劉瑞萍 顧雪祥 章永梅 王佳琳 鄭硌 高海軍
中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)地球科學(xué)與資源學(xué)院,地質(zhì)過程與礦產(chǎn)資源國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100083
東北地區(qū)位于世界三大成礦域之一的環(huán)太平洋成礦域,同時(shí)也是中亞-興蒙造山帶的一部分。中生代以來,該區(qū)經(jīng)歷了古亞洲洋的閉合和太平洋板塊的俯沖作用,導(dǎo)致多期強(qiáng)烈的構(gòu)造巖漿活動(dòng)和大規(guī)模成礦作用,礦床類型以淺成低溫?zé)嵋盒徒鸬V床和斑巖型金銅礦床為主。淺成低溫?zé)嵋盒徒鸬V床主要賦存于早白堊世火山巖中,如小興安嶺地區(qū)高松山金礦床的賦礦圍巖為早白堊世板子房組中酸性火山巖(鄭硌等,2013);大興安嶺地區(qū)的旁開門金礦床賦存于早白堊世甘河組火山巖中(李向文等,2012),古利庫金(銀)礦床賦存于早白堊世龍江組和光華組安山巖和英安巖中(楊芳林等,2000);吉林東部的刺猬溝金礦床和五鳳-五星山金礦床賦存于早白堊世金鉤嶺組中酸性火山巖中(門蘭靜等,2010)。東安金礦床位于黑龍江省遜克縣境內(nèi),是黑龍江省有色金屬地質(zhì)勘查707 隊(duì)于2000 年發(fā)現(xiàn)的產(chǎn)于早白堊世光華組火山-次火山巖和燕山期堿長花崗巖中的一個(gè)大型低硫型淺成低溫?zé)嵋航鸬V床。該礦床發(fā)現(xiàn)以來,眾多學(xué)者對(duì)礦床地質(zhì)特征(劉偉等,2002;郭繼海等,2004;劉智明,2006;蘇仁奎等,2006)、巖石地球化學(xué)(劉偉等,2002;薛明軒等,2002;郭繼海等,2004;楊鐵錚,2008)、年代學(xué)(楊鐵錚,2008;馬芳芳等,2012)、成礦流體和物質(zhì)來源(于建波等,2005;霍亮和孫豐月,2010)、礦床成因(敖貴武等,2004;陶衛(wèi)星等,2006;葉鑫,2011)和成礦地質(zhì)背景(葉鑫,2011;馬芳芳等,2012)等方面進(jìn)行了研究。但有關(guān)作為賦礦圍巖的早白堊世光華組火山-次火山巖和燕山期堿長花崗巖的巖石成因和構(gòu)造背景仍存在較大的爭議,對(duì)侵入巖、火山巖與成礦作用的關(guān)系更是缺乏系統(tǒng)的認(rèn)識(shí)。本文通過對(duì)堿長花崗巖和光華組火山巖的巖石地球化學(xué)分析和LA-ICP-MS 鋯石U-Pb 同位素年代學(xué)研究,探討賦礦圍巖的巖石成因和大地構(gòu)造背景,以確定與成礦作用相關(guān)的構(gòu)造和巖漿事件。
圖1 東安金礦床區(qū)域地質(zhì)圖(據(jù)Zhang et al.,2010 修改)Fig.1 Regional geologic map of the Dong’an gold deposit (modified after Zhang et al.,2010)
位于中亞-興蒙造山帶東段的中國東北地區(qū),古生代經(jīng)歷了古亞洲構(gòu)造域的演化,中生代經(jīng)歷了環(huán)太平洋板塊的俯沖作用以及蒙古-鄂霍茨克構(gòu)造體系的疊加改造作用(劉俊杰等,1993)(圖1)。
區(qū)域出露最老的地層為上元古界一面坡組,主要由千枚巖、變粒巖、變質(zhì)中酸性火山巖組成。古生代地層出露有下寒武統(tǒng)鉛西組,巖性主要為白云質(zhì)大理巖、炭質(zhì)板巖和泥質(zhì)板巖等;上二疊統(tǒng)紅山組,巖性主要為變質(zhì)長石巖屑砂巖、變質(zhì)砂礫巖和板巖等。中生代出露地層主要為白堊系,自下而上為龍江組安山巖、杏仁安山巖,光華組英安巖、流紋巖和流紋質(zhì)凝灰?guī)r,九峰山組含礫粗砂巖、礫巖和泥質(zhì)粉砂巖。新生代地層主要為第四系下更新統(tǒng)大熊山玄武巖。
區(qū)內(nèi)巖漿活動(dòng)強(qiáng)烈,具有多期、多階段的特點(diǎn),可分為三個(gè)旋回:(1)加里東期花崗閃長巖,呈巖基和巖株產(chǎn)出;(2)印支期花崗閃長巖和二長花崗巖,呈巖基和巖株產(chǎn)出;(3)燕山期堿長花崗巖、潛流紋巖、花崗斑巖,呈巖脈產(chǎn)出,與同時(shí)代的中-酸性火山巖相伴生。
區(qū)內(nèi)斷裂構(gòu)造發(fā)育,主要有NNE 向庫爾濱殼斷裂、近EW 向三間房斷裂和NE 向陷馬河-南營子隱伏斷裂。庫爾濱殼斷裂沿庫爾濱河谷展布,形成于燕山期,為主要的控巖、控礦構(gòu)造。三間房斷裂西段沿庫爾濱河谷展布,東段被砂礫巖覆蓋,錯(cuò)切庫爾濱斷裂。NE 向陷馬河-南營子隱伏斷裂的次級(jí)斷裂極其發(fā)育。不同期次的斷裂構(gòu)造控制了不同時(shí)代的巖漿侵位、火山噴發(fā)以及盆地的形成和演化。
礦區(qū)地層出露簡單,主要有:下白堊統(tǒng)光華組(K1gn)中酸性火山巖及火山碎屑巖,巖性主要有安山巖、粗安巖、英安巖和流紋巖等;第四系(Q)玄武巖、砂礫巖等(圖2)。
礦區(qū)構(gòu)造以斷裂和火山機(jī)構(gòu)為主。NNE 向庫爾濱殼斷裂位于礦區(qū)北西部,近SN 向、NNE 向、NNW 向3 組次級(jí)斷裂為主要的控巖導(dǎo)礦構(gòu)造(馬芳芳等,2012)?;鹕綑C(jī)構(gòu)以火山通道為主,沿?cái)嗔鸭捌浣磺胁课恍纬?,為熔巖狀潛火山巖的侵入通道,同時(shí)也是成礦的有利空間。礦區(qū)出露的侵入巖主要為燕山期中粗粒堿長花崗巖、細(xì)粒堿長花崗巖和花崗斑巖。
金礦體受斷裂控制,呈脈狀賦存于流紋巖和堿長花崗巖中。礦區(qū)共發(fā)現(xiàn)有14 條礦脈,走向以SN、NNE 和NE 向?yàn)橹?,延長50~800m,厚度1~7m 不等,最大垂深小于400m,金品位3~10g/t。5 號(hào)礦體規(guī)模最大,呈大脈狀,已控制最大延長770m,最大垂深358m,平均厚度6.73m,平均金品位為9.05g/t,銀品位為75.8g/t。金銀含量成正相關(guān)。
