吳麗榮 黃成剛 袁劍英 曹正林 萬傳治 潘星 張世銘 李智勇
摘要:柴達木盆地英西地區(qū)始新統(tǒng)下干柴溝組為咸化湖盆沉積的混積巖,其組分包括湖相碳酸鹽、碎屑顆粒、泥質(zhì)等,且?guī)r石中含較多的鹽類礦物。通過巖芯觀察、物性分析、毛管壓力測試、成像測井和場發(fā)射掃描電鏡研究發(fā)現(xiàn),混積巖具有雙重孔隙介質(zhì),一類為孔徑較大的裂縫和鹽類礦物溶蝕孔,另一類為孔徑較小的鹽間縫和白云石晶間孔,共同構(gòu)成了毛管壓力曲線上的“低窄高寬的雙平臺”結(jié)構(gòu),巖石物性整體上較差,以“低孔—特低滲”為主,孔喉普遍較細。電子探針微區(qū)成分分析結(jié)果表明,白云石元素組成具有“高鋁硅低鐵錳”的地球化學(xué)特征,F(xiàn)eO平均質(zhì)量分數(shù)為1.322%,MnO平均質(zhì)量分數(shù)為0.060%,明顯低于熱液白云巖中的鐵錳質(zhì)量分數(shù),為準同生交代成因的典型特征。白云石化過程中產(chǎn)生了大量收縮晶間孔,這類基質(zhì)孔隙儲油是支撐英西地區(qū)持續(xù)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)的重要因素。
關(guān)鍵詞:咸化湖盆;混積巖;裂縫;溶蝕孔;晶間孔;鹽間縫;準同生交代;柴達木盆地
中圖分類號:P618.130.2;TE122文獻標志碼:A
Doubleporosity System of Mixed Sediments in Saline
Lacustrine Basin and Its Significance to ReservoirWU Lirong1, HUANG Chenggang1, YUAN Jianying1, CAO Zhenglin1, WAN Chuanzhi1,
PAN Xing2, ZHANG Shiming1, LI Zhiyong1
(1. Key Laboratory of Reservoir Description, Northwest Branch of PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum
Exploration and Development, Lanzhou 730020, Gansu, China; 2. School of Earth Sciences,
Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China)Abstract: The Lower Ganchaigou Formation of Eocene in Yingxi area of Qaidam Basin is mixed sediments in saline lacustrine basin. It consists of lacustrine carbonate, detrital material and mud, and all the rocks contain many salt minerals. Based on core observation, physical property analysis, capillary pressure test, imaging logging and field emission scanning electron microscopy data, the mixed sediments contain doubleporosity system. One is fracture and salt mineral dissolution pore with big pore radius, another one is crack between the salt and dolomite intergranular pore with small pore radius. The two types of pores build the “narrow lowerwide higher doubleplatform” structure on the capillary pressure curves. On the whole, the physical property of the rock is very poor with the characteristics of “l(fā)ow porosityultra low permeability”. The pores and throats of the rock are generally fine. Electron microprobe analysis shows that the element composition of dolomite has the geochemical characteristics of “high contents of silicon and aluminum content, and low contents of iron and manganese”. The average mass fractions of FeO and MnO in the dolomicrite are 1.322% and 0.060%, which are obviously lower than that of Fe and Mn in the hydrothermal dolomite. It is considered that the dolomicrite has a penecontemporaneous metasomatic formation mechanism. A large number of shrinkage intergranular pores are produced during the dolomitization process. This kind of matrix pore as the storage space is an important support factor of sustained and stable production of oil and gas in Yingxi area of Qaidam Basin.
