楊 銳,周 佳,李 方,張 春,卜書紅(上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬新華醫(yī)院藥學(xué)部,上海 200092)
脂肪酸酰胺水解酶抑制劑URB597誘導(dǎo)人肝癌細(xì)胞MHCC97H凋亡的作用及其機(jī)制研究
楊 銳,周 佳,李 方,張 春,卜書紅*(上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬新華醫(yī)院藥學(xué)部,上海 200092)
目的:觀察脂肪酸酰胺水解酶(fatty acid amide hydrolase,F(xiàn)AAH)抑制劑URB597誘導(dǎo)人肝癌高轉(zhuǎn)移細(xì)胞MHCC97H凋亡的作用,并探討其機(jī)制。方法:給予不同濃度(1、5、10μmol/L)URB597與MHCC97H孵育,應(yīng)用流式細(xì)胞儀檢測細(xì)胞凋亡率。采用蛋白質(zhì)印跡技術(shù)檢測凋亡誘導(dǎo)因子(apoptosis inducing factor,AIF)在細(xì)胞核中的水平,及凋亡相關(guān)蛋白Bcl-2和Bax的表達(dá)水平。采用caspase 3試劑盒檢測caspase 3的活性變化。結(jié)果:(1)不同濃度(1、5、10μmol/L)URB597作用細(xì)胞1、4、7d后,凋亡細(xì)胞數(shù)目明顯增加,呈時間-劑量依賴性;(2)不同濃度URB597作用96h后細(xì)胞內(nèi)caspase 3活性明顯升高,且細(xì)胞核中AIF水平顯著增加;(3)10μmol/L URB597作用細(xì)胞96h后,與對照組相比,Bcl-2水平明顯下調(diào),Bax水平明顯上調(diào),Bcl-2/Bax比值顯著下降。PI3K抑制劑LY294002亦可顯著降低Bcl-2/Bax比值,但與10μmol/L URB597作用相比,對Bcl-2/Bax比值的影響程度較低。結(jié)論:URB597可通過促進(jìn)人肝癌細(xì)胞凋亡抑制其增殖,該作用與其下調(diào)Bcl-2/Bax比值,影響線粒體通透性,誘導(dǎo)caspase依賴和非caspase依賴的細(xì)胞凋亡有關(guān),且部分依賴于PI3K/Akt通路。
脂肪酸酰胺水解酶抑制劑;URB597;肝癌細(xì)胞MHCC97H;細(xì)胞凋亡;PI3K/Akt信號通路
[Pharm Care Res,2015,15(4):261-264]
肝細(xì)胞癌(hepatocellular cancer,HCC,簡稱肝癌)具有發(fā)病率高、致死率高的特點,居我國惡性腫瘤死亡率第二位。手術(shù)切除仍是治療肝癌最有效的方法,但即使根治切除術(shù)后,其轉(zhuǎn)移復(fù)發(fā)率仍有60%~70%。因此,尋找有效的、新的術(shù)后藥物治療是肝癌治療亟待解決的重要問題。
內(nèi)源性大麻素——N-花生四烯酸氨基乙醇(anandamide,AEA)屬于脂質(zhì)信號分子。大量研究發(fā)現(xiàn),AEA對包括肝癌在內(nèi)的多種腫瘤具有抑制增殖、抑制黏附和侵襲、抑制腫瘤血管生成以及誘導(dǎo)凋亡等作用[1]。但由于AEA體內(nèi)可被位于細(xì)胞質(zhì)中的水解酶——脂肪酸酰胺水解酶(fatty acid amide hydrolase,F(xiàn)AAH)迅速代謝,外源性補(bǔ)充AEA作用效果微弱且短暫,不具有成藥性[2]。URB597(化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)見圖1)是AEA代謝酶的選擇性抑制劑,可上調(diào)AEA水平,對黑素瘤、神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞瘤、前列腺癌均有顯著抑制作用[3-5]。前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),URB597可抑制人肝癌高轉(zhuǎn)移細(xì)胞系MHCC97H的增殖[6],但其機(jī)制仍需進(jìn)一步探索。本研究以MHCC97H細(xì)胞為靶細(xì)胞,通過體外實驗,深入探討URB597誘導(dǎo)人肝癌細(xì)胞凋亡的作用及機(jī)制。
1.1 材料 DMEM高糖培養(yǎng)基和0.125%胰酶(美國GibcoBRL公司);URB597、一抗Bcl-2、Bax、凋亡誘導(dǎo)因子(apoptosis-inducing factor,AIF)及羊抗兔二抗(美國Cell Signaling Technology公司);CCK-8細(xì)胞增殖試劑盒和caspase 3活性檢測試劑盒(碧云天生物科技有限公司)。
1.2 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng) MHCC97H細(xì)胞是具有高轉(zhuǎn)移潛能的人肝癌細(xì)胞株(中國科學(xué)院上海細(xì)胞庫),采用含10%胎牛血清(FBS),青霉素200IU/ml、鏈霉素200IU/ml的DMEM高糖培養(yǎng)基于37℃、5%CO2飽和濕度培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng),密度至80%按1:3傳代。