圖2 東安金礦床礦區(qū)地質(zhì)圖(據(jù)Zhang et al.,2010 修改)Fig.2 Geologic map of the Dong’an gold deposit(modified after Zhang et al.,2010)
礦石為貧硫化物型,硫化物含量小于4%。金屬礦物主要為黃鐵礦,次為黃銅礦、閃鋅礦、藍(lán)輝銅礦、磁鐵礦和自然金;非金屬礦物主要有石英,次為冰長石、絹云母、螢石和綠泥石。礦石結(jié)構(gòu)主要為他形粒狀、自形-半自形粒狀結(jié)構(gòu),次為包含結(jié)構(gòu)。礦石構(gòu)造主要為脈狀、網(wǎng)脈狀、角礫狀、晶簇-晶洞狀、梳狀和葉片狀構(gòu)造(圖3)。圍巖蝕變強(qiáng)烈且普遍,主要為硅化、冰長石化、玉髓化、螢石化、絹云母化和微弱的黃鐵礦化,其中硅化、冰長石化與成礦關(guān)系密切。圍巖蝕變多沿?cái)嗔寻l(fā)育,分帶性明顯,從內(nèi)向外依次為硅化-冰長石化帶、硅化帶和泥化帶。
中粗粒堿長花崗巖 巖石呈淺肉紅色,中粗?;◢徑Y(jié)構(gòu),塊狀構(gòu)造(圖4a,b)。主要礦物為條紋長石(45%~55%)、石英(25%~35%)和斜長石(10%~15%),含少量黑云母(2%~3%)。條紋長石呈自形-半自形板片狀,大小約為0.5 ×1mm~2 ×5mm,絹云母化、泥化發(fā)育。石英呈他形粒狀,大小約0.2 ×0.3mm~2 ×4mm,具波狀消光。斜長石呈自形-半自形板片狀,大小約0.5 ×1mm~2 ×3mm,見明顯的聚片雙晶,弱絹云母化。次要礦物為黑云母,呈他形粒狀,粒度0.2 ×0.3mm~0.5 ×0.8mm,局部綠泥石化。副礦物為磁鐵礦和鋯石。
圖3 東安金礦床礦石手標(biāo)本特征(a)網(wǎng)脈狀構(gòu)造礦石;(b)角礫狀構(gòu)造礦石;(c)梳狀構(gòu)造礦石;(d)晶洞狀構(gòu)造礦石;(e)葉片狀構(gòu)造礦石.Q-石英;Adl-冰長石Fig.3 Photos of ore associations of the Dong’an gold deposit(a)ore with stockwork structure;(b)ore with brecciated structure;(c)ore with comb structure;(d)ore with miarolitic structure;(e)ore with foliated structure.Q-quartz;Adl-adularia
細(xì)粒堿長花崗巖 巖石呈淺肉紅色,細(xì)粒自形-半自形花崗結(jié)構(gòu),塊狀構(gòu)造(圖4a,c,d)。主要礦物組成為條紋長石(45%~50%)、石英(30%~35%)、微斜長石(10%~15%)和斜長石(5%~10%)。條紋長石呈自形-半自形板狀,大小約0.2 ×0.4mm~1 ×2mm,弱絹云母化。石英呈他形粒狀,粒度約0.1 ×0.2mm~0.3 ×0.5mm,波狀消光。微斜長石呈半自形板片狀,大小為0.1 × 0.2mm~0.6 ×0.8mm,見格子雙晶。斜長石呈自形-半自形板片狀,大小0.1 ×0.2mm~0.4 ×0.6mm,見聚片雙晶,雙晶紋細(xì)而密,弱絹云母化。次要礦物為黑云母和白云母,黑云母呈他形片狀,大小0.05 ×0.1mm~0.2 ×0.3mm;白云母呈他形片狀,大小0.05 ×0.06mm~0.1 ×0.3mm,高級(jí)白干涉色。
流紋巖 巖石呈淺黃白色,斑狀結(jié)構(gòu),流紋構(gòu)造。斑晶含量約為10%,主要為石英和透長石(圖4e,f)。石英呈他形粒狀,含量約占斑晶總量的65%,大小0.05 ×0.05mm~0.1 ×0.2mm,干涉色為Ⅰ級(jí)黃白,具波狀消光。透長石呈半自形-他形粒狀,含量約占斑晶總量的35%,干涉色為Ⅰ級(jí)灰白?;|(zhì)為隱晶質(zhì)。
安山巖 巖石呈灰紫色,斑狀結(jié)構(gòu)(圖4g,h)。斑晶含量占巖石總量的15%,主要為斜長石,次為角閃石。斜長石呈自形-半自形長條狀,大小約為0.1 × 0.2mm~0.3 ×0.5mm,可見聚片雙晶,占斑晶總量的90%。角閃石呈自形-半自形近菱形的六邊形,大小0.1 ×0.3mm~0.3 ×0.6mm,發(fā)育暗化邊。基質(zhì)由長條狀斜長石和隱晶質(zhì)構(gòu)成玻晶交織結(jié)構(gòu)。
用于LA-ICP-MS 鋯石U-Pb 定年的樣品為采自東安金礦床5 號(hào)礦脈附近的細(xì)粒堿長花崗巖(DA-64,圖2 中A 點(diǎn))和流紋巖(DA-D09,圖2 中B 點(diǎn))。鋯石的分選在河北省地質(zhì)測繪院巖礦實(shí)驗(yàn)測試中心完成,先將樣品破碎,再用常規(guī)重力和磁選方法進(jìn)行分選獲得鋯石。然后在雙目鏡下挑選晶形和透明度較好的鋯石顆粒,置于環(huán)氧樹脂中制成鋯石樣品靶。對(duì)其進(jìn)行拋光直到樣品露出一個(gè)光潔的平面,用于陰極發(fā)光(CL)顯微照相和鋯石U-Pb 同位素測試。