Key words: saline lacustrine basin; mixed sediment; fracture; dissolution pore; intergranular pore; crack between the salts; penecontemporaneous metasomatism; Qaidam Basin
0引言
Mount提出了混積巖的概念[1]?;旆e巖是指陸源碎屑與碳酸鹽組分的混合沉積,或構(gòu)成交替互層或夾層的混合[27]。混積巖一般發(fā)育于海陸過渡相和陸相湖盆邊緣等陸、海(或湖)雙因素控制的沉積環(huán)境[89],前人關(guān)于混積巖的研究也多集中在概念、成分比例、巖性命名等基本理論[1014],但針對咸化湖盆混積巖的報道較少[4,1517],特別是關(guān)于混積巖微觀儲層特征的精細刻畫研究基本處于空白。近年來,Zhao提出咸化湖盆混積巖可形成優(yōu)質(zhì)儲層[18],因此,本文以柴達木盆地英西地區(qū)始新統(tǒng)混積巖為研究對象,深入刻畫咸化湖盆混積巖儲層微觀特征及其油氣儲集意義,為咸化湖盆成儲理論研究提供新的思路。
1研究區(qū)地質(zhì)概況
2014年,柴達木盆地英西地區(qū)始新統(tǒng)下干柴溝組混積巖的油氣勘探取得了重大進展,特別是獅42井4 067 m處獲得了高產(chǎn)工業(yè)油氣流,標志著英西地區(qū)深層混積巖油氣勘探的重大突破。前人已經(jīng)在研究區(qū)構(gòu)造演化和沉積特征方面取得了相關(guān)成果[1920],但對其主要產(chǎn)油層的微觀儲層特征研究極少。因其地處湖盆沉積中心附近,埋深較大,巖性較細且致密,前人普遍認為裂縫是研究區(qū)的主要儲集空間,但隨著部分鉆井的多年持續(xù)穩(wěn)產(chǎn),他們開始意識到,除了裂縫外可能還發(fā)育更多的基質(zhì)孔隙類型,因此,開展英西地區(qū)始新統(tǒng)微觀儲層特征研究顯得至關(guān)重要。
英西地區(qū)位于柴達木盆地西部,夾持在昆侖山(祁漫塔格山)、阿爾金山之間,是一個第四紀經(jīng)構(gòu)造反轉(zhuǎn)形成的“盆內(nèi)山”,面積不足10 000 km2,其最高處海拔約4 000 m , 最低處海拔約3 000 m,總體上是復(fù)背斜,由獅子溝、干柴溝、油砂山等一系列背斜或向斜組成[19]。本區(qū)位于青海省海西州茫崖鎮(zhèn)[21],構(gòu)造分區(qū)上屬西部坳陷區(qū)[22]。喜馬拉雅早期構(gòu)造事件在柴達木盆地主要發(fā)生于始新世[20],使盆地古地形逐漸由中生代的南高北低轉(zhuǎn)化為北高南低和東高西低,沉積中心隨之向南、向西遷移,沉積湖盆也迅速發(fā)展擴大,在盆地中西部地區(qū)沉積了巨厚的暗色泥巖[23],從而成為柴達木盆地西部地區(qū)重要的烴源巖。
整個柴達木盆地西部地區(qū)在始新世早期湖水面積開始擴大。英西地區(qū)主要發(fā)育半深湖相暗色泥巖沉積,始新世晚期繼承了早期的沉積體系,湖水面積進一步擴大,但明顯向東遷移;英西地區(qū)部分為淺湖沉積,部分為半深湖沉積(圖1),其周邊大面積發(fā)育辮狀三角洲沉積,物源供給充分,巖石類型較為復(fù)雜,包括湖相碳酸鹽巖、泥巖和泥質(zhì)粉砂巖及其混合類型;除此之外,因研究區(qū)為咸化湖盆沉積環(huán)境[2427],鹽類礦物在巖石中也廣泛發(fā)育。整體上,英西地區(qū)儲層較為致密,質(zhì)量較差。
圖件引自文獻[21],有所修改
圖1柴達木盆地英西地區(qū)始新統(tǒng)下干柴溝組沉積相分布
Fig.1Distribution of Sedimentary Facies in Lower Ganchaigou Formation of Eocene in Yingxi Area of Qaidam Basin2儲層特征