1.3 流式細(xì)胞儀檢測細(xì)胞凋亡 AnnexinⅤ-FITC/PI是定量檢測凋亡的快速、靈敏的方法。實驗結(jié)束后,用0.125%胰酶消化細(xì)胞,小心吹打細(xì)胞,211×g離心1min。棄去培養(yǎng)液,PBS 90μl重懸,收集1×105個細(xì)胞,同時加入AnnexinⅤ-FITC 5μl和PI 4μl(美國BD pharmingen公司),在閉光條件下孵育15min,再加100μl PBS重懸,流式細(xì)胞儀檢測,激發(fā)光波長為488nm,發(fā)射光波長分別為520、575nm。
1.4 Caspase 3活性檢測 藥物作用結(jié)束后,吸取細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液備用,用胰酶37℃消化細(xì)胞45s,收集并離心,去除上清液,并用PBS洗滌一次,按比例加入裂解液,重懸沉淀,冰浴裂解15min。分別加入冰浴的pNA和Ac-DEVD-pNA(2mmol/L),混勻,避免產(chǎn)生氣泡,并設(shè)置空白對照組。37℃孵育2h后,在405nm測定吸光度(A),樣品的A405與空白對照的A405差值即為樣品中caspase 3催化產(chǎn)生的pNA產(chǎn)生的吸光度。將差值代入已做好的pNA標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線就可以計算出caspase 3的活性。
1.5 蛋白質(zhì)印跡法 藥物處理結(jié)束后棄去培養(yǎng)液,加入適量蛋白裂解液,收集至預(yù)冷1.5ml離心管中;4℃1.34×104×g離心20min,取上清,二喹啉甲酸法(BCA法)檢測蛋白質(zhì)濃度,100℃蛋白質(zhì)變性5min。制備聚丙烯凝膠,60V電泳至分離膠,電壓轉(zhuǎn)至80V繼續(xù)電泳2h。冰浴轉(zhuǎn)膜:100V1~2h。用5%脫脂奶粉室溫下封閉1h;加一抗Bcl-2雜交,PBST洗膜3次;加羊抗兔二抗雜交,PBST洗膜3次。蛋白質(zhì)印跡的核蛋白內(nèi)參選用Lamin A蛋白,胞漿蛋白內(nèi)參選用GAPDH。采用增強(qiáng)化學(xué)發(fā)光(ECL)試劑顯影,Las3000曝光機(jī)曝光。曝光后,利用Quantity One軟件(Bio-Rad公司)測算各蛋白質(zhì)印跡的灰度值,進(jìn)而計算蛋白質(zhì)表達(dá)量之間的比值。
2.1 URB597促進(jìn)MHCC97H細(xì)胞凋亡的作用 1、5、10μmol/L URB597分別與MHCC97H細(xì)胞孵育1~7d后,采用AnnexinⅥ/PI染色,經(jīng)流式細(xì)胞儀檢測發(fā)現(xiàn),5、10μmol/L URB597作用4d,可誘導(dǎo)MHCC97H細(xì)胞凋亡率升高,而1μmol/L URB597作用7d可誘導(dǎo)MHCC97H細(xì)胞凋亡率升高,提示URB597促進(jìn)MHCC97H細(xì)胞凋亡呈時間-劑量依賴性(見表1)。
表1 3種濃度URB597作用不同時間對MHCC97H細(xì)胞凋亡率的影響Table 1 The effects of 3concentrations of URB597on the apoptosis of MHCC97Hcells at different time points
2.2 URB597對不同凋亡途徑的影響 Caspase 3是caspase依賴的細(xì)胞凋亡途徑中的關(guān)鍵分子[7],AIF是非caspase依賴的凋亡途徑中的關(guān)鍵分子[8]。與對照組相比,5、10μmol/L URB597作用96h后,用藥組caspase 3活性顯著升高,細(xì)胞核內(nèi)AIF水平顯著增加,而1μmol/L URB597作用96h后caspase 3活性及核內(nèi)AIF水平均無明顯變化,提示5、10μmol/L URB597作用96h后可誘導(dǎo)caspase依賴及非caspase依賴的細(xì)胞凋亡,見圖2。
圖2 3種濃度URB597作用96h后對不同凋亡通路的影響Figure 2 The effects of 3concentrations of URB597 on different apoptotic pathways after 96h
2.3 URB597對Bcl-2/Bax表達(dá)的影響 Bcl-2/Bax平衡可通過影響線粒體的功能,參與caspase家族的活化及AIF的釋放,影響細(xì)胞凋亡的進(jìn)程,在細(xì)胞凋亡的病理過程中起重要作用。與對照組比較,作用96h后,10μmol/L URB597組凋亡蛋白Bax表達(dá)明顯增加,其蛋白灰度值比對照組灰度值增加了1.7倍(P<0.05,n=3);抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表達(dá)明顯減少,其蛋白灰度值下降至對照組的45%(P<0.05,n=3)(見圖3),提示URB597促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡與其調(diào)節(jié)Bcl-2/Bax平衡有關(guān)。此外,給予PI3K抑制劑LY294002,發(fā)現(xiàn)其亦可上調(diào)Bax,下調(diào)Bcl-2水平,但其作用強(qiáng)度低于URB597。與對照組比較,作用96h后,5μmol/L LY294002組凋亡蛋白Bax表達(dá)增加1.3倍(P<0.05,n=3);而Bcl-2的表達(dá)下降了50%(P<0.05,n=3)。
