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強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎患者血清Dkk—1水平與骨影像學(xué)變化的相關(guān)分析

2015-05-30 10:48謝建民趙成
關(guān)鍵詞:骨化強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎

謝建民 趙成

【摘 要】目的:探討強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎患者血清Dickkopf-1(Dkk-1)的水平及其診斷價(jià)值,了解Dkk-1與強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎炎癥及放射學(xué)進(jìn)展的關(guān)系。方法:選取接受注射用重組人Ⅱ型腫瘤壞死因子受體-抗體融合蛋白(益賽普)治療的強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎患者55例為強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎組,同期45例健康體檢者作為對(duì)照組。隨訪2年,分別在基線狀態(tài)、治療24個(gè)月時(shí)評(píng)估強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎患者各項(xiàng)臨床指標(biāo)[年齡、性別、疾病活動(dòng)度(BASFI、BASDAI、BASMI、BASRI)]、影像學(xué)進(jìn)展(mSASSS)以及炎癥指標(biāo)[紅細(xì)胞沉降率(ESR)、C-反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)]。采用ELISA法檢測(cè)強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎患者血清Dkk-1濃度。運(yùn)用相關(guān)分析法分析Dkk-1與疾病活動(dòng)度、影像學(xué)進(jìn)展及炎癥指標(biāo)的關(guān)系。結(jié)果:強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎組在基線狀態(tài)時(shí),ESR及血清CRP水平高于對(duì)照組,但Dkk-1濃度(72.6±19.5)pg·mL-1低于對(duì)照組(98.0±27.6)pg·mL-1(P < 0.01);強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎組在治療24個(gè)月時(shí),ESR及血清CRP水平較基線狀態(tài)時(shí)明顯下降(P < 0.01),治療24個(gè)月時(shí),BASFI、BASMI和BASDI評(píng)分較基線狀態(tài)時(shí)明顯改善(P < 0.01),但在治療24個(gè)月時(shí),Dkk-1濃度為(74.2±15.3)pg·mL-1,較基線狀態(tài)時(shí)稍有升高(P = 0.57),仍低于對(duì)照組(98.0±27.6) pg·mL-1(P < 0.01)。ROC曲線分析顯示,Dkk-1水平69.75 pg·mL-1為截?cái)帱c(diǎn),該點(diǎn)診斷的敏感度為84.02%,特異度為91.50%,曲線下面積(AUC)為0.94,診斷效力高。相關(guān)分析顯示,強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎組患者在基線狀態(tài)時(shí)和治療24個(gè)月時(shí),血清Dkk-1水平與ESR、CRP、BASFI、BASMI以及BASDAI評(píng)分無(wú)明顯相關(guān)性。而放射學(xué)指數(shù)BASRI及影像學(xué)mSASSS評(píng)分在基線狀態(tài)和治療后差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.01),且mSASSS評(píng)分與Dkk-1水平在基線狀態(tài)和治療24個(gè)月時(shí)呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(r = -0.78,P < 0.01)。結(jié)論:腫瘤壞死因子拮抗劑對(duì)強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎患者血清Dkk-1水平無(wú)明顯改善,血清Dkk-1水平與放射學(xué)變化明顯相關(guān),提示血清Dkk-1的產(chǎn)生可能與炎癥狀態(tài)無(wú)明顯相關(guān)性,Dkk-1可能參與了強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎的骨化形成;腫瘤壞死因子拮抗劑可能對(duì)強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎骨化進(jìn)程無(wú)明顯阻止作用,強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎患者血清Dkk-1可作為一種新的反映骨化指標(biāo)及影像學(xué)進(jìn)展的血清生物標(biāo)志物。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 脊柱炎,強(qiáng)直性;血清;Dkk-1;骨化;影像學(xué);疾病活動(dòng)度;炎癥指標(biāo);益賽普

