王霞

定語從句是修飾一個(gè)名詞、代詞或主句全部內(nèi)容的從句，在復(fù)合句中作定語，一般緊跟在所修飾的先行詞后面。中學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)英語時(shí)一直認(rèn)為定語從句是個(gè)難點(diǎn)，考試時(shí)容易出錯(cuò)。原因是定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)和用法相對復(fù)雜。根據(jù)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)實(shí)際，我對定語從句常見錯(cuò)誤例析如下：

1.關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞混淆

誤：That is the right supermarket where we are looking for.

正：That is the right supermarket which we are looking for.

析：第一個(gè)句子之所以錯(cuò)是因?yàn)榫渲械膕upermarket在句中作looking for的賓語，而where在句中只能作狀語，因此關(guān)系副詞where應(yīng)改為關(guān)系代詞which。又例如：Ill never forget the days which I visited New York with you.這句話中的which應(yīng)該改為when，因?yàn)檫@句話缺少狀語。

2.關(guān)系代詞被遺漏

誤：The woman is talking with you is my English teacher.

正：The woman who is talking with you is my English teacher.

析：who用來指人，在定語從句中作主語，不能省略。誤句的定語從句中遺漏了關(guān)系代詞。犯此類錯(cuò)誤還可能是受漢語的影響，把英語和漢語結(jié)構(gòu)等同起來。

3.出現(xiàn)與先行詞、關(guān)系詞在意義和作用上重復(fù)的成分

誤：This is the man whose his name is Tom.

正：This is the man whose name is Tom.

析：誤句中whose在從句中作定語，意為“他的”，再用his就是重復(fù)定語了。要記住定語從句的關(guān)系詞在從句中必定充當(dāng)某一成分。

4.謂語動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)方面與先行詞不一致

誤：Anyone who have questions to ask，please come to

my office this afternoon.

正：Anyone who has questions to ask，please come to my office this afternoon.

析：在定語從句中，當(dāng)關(guān)系詞為主語時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞必須與先行詞保持一致，誤句中先行詞是anyone泛指任意一個(gè)人，因此謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)has。又例如：Can you show me the book which have been translated into English by Tom？這句中的which應(yīng)改為has，與主語the book保持一致。

5.介詞位置錯(cuò)誤

誤：Tell him all the things to which he should pay attention.

正：Tell him all the things which he should pay attention to .

析：含有介詞短語的動(dòng)詞一般不可拆開，因此，應(yīng)該把誤句中的to移到attention后面。當(dāng)然，定語從句的關(guān)系代詞which和whom做介詞賓語時(shí)，介詞是可以放在which和whom之前的。在定語從句中前置的介詞必須和后面的動(dòng)詞或形容詞構(gòu)成固定搭配。例如：The tool with which he is working is called a saw.

6.混淆that和which在定語從句中的用法

誤：He didn't pass the exam，that disappointed me.

正：He didn't pass the exam，which disappointed me.

析：所有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞均可引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，大多數(shù)關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，但 that 不可。所以我們應(yīng)該把誤句中的that改為which。又例如：This is the most exciting football game which I have ever seen. 此句中的which應(yīng)該為that，當(dāng)先行詞被最高級、序數(shù)詞修飾或先行詞本身是不定代詞時(shí)，只能用that來引導(dǎo)定語從句。

7.混淆定語從句與其他句式

誤：He has two children ，and both of whom are abroad.

正：He has two children ，and both of them are abroad.

析：這是由and 連接的并列句，后面是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的簡單句，因此應(yīng)把誤句中的whom改為them。又如：He has two children ， both of whom are abroad.這個(gè)句子中間沒有and連接，它就是一個(gè)非限制性定語從句，就應(yīng)使用關(guān)系代詞whom。再例如：Is this school that your mother worked in five years ago？此句中this school是主語，is后接的是表語，因此要把that改為the one。如果要保留that不變，則this就是整句的主語，就需在school前加the。即：Is this the school that your mother worked in five years ago？

8.在非限制性定語從句中混淆as和which的用法

誤：He saw the girl， as delighted him.

正（1）：He saw the girl， which delighted him.

正（2）：He married her，as（which）was/seemed natural.

析：當(dāng)從句的謂語是行為動(dòng)詞時(shí)，只能用which作主語。因此誤句中的as要改為which，如正（1）。當(dāng)從句的謂語動(dòng)詞是be或相當(dāng)于聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞的seem，become等時(shí)，可用as或which作主語，如正（2）。再例如：誤（1）Which is often the case，he is absent.

誤（2）He is a foreigner， which I know from his accent.

析：which引導(dǎo)的從句不能放在主句前，as可以，所以誤（1）中的which要改為as。as有“正如”、“就像”的意思，which則沒有。因此誤（2）中的which也應(yīng)改為as。

（作者單位：江西省上饒縣應(yīng)家小學(xué)）