圖4 東安金礦床賦礦巖石的野外和鏡下特征(a)淺肉紅色中粗粒堿長花崗巖中包裹細(xì)粒堿長花崗巖;(b)正交偏光下中粗粒堿長花崗巖;(c)細(xì)粒堿長花崗巖;(d)正交偏光下細(xì)粒堿長花崗巖;(e)黃白色流紋巖;(f)正交偏光下流紋巖;(g)灰紫色安山巖;(h)正交偏光下安山巖.Q-石英;Sa-透長石;Pl-斜長石;Pth-條紋長石;Mic-微斜長石;Hbl-角閃石Fig.4 Field and microscopic photos of host rocks of the Dong’an gold deposit(a)pale red coarse alkali-feldspar granite including fine-grained alkali-feldspar granite;(b)coarse alkali-feldspar granite under orthogonal polarization microscope;(c)fine-grained alkali-feldspar granite;(d)fine-grained alkali-feldspar granite under orthogonal polarization microscope;(e)yellow-white rhyolite;(f)yellow-white rhyolite under orthogonal polarization microscope;(g)dark purple andesite;(h)andesite under orthogonal polarization microscope.Q-quartz;Sa-sanidine;Pl-plagioclase;Pth-perthite;Mic-microcline;Hbl-hornblende
細(xì)粒堿長花崗巖(DA-64)樣品的鋯石U-Pb 同位素定年在中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)(北京)地質(zhì)過程與礦產(chǎn)資源國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室礦床地球化學(xué)微區(qū)分析室采用激光燒蝕等離子質(zhì)譜(LAICP-MS)完成,激光剝蝕系統(tǒng)為美國產(chǎn)的Geolas 193 準(zhǔn)分子固體進(jìn)樣系統(tǒng),ICP-MS 為美國Thermo Fisher X Series Ⅱ型四極桿等離子體質(zhì)譜。測試過程中,激光斑束直徑為32μm,頻率為8Hz,采用He 作為載氣,Ar 氣作為補(bǔ)償氣。采用美國國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參考物質(zhì)NIST610 對(duì)儀器進(jìn)行最佳化,并將其作為微量元素含量測定的外標(biāo)。采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鋯石91500(206Pb/238U =1065Ma)(Wiedenbeck et al.,1995)作為定年外標(biāo),采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鋯石GJ-1 作為監(jiān)控樣品。在樣品測試過程中每測定5 個(gè)樣品點(diǎn)測定兩次標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鋯石91500,每個(gè)樣品的信號(hào)采集時(shí)間為100s,其中前20s 為背景信號(hào)采集時(shí)間,樣品信號(hào)采集時(shí)間為50s。流紋巖(DA-D09)的鋯石定年和微量元素分析在中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)(武漢)地質(zhì)過程與礦產(chǎn)資源國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室采用LA-ICP-MS 方法完成,激光剝蝕系統(tǒng)為美國產(chǎn)的Geolas 2005準(zhǔn)分子固體進(jìn)樣系統(tǒng),ICP-MS 為Agilent 7500a。詳細(xì)的儀器操作條件和數(shù)據(jù)處理方法見Liu et al.(2008)。測試完成后,采用軟件ICPMSDataCal(Liu et al.,2010)對(duì)兩件樣品的測試數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行后期處理,年齡計(jì)算和協(xié)和圖的繪制采用Isoplot 3.0 完成。
選取新鮮的具代表性的堿長花崗巖和光華組火山巖開展主量和微量元素測定。首先切除樣品表面風(fēng)化物;然后用Millipore 水清洗樣品,晾干;再將樣品碎成直徑為1~2cm 的碎塊;并將碎塊置于振動(dòng)磨中將其研磨成200 目粉末,每研磨完一個(gè)樣品后,用Millipore 水將振動(dòng)磨樣品池清洗干凈,以避免樣品間的交叉污染。
主量和微量元素分析在中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)(北京)地質(zhì)過程與礦產(chǎn)資源國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室礦床地球化學(xué)微區(qū)分析室完成。主量元素采用X 射線熒光光譜法(XRF)分析,儀器為日本島津公司生產(chǎn)的XRF-1800 型X 射線熒光光譜儀。具體方法為:(1)將粉末樣品置于烘箱中,在105℃條件下烘干2h;(2)樣品取出后在干燥器中冷卻至室溫,取0.7g 樣品與7g 熔劑(67%無水次硼酸鋰+33%無水偏硼酸鋰)于鉑金坩鍋中,充分混合后加入3 到5 滴脫模劑(LiBr 300mg/mL);(3)將盛有樣品的鉑金坩堝置于高頻熔融爐中,在1050℃的條件下熔融3~10min;(4)樣品完全熔融后倒入模具中,快速冷卻制成玻璃熔片;(5)在XRF 上用校準(zhǔn)曲線法進(jìn)行測定。
微量元素采用等離子質(zhì)譜法(ICP-MS)分析。儀器為美國Thermo Fisher X Series Ⅱ型四極桿等離子體質(zhì)譜,具體分析方法:(1)首先稱取50 ±0.3mg 樣品置于Teflon 坩堝中;(2)依次加入1mL HCl、1mL HNO3、3mL HF 及小于0.5mL(幾滴)HClO4,擰緊蓋子后置于170℃電熱板上,加熱48h;(3)待坩堝冷卻至室溫后,打開蓋子置于170℃電熱板上,直至樣品蒸至濕鹽狀;(4)依次加入2.5mL 超純水和2.5mL HNO3,擰緊蓋子后置于170℃電熱板上加熱12h;(5)將溶液轉(zhuǎn)入聚四氟乙稀塑料瓶中,并用超純水定容至50mL;(6)在等離子體質(zhì)譜儀上進(jìn)行測試。