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2095-4174.2015.05.003

【ABSTRACT】Objective:To investigate the serum Dkk-1 level and its diagnostic value in patients with ankylosing spondylitis to learn the relationship between Dkk-1 and bone imaging changes.Methods:Chose 55 cases of ankylosing spondylitis treated with Yisaipu (Recombinant Human Tumor Necrosis Factor-α ReceptorⅡ:Igg Fc Fusion Protein) as the ankylosing spondylitis group,and 45 healthy subjects as the control group.During the 2 years of follow-up,evaluated,respectively at baseline and after 24 months of treatment,the clinical index (age,gender,disease activity:BASFI,BASDAI,BASMI,BASRI),radiographic progression (mSASSS) and inflammatory index (ESR,CRP) of the patients with ankylosing spondylitis.ELISA method was used to detect serum Dkk-1 concentration of ankylosing spondylitis patients.Relative analysis Methods were used to analyze the relationship between Dkk-1 and disease activity,radiographic progression and inflammatory biomarkers.Results:ESR and serum CRP levels of the ankylosing spondylitis group were higher than those of the control group at the baseline,but the concentration of Dkk-1(72.6±19.5) pg·mL-1 was lower than that of the control group (98.0±27.6) pg·mL-1(P < 0.01).At the 24 th month of treatment,ESR and serum CRP level of the ankylosing spondylitis group significantly decreased (P < 0.01)than those of at the baseline,while BASFI,BASMI and BASDI were significantly improved(P < 0.01) compared with those at the baseline.After 24 months of treatment,the concentration of Dkk-1 (74.2±15.3)pg·mL-1 was slightly increased(P = 0.57) compared with that at the baseline,but still lower than the control group (98.0 ± 27.6)pg·mL-1(P < 0.01).ROC curve analysis showed that the level of Dkk-1(69.75 pg·mL-1) was the cut-off point,whose diagnostic sensitivity was 84.02%,specificity was 91.50%,and area under curve (AUC) was 0.94,with high efficiency of diagnosis.Correlation analysis showed that at the baseline and after 24 months of treatment,there was no significant correlation between the serum level of Dkk-1 and ESR,CRP,BASFI,BASMI and BASDAI.The BASRI and mSASSS score had no significant differences at the baseline and after treatment(P > 0.05),and there was a significant negative correlation(r = -0.78,P < 0.01) between the scores of mSASSS and the Dkk-1 levels at the baseline and after 24 months of treatment.Conclusion:Tumor necrosis factor antagonist cannot significantly improve serum Dkk-1 level in patients with ankylosing spondylitis,and the level of serum Dkk-1 correlates with the radiographic changes,suggesting that the generation of serum Dkk-1 has no significant correlation with the inflammatory state,and Dkk-1 may be involved in ankylosing spondylitis ossification.Tumor necrosis factor antagonist may have no obvious preventive effect on the ossification process,and serum Dkk-1 in patients with ankylosing spondylitis can be regarded as a biomarker to reflect the ossification indexes and iconographical progress.

【Keywords】 spondylitis,ankylosing;serum;Dkk-1;ossification;iconography;disease activity degree;inflammation index;Yisaipu

強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎(ankylosing spondylitis,AS)是一種以附著點(diǎn)炎及韌帶骨贅形成為主要病理特征的慢性進(jìn)展性炎性疾病[1-2]。韌帶骨贅生成是AS患者影像學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)破壞的標(biāo)志性特征,也是影響患者機(jī)體功能和脊柱活動(dòng)度的主要因素,最終可導(dǎo)致進(jìn)展性脊柱強(qiáng)直及活動(dòng)受限。目前,骨贅形成的機(jī)制尚不清楚。新近研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Wnt信號(hào)通路在骨形成方面起重要作用,可能參與了AS韌帶骨贅的形成[3]。

