zhàn).而靶向治療能夠針對(duì)性地作用于高表達(dá)特定蛋白的一類細(xì)胞亞群,而不影響其它細(xì)胞,通過這種篩選,其它細(xì)胞亞群則繼續(xù)增殖[8].兩個(gè)廣泛應(yīng)用的靶向治療方案為:靶向EGFR或血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子的抑制劑.

基因表達(dá)譜分析表明GBM中存在與腫瘤發(fā)生相關(guān)的不同的分子和遺傳變異,并可依據(jù)其匹配的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分級(jí)再次細(xì)分.Verhaak等[6]依據(jù)其不同的遺傳、表觀遺傳和轉(zhuǎn)錄修飾特點(diǎn)以及預(yù)測(cè)和診斷價(jià)值提出了四種分子亞型,包括前神經(jīng)元、神經(jīng)元、經(jīng)典和間葉,如IDH1/2突變?yōu)榍吧窠?jīng)元,EGFR擴(kuò)增為經(jīng)典亞型、NF1缺失為間葉亞型[9].EGFR擴(kuò)增、IDH1/2突變、MGMT啟動(dòng)子甲基化、1p/19q共缺失是目前主要的生物標(biāo)志物.

表1 原發(fā)性和繼發(fā)性膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤不同的遺傳和臨床特征

2 分子標(biāo)志物

2.1 表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體的擴(kuò)增/突變體 EGFR是膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞瘤最常見的治療靶點(diǎn),40%~60%患者存在該基因擴(kuò)增[10-11].EGFR修飾激活多種細(xì)胞信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路,并最終促進(jìn)腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)和進(jìn)展.最常見的EGFR變異體是EGFRvIII,它是以配體非依賴的方式組成性激活EGFR,其對(duì)預(yù)后影響具有爭(zhēng)議.Heimberger等[11]稱EGFRvIII變異體與患者的治療結(jié)果不具有相關(guān)性.Pelloski等[12]的研究結(jié)果顯示其與預(yù)后不良相關(guān),或是可作為較長(zhǎng)存活期的預(yù)測(cè)分子[13],即使經(jīng)過患者的分子預(yù)篩選,諸如厄洛替尼、吉非替尼或單克隆抗體等小分子抑制劑亦無法阻斷EGFR信號(hào)通路[14].因此,EGFR靶向治療的抗性機(jī)制及其基因擴(kuò)增或變異體的預(yù)后價(jià)值仍需闡明[15].

2.2 異檸檬酸脫氫酶-1/異檸檬酸脫氫酶-2基因突變 IDH1和IDH2突變常見于II級(jí)、III級(jí)膠質(zhì)瘤和繼發(fā)性膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤,高達(dá)70%~75%,在原發(fā)性膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤中較罕見,只有5%.IDH1突變與TP53突變、1P/19q缺失呈強(qiáng)相關(guān)性[3].IDH1突變通常存在于TP53突變的年輕患者中,且預(yù)后良好.IDH1/2突變也與表觀遺傳改變密切相關(guān)[4,16].IDH 突變、1p/19q共缺失及神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤CpG島高甲基化表型(glioma-CpG island hypermethylator phenotype,G-CIMP)被認(rèn)為是預(yù)后良好的標(biāo)記物,也被用來預(yù)測(cè)化療反應(yīng)[17].

2.3 氧(6)-甲基鳥嘌呤-DNA甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶啟動(dòng)子甲基化 MGMT編碼DNA修復(fù)酶能修復(fù)使用替莫唑胺烷化物化療而產(chǎn)生的細(xì)胞毒性產(chǎn)物.MGMT的高甲基化或表觀遺傳沉默失活了DNA修復(fù)能力,使腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)治療更敏感[18].MGMT啟動(dòng)子甲基化是IDH1/2突變/G-CIMP陽性神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤的常見特征,而在G-CIMP陰性的原發(fā)性膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤中不太普遍[19].