圖5 東安金礦床賦礦巖漿巖中鋯石的陰極發(fā)光照片(a)細(xì)粒堿長花崗巖(DA-64);(b)流紋巖(DA-D09)Fig.5 CL images of zircons from the host magmatic rocks of the Dong’an gold deposit(a)fine-grained alkali-feldspar granites (DA-64);(b)rhyolites(DA-D09)
本次研究從細(xì)粒堿長花崗巖(DA-64)和流紋巖(DAD09)2 個(gè)樣品中分別選取了20 顆鋯石進(jìn)行U-Pb 同位素測定,測試結(jié)果如表1 所示。陰光發(fā)光圖像顯示2 個(gè)樣品的鋯石在形態(tài)特征上具有一定的相似性:鋯石無色透明,金剛光澤,晶形較好,多呈自形-半自形長柱狀,少數(shù)為短柱狀,長100~300μm,長寬比介于1.5∶1~4∶1 之間,陰極發(fā)光照片上可見均勻的巖漿振蕩環(huán)帶結(jié)構(gòu)(圖5)。細(xì)粒堿長花崗巖(樣品DA-64)的Th、U 含量分別為139 ×10-6~1451 ×10-6和225 ×10-6~1480 ×10-6,Th/U 比值為0.38~1.22;流紋巖(樣品DA-D09)的Th、U 含量分別為140 ×10-6~1424 ×10-6和260 ×10-6~1020 ×10-6,Th/U 比值為0.35~1.82。上述特征表明,2 個(gè)樣品均為典型的巖漿鋯石。
樣品DA-64 的20 顆鋯石測點(diǎn)均落在U-Pb 諧和線上及其附近(圖6a),交點(diǎn)年齡為184 ±0.2Ma(MSWD =0.27),206Pb/238U 加權(quán)平均年齡為183.2 ±1.3Ma(MSWD =0.33),表明細(xì)粒堿長花崗巖侵位于早侏羅世。樣品DA-D09 的20個(gè)測點(diǎn)均落在U-Pb 諧和線上及其附近,主要分布在兩個(gè)范圍內(nèi)(圖6b),兩個(gè)范圍內(nèi)的206Pb/238U 加權(quán)平均年齡分別為109.1 ±1.2Ma(MSWD =1.4)和181.6 ±4.2Ma(MSWD =2.2)。109.1 ±1.2Ma 應(yīng)為流紋巖噴出年齡,181.6 ±4.2Ma為巖漿上侵過程中捕獲的堿長花崗巖中鋯石的年齡。另外有兩個(gè)測點(diǎn)的206Pb/238U 年齡為150 ±2Ma 和236 ±3Ma 應(yīng)該為巖漿上侵過程中捕獲鋯石的年齡。
6.2.1 堿長花崗巖
10 件堿長花崗巖樣品(中粗粒堿長花崗巖和細(xì)粒堿長花崗巖各5 件)的主量元素測定結(jié)果列于表2 中。中粗粒堿長花崗巖和細(xì)粒堿長花崗巖的主量元素含量非常接近。在TAS 分類圖解中全部樣品落在花崗巖范圍內(nèi),巖石具有高硅(SiO2=74.02%~78.72%)、高堿(Na2O + K2O =7.37%~8.72%)、高K2O/Na2O 比值(1.1~1.9)、低磷(P2O5=0.02%~0.06%)的特點(diǎn),且P2O5與SiO2含量呈負(fù)相關(guān)(圖7a)。里特曼指數(shù)σ =1.52~2.40(平均為2.02),在SiO2-K2O圖解中(圖7b)全部樣品落在高鉀鈣堿性系列范圍內(nèi)。鋁飽和指數(shù)A/CNK 為1.03~1.19(平均為1.09),其中大部分樣品為弱過鋁質(zhì)(圖7c)。CIPW 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)礦物中出現(xiàn)剛玉分子,但含量較低(0.38%~1.98%)。
表1 東安金礦床賦礦巖漿巖鋯石U-Pb 同位素?cái)?shù)據(jù)和測年結(jié)果Table 1 U-Pb isotopic compositions and dating results of zircons from the host magmatic rocks of the Dong’an gold deposit
如表3 和圖8a 所示,細(xì)粒堿長花崗巖和中粗粒堿長花崗巖的稀土元素組成非常相似,稀土元素總量(ΣREE)為90.59 ×10-6~237.1 ×10-6,其中輕稀土總量(ΣLREE)為84.72 ×10-6~225.4 ×10-6,重稀土總量(ΣHREE)為5.48×10-6~11.72 ×10-6。輕稀土相對(duì)于重稀土明顯富集,輕重稀土比值(ΣLREE/ΣHREE)為12.41~19.22,(La/Yb)N為12.69~30.20。具明顯的Eu 負(fù)異常,δEu 為0.30~0.67。在原始地幔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化微量元素蛛網(wǎng)圖中(圖8b),富集Rb、Th、U和K,虧損Nb、Ta、Sr、P 和Ti,Ba 相對(duì)于Rb 和Th 明顯虧損。
表2 東安堿長花崗巖主量元素含量(wt%)Table 2 Major element compositions of the Dong’an alkali-feldspar granites (wt%)
圖6 東安金礦床賦礦巖漿巖的鋯石U-Pb 年齡諧和圖(a)細(xì)粒堿長花崗巖(DA-64);(b)流紋巖(DA-D09)Fig.6 Zircon U-Pb concordia diagrams of host magamatic rocks from the Dong’an gold deposit(a)fine-grained alkali-feldspar granites (DA-64);(b)rhyolites (DA-D09)