Dickkopf-1(Dkk-1)是Wnt信號(hào)的天然阻斷因子,對(duì)Wnt介導(dǎo)的骨重塑過(guò)程起關(guān)鍵的調(diào)節(jié)作用,Dkk-1可直接干擾Wnt/β-catenin通路的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)過(guò)程,抑制Wnt介導(dǎo)的成骨作用,從而使骨形成減少[4-5]。目前,Dkk-1是否影響韌帶骨贅的形成及其在AS發(fā)病機(jī)制中的意義尚不明確。韌帶骨贅形成及椎體骨性強(qiáng)直是AS的特征性表現(xiàn),傳統(tǒng)的X線檢查被認(rèn)為是定量評(píng)價(jià)AS患者脊柱結(jié)構(gòu)變化的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。新近研究認(rèn)為,修訂版斯托克脊柱評(píng)分(mSASSS)是目前評(píng)價(jià)AS脊柱骨化進(jìn)展最有效、可靠、敏感的影像學(xué)指標(biāo)[6-7],且與AS患者的活動(dòng)功能相關(guān),故本研究采用mSASSS評(píng)價(jià)患者的影像學(xué)進(jìn)展。為此,本研究觀察AS患者血清Dkk-1水平在腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)拮抗劑治療前后與AS相關(guān)的臨床指標(biāo)BASDAI、BASFI、BASMI、BASRI、mSASSS,及血清中炎癥指標(biāo)如紅細(xì)胞沉降率(ESR)、C-反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)水平等的關(guān)系,以期為AS的治療及詮釋骨贅形成機(jī)制提供新的思路。

1 臨床資料

1.1 一般資料 選取2012年5月至2014年12月本院風(fēng)濕科收治的55例AS患者為AS組,同期健康體檢者45例為對(duì)照組(無(wú)心血管疾病、肝腎疾病、風(fēng)濕性疾病、炎癥及感染)。所有AS患者給予24個(gè)月的注射用重組人Ⅱ型腫瘤壞死因子受體-抗體融合蛋白(益賽普,上海中信國(guó)建藥業(yè)股份有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字S20050058)每次25 mg,每周2次,皮下注射治療,由風(fēng)濕??漆t(yī)師指導(dǎo)用藥及決定療程。

1.2 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn) AS患者均符合1984年修訂的紐約診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),盡量避免因病情活動(dòng)造成的選擇偏倚。

1.3 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ①合并心血管疾病、感染和其他風(fēng)濕性疾病者;②不能提供研究所涉及的各項(xiàng)臨床資料及檢測(cè)結(jié)果者。

2 方 法

2.1 血清保存及檢測(cè) 抽取AS組患者及對(duì)照組的靜脈血,置于真空非抗凝管,30 min內(nèi)迅速保存于-20 ℃,并在1個(gè)月內(nèi)通過(guò)離心獲取上層血清后轉(zhuǎn)移到-80 ℃長(zhǎng)期保存。血清Dkk-1濃度檢測(cè)采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)(ELISA),試劑盒購(gòu)自美國(guó)ADL公司。嚴(yán)格按照試劑盒說(shuō)明操作,酶標(biāo)儀測(cè)定吸光度(A),測(cè)定波長(zhǎng)為450 nm。

2.2 影像學(xué)進(jìn)展評(píng)價(jià) 分別由2位有5年影像診斷工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)者根據(jù)mSASSS在基線狀態(tài)和治療

24個(gè)月時(shí)進(jìn)行盲法評(píng)分。mSASSS由腰椎評(píng)分和頸椎評(píng)分組成,總分0~72分。①腰椎評(píng)分:包括12胸椎、5個(gè)腰椎、骶椎上段。側(cè)位片。0分,正常;1分,侵蝕、硬化或方形變;2分,韌帶骨贅;3分,全椎體骨橋形成,竹節(jié)樣脊柱。所有病變點(diǎn)評(píng)分取平均值,乘以12為總分(0~36分)。②頸椎評(píng)分:第2頸椎下段至第1胸椎上緣,第3頸椎由于其生理性凹面較小,方形變不評(píng)分,其余病變?cè)u(píng)分。評(píng)分方法與腰椎相似,總分為0~36分。③骶髂關(guān)節(jié)平片:根據(jù)1984年修訂的紐約標(biāo)準(zhǔn)X線表現(xiàn)分級(jí)。

