李曉琳 羅成勇
在英語(yǔ)句子里,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)必須在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致,最基本的原則是:?jiǎn)螖?shù)主語(yǔ)用動(dòng)詞的單數(shù)形式,復(fù)數(shù)主語(yǔ)用動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。但在實(shí)際使用中情況比較復(fù)雜,現(xiàn)在筆者把在教學(xué)同學(xué)們常犯的主謂一致錯(cuò)誤歸納整理如下,以期對(duì)同學(xué)們的學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助。
1. “more than one+名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)形式,而不是因?yàn)樗磉_(dá)的是復(fù)數(shù)含義就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。這里采用的是就近原則。例如:
More than one teacher gets the flowers.
不止一個(gè)教師得到了花。
2. “many a +名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí),從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù),但謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。例如:
Many a student has been sent to plant trees.
很多學(xué)生被派去植樹(shù)。
3. “half of, the rest of, most of, all of及百分?jǐn)?shù)或分?jǐn)?shù)+of等后接名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式根據(jù)of后的名詞而定??蓴?shù)名詞用復(fù)數(shù),不可數(shù)名詞則用單數(shù)形式。例如:
Half of the students are to attend the meeting to be held by the student union.
有一半學(xué)生要去參加學(xué)生會(huì)舉行的會(huì)議。
Three fourths of the surface of the Earth is covered with water.
地球表面四分之三為水所覆蓋。
4. all指人時(shí),動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù);all指事或者物時(shí),動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如:
“All are present and all is going well”, our manager said.
我們經(jīng)理說(shuō):“所有的人都到場(chǎng)了,一切進(jìn)展順利?!?/p>
5. what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可視表語(yǔ)而定:表語(yǔ)是單數(shù)名詞時(shí),動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),相反,則用復(fù)數(shù)。例如:
What they want to get is a number of good books.
他們想得到的是大量的好書(shū)。
6. 用and連接的兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞前有each, every, no修飾時(shí),它們的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如:
Every boy and every girl is asked to study hard.
每一個(gè)男生和女生都被要求努力學(xué)習(xí)。
No book and no pen is found in the schoolbag.
書(shū)包里沒(méi)有書(shū)和鋼筆。
7. 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)后面有as well as, with, along with, together with, but, like, rather than, except等詞引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與最前面的主語(yǔ)保持一致。例如:
The teacher together with the students are going to the Great Wall.
老師和學(xué)生一起要去長(zhǎng)城。
My father as well as his colleagues has been to Paris.
我父親和他的同事曾去過(guò)巴黎。
8. each作主語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由主語(yǔ)來(lái)決定,與each無(wú)關(guān)。例如:
They each have a bike.
他們每人有一輛自行車。
9. 動(dòng)詞不定式或動(dòng)詞-ing形式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。例如:
Going out for a walk after supper is a good habit.
晚飯后出去散步是一個(gè)好習(xí)慣。
10. the following作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)與后面名詞的數(shù)保持一致。例如:
The following are some good examples.
下面是一些好例子。
11. 以-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名詞,如politics, physics, mathematics等詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。以-s結(jié)尾的名詞news, works, plastics等詞同屬此類。例如:
English is now taught in all schools.
現(xiàn)在所有的學(xué)校都開(kāi)設(shè)英語(yǔ)課。
12. 有些用來(lái)表示由兩個(gè)對(duì)應(yīng)部分組成一體的復(fù)數(shù)名詞(trousers, glasses, shoes等)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),前面若有“一條”“一副”“一把”之類的單位詞,動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);若沒(méi)有單位詞或單位詞是復(fù)數(shù),則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如:
I have two pair of glasses.
我有兩副眼鏡。
There is a pair of trousers in the chair.
椅子上有一條褲子。
The shoes are all right.
這些鞋子都很合適。
13. “one and a half+名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)。例如:
One and a half apples is left on the table.
桌子上有一個(gè)半蘋(píng)果。
14. “one or two/more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如:
One or two persons are sent there to help them do the work.
要派一兩個(gè)人到那兒去給他們幫忙。
15. “one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語(yǔ)從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中,定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù);而在“the only one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語(yǔ)從句”的結(jié)構(gòu)中,定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)。即定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與先行詞嚴(yán)格保持一致。例如:
He is one of the students who get there on time.
他是準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)那里的學(xué)生之一。
He is the only one of the students who gets there on time.
他是唯一一個(gè)準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)那里的學(xué)生。
16. 表示時(shí)間、距離、金錢(qián)等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)表達(dá)一個(gè)整體概念時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù),但若強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)量,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用復(fù)數(shù)。例如:
One million dollars is a lot of money.
一百萬(wàn)美元是一大筆錢(qián)。
Ten years is a long time.
十年是很長(zhǎng)的一段時(shí)間。
Thirty years have passed since they parted.
從他們分手以來(lái)有三十年了。