表3 東安金礦床賦礦巖漿巖微量元素含量(×10 -6)Table 3 Trace element compositions of the host magmatic rocks from the Dong’an gold deposit (×10 -6)
6.2.2 光華組火山巖
光華組8 件中酸性火山巖樣品的主量元素測試結(jié)果列于表4。在火山巖TAS 圖解中,5 件酸性巖落在流紋巖區(qū)域,1 件落在英安巖范圍內(nèi),2 件落在安山巖范圍內(nèi),8 件樣品全部落入亞堿性區(qū)域中(圖7d)。流紋巖高硅(SiO2=75.30%~82.76%),高鋁(Al2O3=9.17%~13.84%),富堿(K2O +Na2O = 3.78%~7.43%)和全鐵(Fe2O3T= 0.43%~1.47%),貧MgO(0.20%~0.63%)、TiO2(0.08%~0.50%)和P2O5(0.03%~0.08%)。A/CNK=1.35~2.14,為強(qiáng)過鋁質(zhì),里特曼指數(shù)σ =0.36~1.67。安山巖和英安巖,SiO2=59.41%~60.14%,Al2O3=16.49%~18.23%,K2O +Na2O=6.00%~6.64%,CaO =3.36%~5.49%,A/CNK =0.94~1.39,為準(zhǔn)鋁質(zhì)到過鋁質(zhì)(圖7c),σ =1.67~1.98。在SiO2-K2O 圖解中(圖7b),大部分樣品落在高鉀鈣堿性系列和鉀玄巖系列范圍內(nèi),只有1 件樣品落在鈣堿性系列范圍內(nèi)。
圖7 東安金礦床賦礦巖漿巖地球化學(xué)圖解(a)堿長花崗巖P2O5-SiO2地球化學(xué)散點(diǎn)圖;(b)巖漿巖K2O-SiO2圖解(據(jù)Rickwood,1989);(c)巖漿巖A/CNK-A/NK 圖解(據(jù)Peccerillo and Taylor,1976);(d)光華組火山巖TAS 圖解(據(jù)Le Bas et al.,1986).引用數(shù)據(jù)來自劉偉等,2002Fig.7 Geochemical discriminating diagrams for the host magmatic rocks from the Dong’an gold deposit(a)P2O5-SiO2 diagram of alkali-feldspar granites;(b)K2O-SiO2 diagram of magmatic rocks (after Rickwood,1989);(c)A/CNK-A/NK diagram of magmatic rocks (after Peccerillo and Taylor,1976);(d)TAS diagram of volcanic rocks of the Guanghua Formation (after Le Bas et al.,1986).Cited data after Liu et al.,2002
如表3 所示,光華組流紋巖的稀土元素總量為(ΣREE)為122.3 ×10-6~162.0 ×10-6,其中輕稀土總量(ΣLREE)為108.4 ×10-6~145.1 ×10-6,重稀土總量(ΣHREE)為13.18×10-6~16.91 × 10-6,ΣLREE/ΣHREE 為7.80~10.85,(La/Yb)N為6.86~12.52,δEu =0.48~0.63。安山巖和英安巖ΣREE 為185.5 ×10-6~211.4 ×10-6,其中ΣLREE 為168.9×10-6~192.0 ×10-6,ΣHREE 為16.62 ×10-6~19.39×10-6,ΣLREE/ΣHREE 為9.53~10.17,(La/Yb)N為12.68~13.83,δEu =0.83~0.86。稀土元素配分曲線顯示(圖8c),所有火山巖均具有輕稀土相對(duì)富集、重稀土相對(duì)虧損以及明顯Eu 負(fù)異常的特點(diǎn),但流紋巖的稀土元素總量略低于安山巖和粗安巖。如原始地幔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化微量元素蛛網(wǎng)圖所示(圖8d),光華組火山巖具有相似的微量元素組成,以富集Rb、Th、U 和K,虧損Nb、Ta、P 和Ti 為特征。
7.1.1 東安堿長花崗巖
本文獲得的堿長花崗巖樣品中無角閃石,SiO2含量(74.02%~78.72%)、全堿含量(Na2O + K2O = 7.37%~8.72%)和Fe2O3T/MgO 比值(2.00~5.97)均較高,表明它們經(jīng)歷了高度的結(jié)晶分異作用。實(shí)驗(yàn)研究表明,磷灰石在準(zhǔn)鋁質(zhì)到弱過鋁質(zhì)的巖漿中溶解度很低,并且在結(jié)晶分異過程中隨著SiO2的增加而降低(Wolf and London,1994)。本文數(shù)據(jù)顯示,大部分堿長花崗巖為弱過鋁質(zhì)(A/CNK <1.1),P2O5含量很低(<0.06%)且隨著SiO2含量的增加有降低的趨勢,P2O5-SiO2相關(guān)關(guān)系與準(zhǔn)鋁質(zhì)到弱過鋁質(zhì)的I 型花崗巖非常類似(圖7d),表明在巖漿結(jié)晶分異過程中磷灰石發(fā)生了分離結(jié)晶,不具備強(qiáng)過鋁質(zhì)的S 型花崗巖特點(diǎn)。少數(shù)高硅樣品的A/CNK >1.1,可能與蝕變交代作用導(dǎo)致K、Na 含量降低而使A/CNK 增高有關(guān)。在巖漿結(jié)晶分異過程中,Th 和Y 的演化趨勢也是判別花崗質(zhì)巖漿類型的有效依據(jù)(Wolf and London,1994),分異I 型花崗巖Th、Y 含量高并且與Rb 呈正相關(guān),分異S 型花崗巖與之相反。如圖9a 所示,東安堿長花崗巖的Th 與Rb 為正相關(guān)關(guān)系,與Lachlan 褶皺帶中的I 型花崗巖的演化趨勢一致(Chappell,1999)。
表4 光華組火山巖主量元素含量(wt%)Table 4 Major element compositions of the volcanic rocks of the Guanghua Formation (wt%)