2.4 1型神經(jīng)纖維瘤蛋白 NF1基因編碼1型神經(jīng)纖維瘤蛋白,這是一種腫瘤抑癌基因,負(fù)向調(diào)節(jié)Ras和哺乳動(dòng)物星形細(xì)胞瘤的雷帕霉素靶點(diǎn)[20].NF1基因突變是膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤間葉亞型最常見的特征[6].降解增加和蛋白激酶C的過度活化均能導(dǎo)致NF1蛋白失活[21].NF1缺失可以通過Ras信號(hào)通路的介導(dǎo)過度激活(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR),從而促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖和遷移[22].雖然NF1的純合缺失在體內(nèi)體外均能促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖,但這一單一因素不足以誘導(dǎo)遺傳工程小鼠模型的腫瘤形成[23].一些研究報(bào)道利用基因工程小鼠模型顯示,當(dāng)神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的NF1純合性丟失與TP53突變相關(guān)聯(lián)時(shí)會(huì)誘導(dǎo)形成惡性星形細(xì)胞瘤[24],并且當(dāng)同時(shí)發(fā)生磷酸酶、張力蛋白同源缺失,則會(huì)進(jìn)一步進(jìn)展為膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤[25].

2.5 血小板衍生的生長(zhǎng)因子受體α擴(kuò)增 血小板衍生的生長(zhǎng)因子受體α(platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha,PDGFRA)基因在約13%的GBM中都有擴(kuò)增,主要存在于前神經(jīng)元亞型[6,9].PDGF 和PDGFR擴(kuò)增已被證明與侵襲性腦膠質(zhì)瘤生長(zhǎng)相關(guān).PDGFR和(或)其配體表達(dá)可通過自分泌、旁分泌途徑促進(jìn)腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展[26].此外,PDGFR可以非配體依賴的方式激活.PDGFRAΔ8,9是一種 PDGFRA的基因內(nèi)缺失,與非配體依賴的下游c-Jun磷酸化相關(guān)聯(lián)[27].點(diǎn)突變只能在Ⅳ級(jí)膠質(zhì)瘤中檢測(cè)到,表明PDGFRA是這類患者潛在的治療靶點(diǎn).

3 異質(zhì)性臨床意義

瘤內(nèi)異質(zhì)性具有兩面性:一方面可作為預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)后的生物標(biāo)記物來指導(dǎo)個(gè)體化治療,另一方面它又是靶向治療失敗的誘導(dǎo)因素.GBM的遺傳改變主要涉及三大信號(hào)通路包括:RTK/RAS/PI3K,P53/MDM2/MDM4和 RB/CDK4/INK4A[18].表 2 列出了一些臨床試驗(yàn)中常見的靶向治療.但是,諸如貝伐單抗的靶向藥物和目前臨床上的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療相比并沒有顯現(xiàn)出較好的療效,患者總生存期也未見延長(zhǎng)[28].腫瘤亞克隆多樣性、藥物滲透性差和其他代償途徑的激活均會(huì)造成治療的失利[29].

表2 常見的突變基因和治療藥物

總之,細(xì)胞亞型和新的生物標(biāo)記物的鑒定,例如IDH1,有效地補(bǔ)充了傳統(tǒng)的病理組織學(xué)分級(jí),有助于進(jìn)一步提高疾病的預(yù)后預(yù)測(cè)能力.然而,由于診斷方法的局限性以及腫瘤進(jìn)展過程中的復(fù)雜變化,使得從根本上預(yù)測(cè)此類腫瘤的治療效果仍有難度.因此,個(gè)體化治療從一個(gè)理念到真正轉(zhuǎn)化成臨床實(shí)踐,滿足臨床治療需求仍有很長(zhǎng)的路要走.采用靶向不同信號(hào)通路的多種抑制劑聯(lián)合治療或調(diào)控分子靶向劑都可能是未來膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤治療的發(fā)展方向.

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