徐洋濤等
【摘要】目的研究誘導(dǎo)型一氧化氮合成酶(iNOS)和血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(VEGF) 在堿燒傷后兔角膜新生血管(CNV)形成中的作用及其機(jī)制。方法用氫氧化鈉濾紙片燒傷兔角膜建立新生血管動(dòng)物模型,根據(jù)不同處理因素將實(shí)驗(yàn)兔分為三個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)組和一個(gè)對(duì)照組,每組12只。三個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)組結(jié)膜下注射不同劑量的三氧化二砷;對(duì)照組結(jié)膜下注射0.9%氯化鈉。在裂隙燈下查看堿燒傷后角膜大體情況,計(jì)算角膜新生血管的面積。分別在兔角膜堿燒傷后7天、14天、28天,行兔角膜組織HE染色及免疫組化法檢測(cè)iNOS和VEGF。 結(jié)果各實(shí)驗(yàn)組角膜新生血管面積均小于對(duì)照組 (P<0.05或0.01);實(shí)驗(yàn)組角膜比對(duì)照組更光滑透明;角膜iNOS和VEGF表達(dá)情況:各組堿燒傷后第7天開(kāi)始增高,14天時(shí)達(dá)到峰值,隨后逐漸降低,并且對(duì)照組的表達(dá)明顯高于實(shí)驗(yàn)組。結(jié)論兔角膜堿燒傷后CNV形成與iNOS和VEGF密切相關(guān);三氧化二砷對(duì)CNV形成具有一定抑制作用。
【關(guān)鍵詞】一氧化氮合成酶;血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子;三氧化二砷;角膜新生血管
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):R774.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:ADOI:10.3969/j.issn.10031383.2015.04.011
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo study effect and mechanism of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) in corneal neovascularization (CNV) after corneal alkali burn.MethodsAnimal models of neovascularization were established by burning rabbits corneas with sodium hydroxide filter papers.According to different kinds of treatments,experiment rabbits were divided into three experimental groups and one control group,with 12 rabbits in each group.The three experimental groups were given different doses of As2O3 by subconjunctival injection,while the control group were treated with 0.9% sodium chloride by subconjunctival injection.Corneas after alkali burn were observed under slit lamp,and areas of CNV were calculated.Rabbit corneal tissue HE staining and immunohistochemistry method were used to measure iNOS and VEGF 7,14 and 18 days after corneal alkali burn,respectively.Results Areas of CNV of all experimental groups were smaller than that of the control group(P<0.05 or 0.01),and the corneas of the experimental groups were more smooth and transparent than that of the control group.Expressions of iNOS and VEGF in corneas of all groups began to increase on the 7th day and reached the peak on the 14th day after alkali burn,then decreased gradually.And the expressions of the control group were significantly higher than those of the experimental groups.ConclusionCNV formation after corneal alkali burn is closely related with iNOS and VEGF.Besides,As2O3 has some inhibitory effect on CNV formation.
【Key words】iNOS;VEGF;As2O3;CNV
生理狀態(tài)下角膜透明無(wú)血管,處于免疫赦免區(qū)之中,這是保持角膜正常生理功能的先決條件。在某些病理狀態(tài)如炎癥、堿燒傷、移植等時(shí),會(huì)出現(xiàn)角膜新生血管。有研究表明,誘導(dǎo)型一氧化氮合成酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)在眼內(nèi)含量豐富,角膜上皮和內(nèi)皮均含有iNOS,其促進(jìn)生成一氧化氮(NO),NO則能促進(jìn)新生血管的形成[1],此外iNOS對(duì)血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)具有一定調(diào)控作用[2~3],VEGF是新生血管發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程中重要的影響因子,因此在角膜新生血管形成機(jī)制的研究中該因子成為研究熱點(diǎn)。目前,對(duì)于角膜新生血管的治療非常棘手,至今還沒(méi)有特效藥物以及特效的治療方法。近年來(lái)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),作為抗腫瘤藥物的三氧化二砷具有抑制新生血管的作用[4]。本研究應(yīng)用氫氧化鈉濾紙片燒傷兔角膜建立新生血管動(dòng)物模型,結(jié)膜下注射三氧化二砷溶液,觀察兔角膜堿燒傷后角膜新生血管生成的情況,免疫組化染色檢測(cè)iNOS、VEGF在角膜新生血管形成過(guò)程中的表達(dá),探討角膜新生血管的發(fā)生機(jī)制。