本研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),URB597可通過誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡從而抑制其增殖,且具有明顯的時間及劑量依賴性,1μmol/L URB957作用7d及5、10μmol/L URB957作用4、7d,MHCC97H細(xì)胞凋亡率明顯升高。在對其促凋亡機(jī)制的研究中,發(fā)現(xiàn)5、10μmol/L URB597作用96h后,caspase 3活性顯著升高,細(xì)胞核中AIF水平明顯增加。Caspase 3和AIF分別是caspase依賴和非caspase依賴的細(xì)胞凋亡途徑中的關(guān)鍵分子,caspase 3活化后可在細(xì)胞內(nèi)進(jìn)行蛋白質(zhì)剪切及降解;AIF進(jìn)入細(xì)胞核,可導(dǎo)致DNA大片段斷裂,均可導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞凋亡[7]。所以,URB597H可能誘導(dǎo)MHCC97H細(xì)胞同時發(fā)生caspase依賴和非caspase依賴的細(xì)胞凋亡。
圖3 URB597及LY294002作用96h對Bcl-2和Bax表達(dá)水平的影響Figure 3 The effects of URB597and LY294002 on the expression levels of Bcl-2and Bax after 96h
Bcl-2家族屬于凋亡相關(guān)蛋白,通過其抗凋亡和促凋亡成員的協(xié)同作用,發(fā)揮著細(xì)胞凋亡開關(guān)的作用。當(dāng)細(xì)胞發(fā)生凋亡時,Bax可以與線粒體結(jié)合,導(dǎo)致線粒體損傷,使caspase 3活化及AIF釋放??沟蛲龇肿覤cl-2則可阻止Bax在線粒體上形成轉(zhuǎn)換孔,進(jìn)而發(fā)揮抗凋亡作用。Bcl-2大量表達(dá)可以對抗Bax的促凋亡活性,而Bax的大量表達(dá)則可阻斷Bcl-2抗凋亡的活性[8]。Bcl-2家族蛋白表達(dá)可受多條信號通路調(diào)控,如PI3K通路等[10]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PI3K通路在大多數(shù)腫瘤中均保持在高活化水平,且多種化療藥的抗腫瘤機(jī)制與阻斷該通路有關(guān)[10,11]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,與對照組相比,10μmol/L URB597作用96h后Bax水平明顯升高,Bcl-2水平明顯下降,提示URB597可能通過影響B(tài)cl-2/Bax的平衡,導(dǎo)致線粒體損傷,進(jìn)而誘導(dǎo)caspase 3活化及AIF釋放。此外,與對照組相比,PI3K抑制劑LY294002同樣導(dǎo)致了Bax水平升高,Bcl-2水平下降,打破了Bcl-2/Bax平衡,該結(jié)果與相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報道一致;但與10μmol/L URB597相比,LY294002對Bax與Bcl-2水平的影響相對較弱,提示URB597對Bax與Bcl-2水平的影響并不完全依賴PI3K通路。前期研究顯示,URB597可以抑制PI3K/Akt通路,可能與其抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞生長及侵襲有關(guān)。結(jié)合本研究結(jié)果提示,URB597影響B(tài)ax和Bcl-2表達(dá)水平,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)肝癌細(xì)胞凋亡,可能與其抑制PI3K/Akt通路有關(guān),但并不完全依賴于該通路。
綜上所述,本研究結(jié)果表明,URB597可通過改變Bcl-2/Bax平衡,誘導(dǎo)線粒體損傷,使caspase 3活化,核內(nèi)AIF水平增加,最終啟動caspase依賴及非caspase依賴的細(xì)胞凋亡,且該作用可能與其抑制PI3K/Akt通路有關(guān)。
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Effects of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB597 on apoptosis of human hepatoma cell line MHCC97H and its underlying mechanism