2.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 19.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。正態(tài)分布且方差齊的計(jì)量資料以表示,組間比較采用成組設(shè)計(jì)t檢驗(yàn)或秩和檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料組間比較采用r檢驗(yàn);相關(guān)分析采用Spearman檢驗(yàn);將血清Dkk-1與mSASSS評(píng)分進(jìn)行受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線分析,評(píng)價(jià)其對(duì)診斷冠脈鈣化的敏感度和特異度。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

3 結(jié) 果

3.1 AS組在基線狀態(tài)時(shí)與對(duì)照組臨床和實(shí)驗(yàn)室資料比較 AS組年齡、性別、BMI指標(biāo)與對(duì)照組比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),ESR及CRP水平明顯高于對(duì)照組,而血清學(xué)Dkk-1水平明顯低于對(duì)照組(P < 0.01)。見(jiàn)表1。

3.2 AS組在TNF拮抗劑治療24個(gè)月時(shí)與基線狀態(tài)時(shí)各臨床指標(biāo)比較 AS組共54例患者完成24個(gè)月治療,54例患者治療24個(gè)月時(shí),ESR、CRP、BASDAI、BASFI、BASMI指標(biāo)均比基線狀態(tài)時(shí)明顯改善,但Dkk-1濃度較基線狀態(tài)時(shí)稍有升高(P = 0.57),仍低于對(duì)照組(P < 0.01)。而放射學(xué)指數(shù)BASRI及影像學(xué)mSASSS評(píng)分在基線狀態(tài)和治療24個(gè)月時(shí)比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P = 0.15,0.21,0.69)。見(jiàn)表2。

3.3 用ROC曲線確定血清Dkk-1的最佳臨界點(diǎn) 在ROC曲線下,mSASSS評(píng)分骨化的最佳血清Dkk-1的界值為69.75(曲線下面積為0.86,95%CI = [0.78,0.86],對(duì)應(yīng)的敏感度為84.02%,特異度為91.50%。見(jiàn)圖1。

3.4 AS患者血清Dkk-1水平與各指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性 Spearman相關(guān)分析顯示,AS患者血清Dkk-1水平與ESR、CRP、BASDAI、BASFI均無(wú)明顯相關(guān)性(P > 0.05)。但與影像學(xué)mSASSS評(píng)分呈明顯負(fù)相關(guān)(r = -0.808,P < 0.01)。當(dāng)mSASSS < 10時(shí),二者無(wú)明顯相關(guān)性(r = -0.093,P = 0.63);當(dāng)mSASSS > 10時(shí),二者呈明顯負(fù)相關(guān)(r = -0.78,P < 0.01),見(jiàn)圖2、圖3。

4 討 論

Dkk-1于1998年首次在兩棲動(dòng)物非洲蟾蜍胚胎細(xì)胞中被發(fā)現(xiàn),編碼為Dkk-1,是一種強(qiáng)大的Wnt信號(hào)通道的拮抗劑,隨后的研究證實(shí),人類的Dkk-1基因位于10號(hào)染色體10q11上。Dkk家族共有4種:Dkk-1、Dkk-2、Dkk-3和Dkk-4,除了DKK-3外,其余均為Wnt/β-catenin阻斷劑,其中Dkk-1的作用最強(qiáng)。既往研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Dkk-1通過(guò)與Wnt信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑相應(yīng)的受體結(jié)合來(lái)調(diào)控細(xì)胞的分化、增殖、遷移或癌變等特性,在腫瘤發(fā)生方面發(fā)揮重要作用。目前,Uderhardt等[13]利用小鼠類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎模型研究發(fā)現(xiàn),以Dkk-1的特異性抗體中和小鼠關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)的Dkk-l后小鼠血清中的骨保護(hù)素顯著增加,關(guān)節(jié)局部破骨細(xì)胞數(shù)明顯減少,骨吸收被抑制。用Dkk-l反義寡核苷酸治療可抑制破骨細(xì)胞分化刺激因子的表達(dá)和破骨細(xì)胞的分化。這些研究提示,Dkk-l是體內(nèi)骨平衡的負(fù)向調(diào)節(jié)者,推測(cè)抑制Dkk-1可能為治療骨量丟失提供了新的思路。