2.1巖石學(xué)特征
沉積相研究成果顯示英西地區(qū)始新世為湖相沉積,沉積物粒度較細,巖性主要為混積巖,其組分包括湖相碳酸鹽巖、碎屑顆粒和泥質(zhì)巖類等,部分巖石中鹽類礦物含量較高。碳酸鹽巖主要以泥晶結(jié)構(gòu)為主,又可分為灰?guī)r和白云巖,其中泥晶白云巖為研究區(qū)重要的儲集巖。X射線衍射全巖礦物分析結(jié)果(表1)顯示,碳酸鹽礦物在各類巖石中分布最為廣泛,據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計,其含量(質(zhì)量分數(shù),下同)為109%~47%,碎屑顆粒含量多數(shù)分布在20%~30%,鹽類礦物在巖石中也普遍可見,如硬石膏(含量為0.9%~16%)、鈣芒硝(1.1%~19.3%)、石鹽(0.5%~5.9%)等,泥質(zhì)含量為4.6%~27%。
關(guān)于混積巖的分類和命名,學(xué)者們觀點略有差別。Mount采用四分法[28],由硅質(zhì)碎屑砂、粉砂黏土混合泥、碳酸鹽異化粒以及灰泥構(gòu)成一個三角四面體分類系統(tǒng),按比例進行劃分和命名。楊朝青等在統(tǒng)計研究的基礎(chǔ)上, 提出了由陸源碎屑、碳酸鹽(顆?;蚧夷?,不包括膠結(jié)物)、黏土等3個端元組成的混合組分巖石分類圖,將組分落在碳酸鹽含量大于25%,陸源碎屑含量大于10%范圍內(nèi)的巖石命名為混積巖,然后根據(jù)巖石中各組分的含量及結(jié)構(gòu),按習(xí)慣方案在混積巖前加前綴作進一步描述[29]。張雄華將黏土、陸源碎屑和碳酸鹽作為混積巖分類命名的3個端元[30],其中黏土含量大于50%的稱為黏土巖,碳酸鹽含量為5%~95%或陸源碎屑含量為5%~95%的混合沉積物稱為混積巖,并將混積巖分為含陸源碎屑碳酸鹽混積巖、陸源碎屑質(zhì)碳酸鹽混積巖、含碳酸鹽陸源碎屑混積巖和碳酸鹽質(zhì)陸源碎屑混積巖,考慮到陸源碎屑的粒級、成分和碳酸鹽成分,可進一步加前綴。
本文根據(jù)前人在柴達木盆地的研究,采用較為通俗易懂、可操作性強的劃分方案,即將泥質(zhì)、陸源碎屑顆粒和碳酸鹽作為混積巖分類命名的3個端元,將含量占比最多的端元定為主名,其余的前綴根據(jù)巖石“三級命名法”確定,將含量在25%~50%范圍內(nèi)的定為“質(zhì)”,將含量在10%~25%范圍內(nèi)的定為“含”,如果主名為碳酸鹽巖,則根據(jù)方解石和白云石相對含量進一步劃分為灰?guī)r或者白云巖。
關(guān)于混積巖的成因,Mount提出4種可能的成因類型:間斷混合、相混合、原地混合和受母源影響混合[1]。徐偉等研究認為柴達木盆地西部地區(qū)廣泛發(fā)育機械成因的相混合混積巖[4]。基于對英西地區(qū)混積巖的沉積環(huán)境和礦物學(xué)、巖石學(xué)特征綜合研究,筆者認為英西地區(qū)混積巖的巖礦組成主要受控于相混合和咸化湖盆的沉積環(huán)境。研究表1全巖礦物含量
Fig.2Relationship Between Porosity and Permeability2.2物性和孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)特征
通過研究區(qū)29塊巖石的常規(guī)物性測試結(jié)果可以得出,其物性變化范圍較大??紫抖龋é眨┓植挤秶鸀?.1%~14.2%,平均值為4.4%,滲透率(k)分布范圍為(0.02~15.60)×10-3μm2,平均值為060×10-3μm2,且孔隙度和滲透率相關(guān)性較差(圖2),表明孔喉連通性較差。因研究區(qū)碳酸鹽巖較為發(fā)育且物性普遍較差,所以對研究區(qū)巖石進行物性分級時采用行業(yè)標準《油氣儲層評價方法》(SY/T 6285—2011)中碳酸鹽巖儲層孔隙度、滲透率類型劃分標準[31](表2),可將其劃歸為“低孔—