YANG Rui,ZHOU Jia,LI Fang,ZHANG Chun,BU ShuHong*
(Department of Pharmacy,Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine,Shanghai Jiaotong University,Shanghai 200092,China)
Objective:To discuss the effects of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB597on the apoptosis of human hepatoma cell line MHCC97Hin vitroand its underlying mechanism.Methods:Different concentrations of URB597(1,5and 10μmol/L respectively)were administered to incubate MHCC97H. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the effects of URB597 on apoptosis in MHCC97Hcells. Western-blot assay was applied to detect the levels of the apoptosis-inducing factors(AIF),Bcl-2and Bax with or without URB597. Caspase 3detection kit was used to determine the activity of caspase 3.Results:(1)Following treatment with URB597at different concentrations(1,5and 10μmol/L)for 1,4and 7days,the number of apoptotic cells was significantly increased with a time-dependent tendency. (2)After treatment with URB597at different concentrations for 4days,the activity of caspase 3and AIF levels in the nucleus were increased significantly. (3)Following treatment with URB597at a concentration of 10μmol/L for 4days,the expression level of Bcl-2was obviously down-regulated,while Bax level was obviously up-regulated,when compared with those of the control group,and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio was obviously reduced. PI3Kinhibitor LY294002could also significantly reduce the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. However,as compared with the 10μmol/L control level,its effect on the Bcl-2/Bax ratio was relatively lower.Conclusion:URB597could enhance the apoptosis of MHCC97Hcells by down-regulating the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax,further inducing caspase-dependent and caspase-independent cell apoptotic pathway,which was partial-dependent on PI3K/Akt signal pathway.
fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor;URB597;hepatoma cell line MHCC97H;cell apoptosis;PI3K/Akt signal pathway
R965,R979.1 [
] A [
] 1671-2838(2015)04-0261-04
10.5428/pcar20150408
2015-01-21
] 2015-07-20
上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬新華醫(yī)院院基金(13YJ18)
楊 銳(女),博士,藥師.
E-mail:yangr.2007@163.com
卜書紅,E-mail:sophia5237@126.com
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