東安堿長花崗巖與A 型花崗巖在巖相學(xué)和地球化學(xué)特征等方面雖有相似之處,但前者不含堿性暗色礦物(如鈉閃石-鈉鐵閃石、霓石-霓輝石、鐵橄欖石等),并具有相對(duì)較低的Zr、Nb、Y、La、Ce、Zn 和Ga 含量,表明它應(yīng)屬于I 型花崗巖。在(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y)-(Fe2O3T/MgO)圖解中(圖9b),大多數(shù)樣品落在高分異的鈣堿性花崗巖區(qū)域。此外,東安堿長花崗巖鋯飽和溫度較低(705~750℃),也不具備A 型花崗巖高溫淺成就位的特征。據(jù)此認(rèn)為,東安堿長花崗巖屬于高分異I 型花崗巖。前人通過對(duì)區(qū)內(nèi)巖漿巖的研究,認(rèn)為東北地區(qū)燕山期花崗巖成因類型為I 型和A 型,且大部分巖體為高分異I 型(吳福元等,1999;Wu et al.,2003)。本文研究的東安堿長花崗巖與區(qū)內(nèi)同時(shí)期大部分巖體的成因類型一致。
I 型花崗巖一般由殼內(nèi)中基性火成巖部分熔融而來(Chappell and Stephens,1988),東安堿長花崗巖的地球化學(xué)特征也顯示其物質(zhì)主要來源于地殼。東安堿長花崗巖虧損Nb、Ta、P、Sr、Ti、Ba 和Eu 的地球化學(xué)特征,指示以地殼物質(zhì)為主要來源的母巖漿經(jīng)歷了顯著的分離結(jié)晶作用,其中Nb、Ta、Ti 的虧損表明鈦鐵礦和/或金紅石的分離結(jié)晶,P 的虧損指示磷灰石的分離結(jié)晶,Eu 的負(fù)異常顯示出斜長石和/或鉀長石的分離,斜長石的分離導(dǎo)致Sr 和Eu 的負(fù)異常,而鉀長石的分離則導(dǎo)致Eu 和Ba 的負(fù)異常。從Sr-Ba 和Sr-Rb 圖解可以看出,Sr 從約150 ×10-6降低到約20 ×10-6,與此同時(shí)Ba 從約600 ×10-6迅速降低到約80 ×10-6(圖9c),表明了斜長石和黑云母發(fā)生了分離結(jié)晶,而并沒有發(fā)生鉀長石的分離作用,巖相學(xué)特征也表明在巖漿演化過程中鉀長石的含量逐漸增加。隨著Sr 含量的降低,Rb 含量并未發(fā)生明顯變化(圖9d),也表明斜長石發(fā)生了分離結(jié)晶。綜上所述,東安堿長花崗巖是殼源物質(zhì)部分熔融形成的母巖漿經(jīng)強(qiáng)烈的結(jié)晶分異作用而形成的。
7.1.2 光華組火山巖
有關(guān)東北地區(qū)早白堊世中酸性火山巖的成因主要有以下兩種觀點(diǎn):下地殼巖石的部分熔融(孟凡雪等,2008;尹志剛等,2013)以及幔源玄武質(zhì)巖漿的分異作用(張連昌等,2007;李超文等,2010;張玉濤等,2007)。幔源巖漿分異作用產(chǎn)生的酸性巖漿數(shù)量較少,一般用來解釋小規(guī)模酸性巖的成因(Shinjo and Kato,2000),而分布面積較廣的中酸性巖通常認(rèn)為與地殼部分熔融有關(guān)(Bryan et al.,2002;Yamamoto,2007)。小興安嶺及其鄰區(qū)(如大興安嶺(張連昌等,2007)、松遼盆地(孟凡超等,2013;宋立忠等,2010;章鳳奇等,2007)、吉林東南部(李超文等,2010)和遼西地區(qū)(孟凡雪等,2008)等)廣泛發(fā)育早白堊世中酸性火山巖,如此大規(guī)模的中酸性火山巖不太可能由中基性巖漿分異而來,而主要可能是由下地殼巖石部分熔融而形成的。
光華組火山巖的巖性變化范圍較寬,包括安山巖、粗安巖、英安巖和流紋巖等(圖7e),不同巖性在空間上共生,并具有連續(xù)的主、微量元素變化趨勢,暗示它們可能為同源巖漿演化的產(chǎn)物。隨著SiO2含量的升高,Al2O3、MgO、Fe2O3T、P2O5、CaO 和TiO2含量明顯降低,反映在巖漿演化過程中分離結(jié)晶作用的存在。其中,MgO、Fe2O3T含量的降低表明富鎂鐵質(zhì)礦物(如橄欖石、角閃石、斜方輝石)的分離結(jié)晶,而CaO 的降低則對(duì)應(yīng)單斜輝石和基性斜長石的分離結(jié)晶作用。光華組火山巖從中性巖到酸性巖,Nb、Ta、Ti、P、Sr 和Eu 的虧損程度逐漸增強(qiáng)(圖8c,d),指示鈦鐵礦、金紅石、磷灰石和斜長石分離結(jié)晶作用的存在。因此,光華組火山巖是由下地殼鎂鐵質(zhì)巖石部分熔融形成母巖漿經(jīng)結(jié)晶分異作用而形成的,安山巖代表下地殼部分熔融形成的初始中性巖漿,經(jīng)過結(jié)晶分異后形成英安巖、流紋巖等酸性火山巖。
中生代以來,東北地區(qū)爆發(fā)了大規(guī)模的成巖、成礦事件。隨著多個(gè)礦床的發(fā)現(xiàn),該地區(qū)逐漸成為眾多學(xué)者研究的重點(diǎn),并積累了大量的年代學(xué)資料。對(duì)已發(fā)表的中生代巖漿巖年代學(xué)資料(SHRIMP 和LA-ICP-MS 鋯石U-Pb 年齡)的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),東北地區(qū)的巖漿活動(dòng)主要集中在早-中侏羅世(170~200Ma)和早白堊世(100~130Ma,圖10)。
圖8 東安金礦床巖漿巖球粒隕石標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化稀土元素配分圖曲線(a、c)和原始地幔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化微量元素蛛網(wǎng)圖(b、d)(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化值據(jù)Sun and McDonough,1989)Fig.8 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns (a,c)and primitive mantle-normalized trace element spiders (b,d)for the magmatic rocks from the Dong’an gold deposit (normalization values after Sun and McDonough,1989)