表2碳酸鹽巖儲層孔隙度、滲透率類型劃分標準
Tab.2Division Standards of Porosity and Permeability
Types for Carbonate Reservoir類型范圍孔隙度高φ≥20%孔隙度中12%≤φ<20%孔隙度低4%≤φ<12%孔隙度特低φ<4%滲透率高k≥100×10-3 μm2滲透率中10×10-3 μm2≤k<100×10-3 μm2滲透率低1×10-3 μm2≤k<10×10-3 μm2滲透率特低k<1×10-3 μm2特低滲”級別。
壓汞測試結(jié)果顯示,巖石孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)普遍較差,毛管壓力曲線具有“低窄高寬的雙平臺”結(jié)構(gòu)。形成的主要原因是:相對較少的裂縫和溶蝕孔的進汞量隨壓力變化特征形成了“低窄平臺”,數(shù)量眾多但孔徑較小的晶間孔廣泛發(fā)育,其進汞量隨壓力變化特征形成了“高寬平臺”。孔隙喉道半徑呈“雙峰式”分布,主要在“4.3~13.7 μm”和“0.004~0.027 μm”兩個范圍內(nèi)較為集中分布(圖3)。從兩種孔隙介質(zhì)對進汞量的貢獻作用來看,小孔徑的貢獻率是大孔徑的2~3倍。
2.3孔隙類型
研究區(qū)鉆井資料顯示,獅24斜井從1997年至今已累計產(chǎn)油4.82×104 t,實現(xiàn)了多年穩(wěn)產(chǎn)(日產(chǎn)油7.77 t,初期日產(chǎn)油29.97 t),圖3巖石毛管壓力曲線
Fig.3Capillary Pressure Curves of Rocks獅新28井從1998年至今已累計產(chǎn)油15.11×104 t,也實現(xiàn)了多年穩(wěn)產(chǎn)(日產(chǎn)油751 t,初期日產(chǎn)油123 t)。油井產(chǎn)量的衰減變化與其油氣儲層的孔隙類型顯著相關(guān),建產(chǎn)初期的高產(chǎn)與其裂縫發(fā)育有關(guān),成像測井成果證實了巖層中的裂縫廣泛發(fā)育[圖4(a)]。巖芯觀察結(jié)果顯示,在鹽類礦物較為發(fā)育的區(qū)域易產(chǎn)生溶蝕孔,主要為石膏、巖鹽等礦物溶蝕產(chǎn)生的孔洞[圖4(b)、(c)],大小為數(shù)毫米。除了發(fā)育孔徑較大的裂縫和溶蝕孔外,在場發(fā)射掃描電鏡下還可觀察到另外兩類孔徑極小的微孔隙:一類為鹽類礦物結(jié)晶時產(chǎn)生的極小晶間縫,在納米級晶間縫中儲藏著石油[圖4(f)~(i)];另一類發(fā)育最廣泛的微孔隙為白云石晶間孔[圖4(d)、(e)],孔徑為數(shù)百納米至數(shù)微米,這些泥晶的云質(zhì)巖在柴達木盆地西部地區(qū)咸化湖盆沉積中廣泛分布,孔徑較小但數(shù)量眾多是造成大多數(shù)樣品滲透率較低的主要原因,為研究區(qū)大量產(chǎn)油井持續(xù)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)起著重要的支撐作用。3白云石晶間孔成因分析
X射線衍射全巖礦物分析結(jié)果顯示,云質(zhì)巖中白云石含量多分布在30%~40%范圍內(nèi),均為泥晶白云石,其白云石顆粒晶形在偏光顯微鏡下難以分辨,但在場發(fā)射掃描電鏡下清晰可見,為研究區(qū)重要的儲集空間之一,也是支撐研究區(qū)持續(xù)多年穩(wěn)產(chǎn)的重要因素。通過對巖石中白云石顆粒進行電子探針微區(qū)化學(xué)成分分析(表3)可以得出,其主成分為CaO和MgO。CaO含量介于28.834%~38647%,平均為33.646%,高于白云石中CaO理論含量(30.411%);MgO含量為11.592%~22222%,平均為17773%,低于白云石中MgO理論含量(21857%)。由此可以計算出白云石中Ca與Mg摩爾比值為1361,高于理想白云石(CaMg(CO3))中Ca與Mg摩爾比值(1.000)。這種富鈣低鎂的泥晶白云巖不是在成分組成上處于理想狀態(tài)的白云巖。表3白云石電子探針成分組成分析結(jié)果