1材料與方法1.1材料實(shí)驗(yàn)應(yīng)用試劑:兔抗iNOS單克隆抗體,兔抗VEGF單克隆抗體,DAB顯色試劑盒(購(gòu)于武漢博士德生物公司);二步法免疫組化試劑盒(購(gòu)于北京中山生物技術(shù)有限公司);As2O3(哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院醫(yī)院提供)。實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物:大白兔(哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院提供)。48只實(shí)驗(yàn)兔隨機(jī)分為0.1 ml組、0.3 ml組和0.5 ml組三個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)組和一個(gè)對(duì)照組,每組12只,實(shí)驗(yàn)組結(jié)膜下分別注射1 g/L的三氧化二砷0.1 ml,0.3 ml,0.5 ml,對(duì)照組0.3 ml生理鹽水結(jié)膜下注射;每周兩次。
1.2動(dòng)物模型制備結(jié)膜囊滴倍諾喜表面麻醉,氯胺酮(25 mg每千克體重)肌肉注射麻醉;7 mm直徑濾紙片浸入1 mol/L的氫氧化鈉溶液中30秒,取出置于兔角膜中央2分鐘后拿開(kāi)濾紙,用生理鹽水沖洗;適量紅霉素眼膏及阿托品眼膏涂于結(jié)膜囊內(nèi)。堿燒傷后每日在裂隙燈下觀察兔角膜,每次測(cè)量角膜新生血管的長(zhǎng)度和數(shù)量,并記錄。應(yīng)用Robert電腦數(shù)學(xué)模型公式:A=C/12×3.1416[r2(rL)2](A代表新生血管面積,C為CNV累及角膜的圓周鐘點(diǎn)數(shù),L為CNV長(zhǎng)入角膜的長(zhǎng)度,r代表角膜半徑)計(jì)算角膜堿燒傷后6天、12天、15天、21天及28天CNV面積,并分別于堿燒傷后7天、14天、28天拍攝兔角膜外觀圖像(見(jiàn)圖1)。
1.3HE染色及免疫組化染色燒傷后第7天、14天、28天各組隨機(jī)空氣栓塞處死4只兔,取角膜組織,4%多聚甲醛固定液中固定、石蠟包埋切片,行HE染色(見(jiàn)圖2)。免疫組化染色應(yīng)用PowerVisionTM二步法,一抗為兔抗iNOS、兔抗VEGF,二抗為羊抗兔抗體。
2.2免疫組化檢測(cè)iNOS及VEGF表達(dá)情況在堿燒傷后第7天,角鞏膜緣前部基質(zhì)新生血管管壁內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞及炎性細(xì)胞胞漿可見(jiàn)iNOS和VEGF表達(dá);對(duì)照組較實(shí)驗(yàn)組表達(dá)多(見(jiàn)圖3、 圖4)。堿燒傷后第14天,對(duì)照組表達(dá)iNOS及VEGF的炎性細(xì)胞及新生血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞異常增多,三個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)組iNOS及VEGF表達(dá)與三氧化二砷用量成反比。堿燒傷后第28天,各組iNOS及VEGF表達(dá)均減少,且iNOS及VEGF表達(dá)情況基本一致。整體來(lái)看,在角膜堿燒傷后第7天時(shí)iNOS及VEGF表達(dá)較為顯著,14天時(shí)表達(dá)達(dá)到一個(gè)明顯高峰,之后表達(dá)開(kāi)始降低。三個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)組的表達(dá)均低于對(duì)照組,結(jié)膜下應(yīng)用三氧化二砷劑量與新生血管面積成反比。
3討論角膜堿燒傷修復(fù)過(guò)程中,在炎癥及缺氧狀態(tài)下,新生血管自角膜緣向角膜中央生長(zhǎng)。在此過(guò)程中多種細(xì)胞因子參與新生血管的生長(zhǎng)調(diào)控。目前,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)VEGF是最強(qiáng)的促血管生成因子,它作用于血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,促進(jìn)其分裂、增生、遷移并增強(qiáng)血管通透性[5]。一氧化氮(NO)是血管新生細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號(hào)傳遞系統(tǒng)中重要的調(diào)節(jié)因子,短期暴露于VEGF下所產(chǎn)生的NO是激活酪氨酸激酶及三磷酸肌醇激酶后介導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生的,長(zhǎng)期暴露于VEGF下所產(chǎn)生的NO是通過(guò)增加一氧化氮合成酶的表達(dá)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。一氧化氮合成酶是合成一氧化氮的限速酶,催化L精氨酸生成NO。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)NO能夠誘導(dǎo)VEGF的表達(dá)并且調(diào)節(jié)VEGF的促新生血管的功能[6]。NOS主要分布在血管平滑肌細(xì)胞、血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞以及各種炎癥細(xì)胞的胞質(zhì)內(nèi)[7]。目前已確定三種不同類(lèi)型的NOS,即誘導(dǎo)型一氧化氮合成酶(iNOS)、神經(jīng)核結(jié)構(gòu)型一氧化氮合成酶(nNOS)及內(nèi)皮結(jié)構(gòu)型一氧化氮合成酶(eNOS)。eNOS僅能產(chǎn)生少量的NO,在完成神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的生理功能起著一定作用,例如它能調(diào)節(jié)平滑肌細(xì)胞的增生[8]。而iNOS是NO合成的關(guān)鍵酶,在炎癥、外傷等刺激下,iNOS mRNA翻譯產(chǎn)生促進(jìn)CNV生成的NO[9]。而NO則是血管生成過(guò)程中重要的參與因素[10]。因此,在炎癥、缺氧等因素下iNOS促進(jìn)NO的生成,進(jìn)而NO加強(qiáng)VEGF的促新生血管的作用。此外,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)iNOS及VEGF是腫瘤生長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中重要的參與因子,iNOS存在水平與VEGF相平行,促進(jìn)NO合成以及調(diào)節(jié)VEGF水平是iNOS促新生血管形成的主要途徑[11~13]。
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