7.2.1 東安堿長花崗巖
本文獲得的東安堿長花崗巖的LA-ICP-MS 鋯石U-Pb 同位素年齡為183.2 ±1.3Ma,屬早侏羅世。該時(shí)期正是區(qū)內(nèi)中生代第一次巖漿活動(dòng)的高峰期(圖10),發(fā)育大量的花崗巖。除東安堿長花崗巖外,還有霍吉河黑云母花崗巖(184 ±1.5Ma)(陳靜,2011)、鹿鳴黑云母二長花崗巖(195.4 ±1.4Ma)(陳靜,2011)、翠宏山黑云母二長花崗巖(199 ±3Ma)(譚成印等,2009)、大黑山二長花崗巖(178 ±3Ma)(葛文春等,2007)和三道灣子二長花崗巖(188.7 ±1.7Ma)(陳靜和孫豐月,2011)等。
有關(guān)東北地區(qū)早-中侏羅世的大地構(gòu)造背景存在著較大的爭議,大部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為環(huán)太平洋板塊的俯沖對(duì)早-中侏羅世花崗巖的形成產(chǎn)生了重要影響(陳靜,2011;楊言辰等,2012),另有部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為此時(shí)期處于古亞洲構(gòu)造域的造山后伸展環(huán)境(韓振哲等,2009)。多數(shù)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,古亞洲洋閉合于晚二疊世末-早三疊世初(250~240Ma)(孫德有等,2004;王玉凈和樊志勇,1997),而環(huán)太平洋板塊的俯沖作用則始于中-晚三疊世(趙春荊,1996;方文昌,1992)。因此,早-中侏羅世時(shí)東北地區(qū)很可能已處于環(huán)太平洋構(gòu)造域。在Y-Nb 圖解中(圖11a),東安堿長花崗巖樣品均位于同碰撞花崗巖和火山弧花崗巖范圍內(nèi);在Rb/30-Hf-Ta×3 三角圖解中(圖11b),大部分樣品落入火山弧花崗巖區(qū)域。鋯飽和溫度計(jì)算(Watson and Harrison,1983)表明,東安堿長花崗巖屬于低溫花崗巖(705~750℃),這可能與流體的加入有關(guān),反映其形成的構(gòu)造背景與俯沖作用有關(guān)。另外,區(qū)內(nèi)此時(shí)期的花崗巖呈近NNE、NE 向分布,與太平洋板塊的俯沖方向幾乎一致。綜上認(rèn)為,東安堿長花崗巖形成于受太平洋板塊俯沖作用影響的擠壓構(gòu)造環(huán)境中。
7.2.2 光華組火山巖
光華組流紋巖的LA-ICP-MS 鋯石U-Pb 同位素年齡為109.1 ±1.2Ma,對(duì)應(yīng)于區(qū)內(nèi)早白堊世巖漿活動(dòng)的高峰期(圖10)。此時(shí)期區(qū)內(nèi)除發(fā)育大范圍的火山巖外,還出露有大量的侵入巖體,如烏拉嘎葡萄溝巖體(108.2 ±1.2Ma)(王永彬等,2012)以及三道灣子輝綠玢巖(112.2 ±1.0Ma)(陳靜,2011)等。
圖9 東安堿長花崗巖地球化學(xué)圖解(a)Rb-Th 地球化學(xué)散點(diǎn)圖(Lachlan 褶皺帶中的I 型和S 型花崗巖的演化趨勢據(jù)Chappell,1999);(b)(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y)-(Fe2 O3T/MgO)分類圖解(底圖據(jù)Whalen et al.,1987),A-A 型花崗巖,F(xiàn)G-分異的M、I 和S 型花崗巖,OGT-未分異的M、I 和S 型花崗巖;(c、d)Sr-Ba 和Sr-Rb 圖解(底圖據(jù)Li et al.,2007),圖中矢量代表主要造巖礦物發(fā)生50%的分離結(jié)晶作用,PlAn50-斜長石(An=50),PlAn15-斜長石(An=15),Kfs-鉀長石,Amp-角閃石,Grt-石榴子石,Ms-白云母,Bt-黑云母Fig.9 Geochemical diagrams for the Dong’an alkali-feldspar granites(a)Rb-Th diagram (the trend of I-and S-type granites in Lachlan Fold Belt after Chappell,1999);(b)(Zr +Nb +Ce +Y)-(Fe2 O3T/MgO)classification diagram (after Whalen et al.,1987),A-A-type granite,F(xiàn)G-fractionated M-,I-and S-type felsic granites,OGT-unfractionated M-,Iand S-type granites;(c,d)Sr-Ba and Sr-Rb diagram (after Li et al.,2007),labeled vectors correspond to up to 50% fractionation crystallization of the main rock-forming minerals,PlAn50-plagioclase (An =50),PlAn15-plagioclase (An =15),Kfs-K-feldspar,Amp-amphibole,Grt-garnet,Msmuscovite,Bt-biotite