Fig.4Types of Reservoir Spaces of Rocks鄭榮才等研究認為,湖相白云巖多為準同生交代或埋藏?zé)嵋航淮梢騕3234]。研究區(qū)白云巖中FeO含量介于0.421%~2.264%,平均為1.322%,MnO含量介于0%~0.118%,平均為0.060%,F(xiàn)eO和MnO平均含量明顯低于熱液成因的白云巖中FeO平均含量(1.917%)和MnO平均含量(0323%)[35],也低于青西凹陷受熱液流體影響的原生白云巖中鐵錳含量(FeO平均含量為10.18%,MnO平均含量為0.36%)[32]。因各種來源的熱液流體通常都富含F(xiàn)e和Mn,英西地區(qū)這種白云巖具有較低的鐵錳含量表明其與熱液活動無關(guān)[3637]。SiO2含量介于0.194%~10.675%,平均為4158%,Al2O3含量介于0.206%~9.954%,平均為2457%,反映出一種湖盆邊緣過渡相的混積沉積特征。白云石的這種“高鋁硅低鐵錳”的地球化學(xué)特征為典型準同生交代成因特征,且準同生期交代形成的白云石晶間孔的孔徑明顯小于熱液重結(jié)晶的白云石晶間孔,前者多小于1 μm,偏光顯微鏡下難以分辨,后者為數(shù)微米甚至十幾微米。因此,研究區(qū)湖相泥晶白云巖應(yīng)為準同生交代成因。
Mg2+和Ca2+的離子半徑分別為0078、0106 nm[38]。白云石化過程中,2個CaCO3分子中的1個Ca2+被Mg2+置換,從而形成CaMg(CO3)2。由于離子半徑的差異,交代過程會造成礦物體積收縮,從而形成晶間孔。通過理論計算可知,白云石化過程中2 mol方解石變成1 mol白云石,摩爾體積由7360 cm3·mol-1變?yōu)?448 cm3·mol-1,體積收縮9.12 cm3。測試發(fā)現(xiàn)英西地區(qū)白云石的有序度為0.4左右,表明這種泥晶白云石形成于成核結(jié)晶速度較快的相對不太穩(wěn)定的準同生成巖環(huán)境[39]。流體中Mg2+置換Ca2+的速度較快,不能及時進行有規(guī)律的排列,因此,形成了這種低有序度和高CaCO3摩爾分數(shù)的白云石[40]。
4結(jié)語
(1)提出支撐柴達木盆地英西地區(qū)混積巖中油氣高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)的重要因素為其始新統(tǒng)儲層中發(fā)育的雙重孔隙介質(zhì)。一類為儲集空間較大的裂縫和鹽類礦物溶蝕孔,另一類為孔徑極小但數(shù)量眾多的鹽間縫和白云石晶間孔。這種雙重孔隙介質(zhì)在毛管壓力曲線上表現(xiàn)為“低窄高寬的雙平臺”結(jié)構(gòu)。
(2)研究區(qū)發(fā)育的泥晶白云巖具有典型準同生交代成因特征:①白云石微區(qū)成分分析結(jié)果顯示其具有“高鋁硅低鐵錳”的微量元素地球化學(xué)特征,不同于熱液成因特征;②準同生交代成因的泥晶白云石的晶間孔孔徑明顯小于熱液重結(jié)晶的晶間孔,前者多小于1 μm,偏光顯微鏡下難以分辨,后者為數(shù)微米甚至十幾微米。這類基質(zhì)孔隙的發(fā)現(xiàn)對柴西地區(qū)深層油氣勘探具有重要意義。參考文獻:
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