新近研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Wnt信號(hào)通路可能參與了AS患者韌帶骨贅的形成[3,14]。Dkk-1是Wnt信號(hào)的阻斷因子,干擾其與Wnt蛋白結(jié)合而阻斷該通路,從而使骨形成減少。然而,Dkk-1是否參與了AS骨贅形成目前還不清楚。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),AS患者血清Dkk-1水平明顯低于對(duì)照組[15],而且骨贅形成組Dkk-1水平低于無(wú)骨贅形成組,而類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎患者Dkk-1水平明顯高于對(duì)照組,其與骨細(xì)胞死亡無(wú)明顯相關(guān)性[16-17]。本研究也證實(shí)了AS組患者血清Dkk-1水平明顯低于對(duì)照組,還發(fā)現(xiàn)血清Dkk-1水平與炎癥指標(biāo)ESR、CRP、BASDI、BASFI無(wú)明顯相關(guān)性。為進(jìn)一步探討TNF與Dkk-1之間的關(guān)系,筆者對(duì)入組的AS患者進(jìn)行24個(gè)月的TNF拮抗劑治療,觀察治療前后血清Dkk-1的變化,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),AS組患者血清Dkk-1水平略有升高,和治療后比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),這些結(jié)果提示血清Dkk-1水平的產(chǎn)生與炎癥無(wú)明顯相關(guān)性,其產(chǎn)生可能存在其他機(jī)制。既然Dkk-1與AS的炎癥沒(méi)有相關(guān)性,那么它是否可以作為診斷AS的血清學(xué)指標(biāo)?為此,采用ROC曲線分析方法確定Dkk-1水平在AS診斷的價(jià)值,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),曲線下面積為0.94,說(shuō)明診斷準(zhǔn)確性中等,曲線下面積與AUC = 0.5比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01),說(shuō)明Dkk-1在AS骨化患者中有診斷價(jià)值。

影響AS骨化形成的因素非常復(fù)雜,正確估計(jì)AS骨化程度對(duì)患者診斷、預(yù)后及治療起著重要指導(dǎo)作用[18]。目前臨床上對(duì)AS骨化的評(píng)估主要依賴影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)。影像學(xué)mSASSS評(píng)分系統(tǒng)被認(rèn)為是目前評(píng)價(jià)AS韌帶骨化最敏感有效的影像學(xué)指標(biāo),mSASSS評(píng)分的高低與AS患者的韌帶骨化程度具有良好相關(guān)性,能較準(zhǔn)確地反映AS的骨化程度?;谝陨吓R床研究,本研究檢測(cè)了AS組患者Dkk-1水平,并觀察了其與放射學(xué)評(píng)分之間的相關(guān)性,結(jié)果表明,隨著mSASSS評(píng)分的增加,血清Dkk-1水平呈下降趨勢(shì),二者具有明顯的負(fù)相關(guān)性。24個(gè)月TNF拮抗劑治療后,mSASSS積分與治療前差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),這些結(jié)果都提示了TNF拮抗劑可能對(duì)AS骨化進(jìn)程無(wú)明顯阻止作用;而血清Dkk-1水平可作為反映AS脊柱骨化的指標(biāo),尤其是在AS病程后期。

總之,本研究結(jié)果提示,AS患者血清Dkk-1水平可作為一種新的反映骨化進(jìn)展的生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物,可能是預(yù)測(cè)骨化的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素之一。Dkk-1的發(fā)現(xiàn)為研究開(kāi)發(fā)抑制AS骨贅形成的藥物提供了新的思路;通過(guò)上調(diào)Dkk-1基因的表達(dá)來(lái)抑制骨化的形成,將成為治療AS韌帶骨化的新手段。隨著對(duì)Dkk-1研究的進(jìn)一步深入,通過(guò)阻斷Dkk-1實(shí)現(xiàn)組織工程骨誘導(dǎo)的研究也必將取得新的突破,一種新的更有效的治療骨化疾病的方法也將誕生。

5 參考文獻(xiàn)

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收稿日期:2015-03-25;修回日期:2015-04-24

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