圖10 東北地區(qū)中生代侵入巖年齡分布直方圖數(shù)據(jù)據(jù)Wu et al.,2003;陳靜,2011;葛文春等,2005,2007;Wu et al.,2002;譚成印等,2009;楊言辰等,2012;孫德有等,2004,2005;徐美君等,2013;曾濤等,2011;陳靜和孫豐月,2011;唐杰等,2011;郭春麗,2004;林強(qiáng)等,1998Fig.10 Frequency histogram of emplacement ages of intrusions in the area of NE China
早白堊世整個(gè)中國東部廣泛發(fā)育雙峰式火山巖組合(裴福萍,2005;許文良等,2004;林強(qiáng)等,2003)、A 型花崗巖(郭春麗等,2004)和變質(zhì)核雜巖(Yang et al.,2007;Liu et al.,2005),表明此時(shí)期區(qū)域性伸展環(huán)境的存在。關(guān)于東北地區(qū)早白堊世的大地構(gòu)造背景存在較多的爭議,主要觀點(diǎn)包括環(huán)太平洋板塊的俯沖作用(趙海玲等,1998;Zhang et al.,2008)、蒙古-鄂霍茨克海閉合后的造山后伸展作用(Fan et al.,2003;Meng,2003)以及地幔柱上升的影響(林強(qiáng)等,1998;葛文春等,2000)。代表地幔柱活動(dòng)的標(biāo)志性產(chǎn)物在本區(qū)未見報(bào)導(dǎo)(Fan et al.,2003),早白堊世巖漿巖在東北地區(qū)乃至整個(gè)中國東部廣泛發(fā)育,地幔柱活動(dòng)難以產(chǎn)生如此大范圍的巖漿巖。蒙古-鄂霍茨克構(gòu)造域影響的范圍主要為松遼盆地以西(許文良等,2013),早白堊世火山巖在大興安嶺、小興安嶺、松遼盆地、吉林東南部以及遼西地區(qū)都有出露,蒙古-鄂霍茨克海閉合后的縫合帶沿NE 向展布,與早白堊世巖漿巖的NNE 向分布存在差異。光華組火山巖明顯富集Rb、Th、U、K 和輕稀土元素,虧損Nb、Ta 和Ti,顯示出活動(dòng)大陸邊緣火山巖的特點(diǎn)(Gill,1987)。上述證據(jù)表明,早白堊世東北地區(qū)主要受太平洋板塊俯沖作用的影響。
圖11 花崗巖構(gòu)造環(huán)境判別圖(a)Y-Nb 圖解(底圖據(jù)Pearce et al.,1984);(b)Rb/30-Hf-Ta×3 三角圖(底圖據(jù)Harris et al.,1986).VAG-火山弧花崗巖;ORG-洋中脊花崗巖;WPG-板內(nèi)花崗巖;Syn-COLG-同碰撞花崗巖;POG-碰撞后花崗巖Fig.11 Tectonic discrimination diagrams of granites(a)Y-Nb diagram (after Pearce et al.,1984);(b)Rb/30-Hf-Ta×3 diagram (after Harris et al.,1986).VAG-volcanic-arc granite;ORG-oceanridge granite;WPG-within-plate granite;Syn-COLG-syn-collision granite;POG-post-collision granite
晚侏羅世到早白堊世太平洋板塊的俯沖方向發(fā)生改變(Maruyama et al.,1997),東北地區(qū)的構(gòu)造環(huán)境由擠壓轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樯煺埂<雍竦牡貧ぐl(fā)生拆沉,從而引起巖石圈伸展減薄,軟流圈上涌并發(fā)生底侵作用,鎂鐵質(zhì)下地殼部分熔融產(chǎn)生大量的中酸性巖漿,巖漿演化過程中發(fā)生強(qiáng)烈的結(jié)晶分異作用,從而形成了光華組中酸性火山巖。
東安金礦床礦石的Rb-Sr 全巖年齡為108Ma(薛明軒等,2002),蝕變絹英巖的Ar-Ar 同位素年齡為107.24Ma(楊鐵錚,2008),指示成礦年齡為早白堊世,與本文獲得的光華組流紋巖的成巖年齡(109.1 ±1.2Ma)在誤差范圍內(nèi)一致,成礦年齡略小于成巖年齡,符合淺成低溫?zé)嵋盒徒鸬V床的特征。堿長花崗巖和光華組火山巖同為東安金礦床的賦礦圍巖,但堿長花崗巖的侵位年齡(183.2 ±1.3Ma)比成礦年齡早近80Ma,表明堿長花崗巖除了其中的脆性斷裂為成礦提供場所以外,與成礦關(guān)系不大。而光華組火山巖與成礦關(guān)系緊密,二者在時(shí)間上一致,在空間上密切共生,并且具有相同的展布方向,暗示成礦作用與早白堊世火山作用為同一地質(zhì)事件。
東北地區(qū)處于歐亞大陸東北緣,晚中生代受太平洋板塊俯沖引起的大陸巖石圈伸展減薄和拆沉作用的影響,在區(qū)內(nèi)形成了大量的淺成低溫?zé)嵋盒徒鸬V床,賦礦圍巖主要為早白堊世陸相火山巖(鄭硌等,2013;李向文等,2012;楊芳林等,2000;門蘭靜等,2010)。東安金礦床為東北地區(qū)典型的低硫型淺成低溫?zé)嵋航鸬V床,本次研究表明,東安金礦床成礦作用與早白堊世光華組火山巖關(guān)系密切,再次證明早白堊世陸相火山巖是本區(qū)尋找淺成低溫?zé)嵋航鸬V床的有利場所。
東安淺成低溫?zé)嵋盒徒鸬V床中,作為賦礦圍巖的堿長花崗巖和光華組火山巖的成巖年代分別為183.2 ±1.3Ma 和109.1 ±1.2Ma。堿長花崗巖具高硅、高鉀和低磷特征,富集Rb、Th、U 和K,虧損Nb、Ta、Sr、P 和Ti,屬于高分異的I 型花崗巖,是受太平洋板塊俯沖作用影響的擠壓構(gòu)造環(huán)境的產(chǎn)物。光華組火山巖為一套中酸性火山巖,富集Rb、Th、U 和K,虧損Nb、Ta、P 和Ti,是太平洋板塊俯沖方向發(fā)生改變后的巖石圈伸展減薄環(huán)境下,鎂鐵質(zhì)下地殼部分熔融的產(chǎn)物。成礦與光華組火山巖關(guān)系密切,表明早白堊世陸相火山巖是東北地區(qū)尋找淺成低溫?zé)嵋盒徒鸬V床的有利場所。
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